Abstract: This study sought to discuss the governance structures adopted between livestock producers and their cooperative slaughterhouses in the chain of differentiated beef in the state of Paraná. The theoretical basis used was the Transaction Cost Economics and Measurement Costs Economics, complemented by the specificities of cooperatives. We conducted interviews with three key agents and eleven representatives of six cooperative slaughterhouses operating in this system. As result, we observed that the cooperatives have similar objectives and requirements, although there are differences in the levels of formality or flexibility. Although transactions are recurrent and have been successful, they involve a high asset specificity, depend on subjective measurements, and are still exposed to market uncertainties, which leaves room for the generation of conflicts and disincentives to quality. Despite this, the relational and reputational aspects associated with trust and partnership between the parties are elements that enable reduced transaction and measurement costs in these structures. At first, the measurements conducted by the cooperatives had an important role in the construction of trust between the parties and for value distribution. In a second moment, the trust built enabled the reduction of measurement costs.

With the considerable growth of beef production in Brazil and the growth in beef exports as a backdrop, the main objective of this study is to identify the factors responsible for the excellent performance of this agribusiness sector. Conducting this study required the construction of a theoretical model that was capable of supporting the specification of the adjusted econometric model using vector autoregression with identification by the Bernanke process. The findings show that the main determinant of beef cattle growth and Brazilian beef exports is increased animal stock. Furthermore, productivity has a positive, albeit more modest, effect on beef production and exports. The results show that the increase of the number of cattle reduces costs to the farmer and retail beef prices.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar e caracterizar a pecuária familiar no município de Bagé, estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), segundo alguns critérios (estrutura fundiária, modalidade de exploração, natureza da mão de obra, finalidade da produção, comercialização, intermediários, integração da produção, renda agrícola e renda não-agrícola). Foram realizadas entrevistas diretas a produtores durante os meses de maio e junho de 2007, nas localidades rurais de Palmas, Olhos D'�_gua, Coxilha do Haedo, Serrilhada e Santa Tecla, totalizando 40 questionários aplicados. A análise de frequência foi utilizada para o tratamento dos dados. A pesquisa apontou que 80% dos produtores exploram áreas até 200 hectares e que, para 87,5%, a força de trabalho é exclusivamente de caráter familiar. Quanto à renda agrícola, 70% dos entrevistados responderam ser inferior a dois salários mínimos. O estudo revelou, ainda, a importância das rendas não-agrícolas em relação à renda total, particularmente das aposentadorias e pensões, que funcionam como instrumento essencial de reprodução social das famílias. | The objective of this paper was to identify and characterize farm family livestock in Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil), according to some criteria (land area, exploitation of approach, labour use, production objective, commercialization, intermediary, production integration, rural income and no-rural income). Direct interviews were conducted with family livestock farmers during May and June 2007 in the following locations: Palmas, Olhos D'�_gua, Coxilha do Haedo, Serrilhada and Santa Tecla, comprising a total of 40 interviews. Frequency analysis was used to examine the data. The research showed that 80% of the farmers explore areas of up to 200 hectares and 87,5% of the interviewees use exclusively family labour. As for the rural income, 70% of the cases earned less than two minimum wages. The results also showed the importance of off-farm income compared to total income, particularly from retirements and pensions, which are an essential instrument of social reproduction for the families.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar e caracterizar a pecuária familiar no município de Bagé, estado do Rio Grande do Sul (RS), segundo alguns critérios (estrutura fundiária, modalidade de exploração, natureza da mão de obra, finalidade da produção, comercialização, intermediários, integração da produção, renda agrícola e renda não-agrícola). Foram realizadas entrevistas diretas a produtores durante os meses de maio e junho de 2007, nas localidades rurais de Palmas, Olhos D'Água, Coxilha do Haedo, Serrilhada e Santa Tecla, totalizando 40 questionários aplicados. A análise de frequência foi utilizada para o tratamento dos dados. A pesquisa apontou que 80% dos produtores exploram áreas até 200 hectares e que, para 87,5%, a força de trabalho é exclusivamente de caráter familiar. Quanto à renda agrícola, 70% dos entrevistados responderam ser inferior a dois salários mínimos. O estudo revelou, ainda, a importância das rendas não-agrícolas em relação à renda total, particularmente das aposentadorias e pensões, que funcionam como instrumento essencial de reprodução social das famílias.<br>The objective of this paper was to identify and characterize farm family livestock in Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil), according to some criteria (land area, exploitation of approach, labour use, production objective, commercialization, intermediary, production integration, rural income and no-rural income). Direct interviews were conducted with family livestock farmers during May and June 2007 in the following locations: Palmas, Olhos D'Água, Coxilha do Haedo, Serrilhada and Santa Tecla, comprising a total of 40 interviews. Frequency analysis was used to examine the data. The research showed that 80% of the farmers explore areas of up to 200 hectares and 87,5% of the interviewees use exclusively family labour. As for the rural income, 70% of the cases earned less than two minimum wages. The results also showed the importance of off-farm income compared to total income, particularly from retirements and pensions, which are an essential instrument of social reproduction for the families.

As análises de integração dos mercados de commodities agrícolas, que são baseadas apenas em informações sobre preços, são limitadas, por desconsiderarem os efeitos dos custos de transação no processo de ajustamento dos preços. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi estimar os prováveis efeitos dos custos de transação sobre a integração do mercado de boi gordo entre os estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo. Foi estimado um Modelo de Correção de Erro Vetorial com Threshold (Modelo TVEC), sendo utilizados dados mensais dos preços dessa commodity referentes ao período de janeiro de 1972 a agosto de 2005. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os custos de transação entre os mercados estudados são significativos. Choques de preços, inferiores a cerca de 10% do preço médio, não são transmitidos entre os mercados.<br>The analysis of market integration of agricultural commodities based on price information are limited because the effects of transaction costs are not considered in the adjustment process. The main objective of this paper was to estimate the possible transaction costs impacts on market integration of beef cattle between the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo. It was estimated a Threshold Vector Error Correction Model (TVEC model) using monthly rice data for the period from January 1972 to August 2005. The results indicated the presence of threshold cointegration implying that transaction costs have important effect on the price adjustment process.