Udder length, width and height are very important parameters to identify good dairy animals. Udder measurements including length, width and height on 437 Nili Ravi buffaloes were recorded before and after miking with 1180 records at 6 Experimental Stations in Punjab, Pakistan. Heritabilities were estimated using Best Linear Unbiased Prediction techniques. Environmental factors viz age of the buffalo at scoring, stage of lactation, parity, herd and season were included in the model. Least square means for udder length, width and height before milking were found as 52.65+-6.87, 53.52+-6.19 and 54.34+-4.99 cm and after milking as 47.08+-6.57, 48.15+-5.79 and 55.39+-5.15 cm, respectively. Heritability estimates for udder length, width and height before milking were found as 0.08+-0.07, 0.22+-0.08 and 0.22+-0.09, while after milking as 0.14+-0.07, 0.20+-0.08 and 0.09+-0.08, respectively. All the factors significantly affected before milking udder length. A significant effect of herd, parity, season of scoring and age on udder width before milking was observed. Herd, stage of lactation, parity and age of the buffalo at scoring significantly affected udder height before milking. Significant effect of herd, parity, stage of lactation and age of the buffaloes at classification on most of the traits suggest that managemental factors are important. Moderate heritability estimates for these udder traits provide a fair scope for improvement through selection and breeding which will help to increase milk yield in Nili Ravi buffaloes.

Meat exports is an important product in the Indian livestock export basket, the predominant form being buffalo meat. An attempt has been done in this paper to analyse performance of buffalo meat export from India for the period 1996 to 2014. The compound growth rates, market concentration and instability indices of the Indian buffalo meat export were analyzed. The quantity and value of buffalo meat export from India increased by 13.61 and 22.48 percent respectively over the period, largely aided by the rapid growth of meat sector. The study concentrates on major markets viz., Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius, Philippines, Yemen, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, China, Iran (Islamic Republic of Iran), Jordan since more than 75 percent of the buffalo meat exports from India were to these markets. Results showed high and positive growth of Indian buffalo meat export in terms of quantity, value and unit value for the period of study. Slight degree of instability in Indian buffalo meat export was revealed using Coppock's instability index (CII). The study revealed that India's buffalo meat export was concentrated mainly to those countries, which is either less desirable (low growth and high risk) or least desirable (low growth and low risk) which is undesirable from point of economic growth of the country. There was evidence of market diversification of Indian buffalo meat export from traditional importing countries to other countries.

Haemorrhagic Septicaemia (HS) caused by Pasteurella multocidaserotype B:2 is an economically important disease of cattle and buffaloes, which causes heavy economic losses due to sudden death of animals in developing countries like Pakistan. In this country, animals were being vaccinated by alum (adjuvant) precipitated vaccine twice a year. Immunity induced through this prophylactic measure lasts for 3 to 4 months only, which reflect an un-protective state of the animals between two vaccinations. A new HS oil based vaccine has been developed by adding an adjuvant Montanide ISA-50V2 with the ratio of 1:1. The bacterial dry weight has been adjusted to 2 mg/ml which results in to reduction of dose per animal from 5 ml (alum precipitated) to 2 ml. The addition of enrichments and aeration (sparging and vortexing) has resulted in dense bacterial growth of Pasteurella multocida. The new vaccine has passed sterility, safety and potency tests as per OIE, 2017. This new product has low viscosity and single shot is expected to confer solid immunity against HS for one year. Active Mouse Protection Test, Passive Mouse Protection test and Indirect Haem-Agglutination Tests have been used to evaluate its potency. Properties like easy to inject with no side effects such as swelling at the injection site, have motivated the livestock owners to use this new product to protect their animals against fatal HS disease which will ultimately result in the increased productivity of livestock in Punjab, Pakistan.

The Myxovirus resistance protein 2 of Homo sapiens is well characterized in terms of structure and function but very little is known about myxovirus resistance protein 2 (Mx2) of Bubalus bubalis. Although a few functions of buffalo Mx2 protein are known, its structural characteristics have still remained unclear. In the present study, buffalo Mx2 protein was characterized by defining its possible structure and functions using several online and offline computational tools. Besides the physico-chemical characteristics, various post translational modifications, localization, possible domains and interactions with other probable proteins were predicted using its amino acid sequence. In addition to the secondary structure, the three-dimensional structure was predicted using I-TASSER homology modelling server and a refined model was constructed in Modeller. The refined model manifested acceptable quality and stereochemistry on validation with different programs. Furthermore, a phylogenetic analysis of the protein was done and Mx2 protein of buffalo was found to have a common ancestry with that of other bovidae family members. These curated observations might provide a sound foundation for further structural and functional characterization of buffalo Mx2 protein.

A study was conducted to determine the effect of De-oiled mahua seed cake (DMSC) on the performance (milk yield, fat percent, nutrient intake, net income and body weight change) of lactating buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Mandla district of Chhattisgarh Hills Region of Central India. Eighteen lactating buffaloes were selected nd divided into three groups (T1, T2 and T3) on the basis of body weight, milk yield, parity and stage of lactation, containing 0, 5 and 10 percent DMSC in replacement of conventional de-oiled seed cakes in the concentrate mixture. The milk yield (kg/day), fat percent, 6 percent FCM yield (kg), DM intake (kg/day) and body weight gain (g/day) was comparable among the groups. However, net income (Rs./animal/day) and B:C ratio was higher in the groups containing DMSC. Thus, from the experiment it was concluded that conventional cake can be replaced with 10 percent DMSC economically without any adverse affect on milk yield, fat percent, nutrient intake and body weight.

In present case report, a rare case of dystocia due to bull dog calf monster in Murrah buffalo and its successful pervaginal management is described.