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O mercado de crédito e a experiência brasileira de financiamento da agricultura Full text
2003
Humberto Francisco S. Spolodor | Fernando H. Melho
O presente trabalho tem por objetivo estudar novas opções de financiamento da agricultura brasileira sob o enfoque dos modelos de competição imperfeita e assimetria de informação nos mercados de crédito. A natureza deste trabalho é essencialmente analítica, de forma que não foi estabelecido nenhum modelo empírico de teste e análise dos dados apresentados. A falta de recursos do sistema tradicional de financiamento da agricultura é uma forte evidência do esgotamento do modelo tradicional. São vários os entraves para um novo sistema de financiamento, entre eles: uma legislação muito pouco adequada (que acaba por dificultar a concessão de empréstimos), o forte endividamento ados agricultores, os altos custos bancários de transação para concessão de empréstimos, a assimetria de informação no mercado e, no contexto macroeconômico, as altas taxas de juros praticadas na economia brasileira.
Show more [+] Less [-]Hedging with futures contracts in the Brazilian soybean complex: BM&F vs. CBOT Full text
2003
Silva Andréia Regina O. da | Aguiar Danilo R. D. | Lima João Eustáquio de
This article analyzes the effectiveness of hedging Brazilian soy oil, soy meal, and soybeans in the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) and in the Brazilian Commodities and Futures Exchange (BM&F) to reduce the risk of financial loss due to commodity price fluctuations. The econometric results show that a cross-hedging strategy using the BM&F soybean futures contract is an instrument of low effectiveness for managing soy oil and soy meal price risk. Despite low effectiveness, the estimates demonstrate total advantage for soy meal hedging operations using CBOT soy meal futures contracts rather than cross-hedging using BM&F soybean futures contracts. With some exceptions, the results are also more favorable for hedging soy oil with soy oil futures contracts at the CBOT rather than cross hedging with soybeans at the BM&F. Conversely, Brazilian traders hedging soybeans receive more effective risk protection by trading soybean futures contracts at the BM&F than by trading soybean futures contracts at the CBOT.
Show more [+] Less [-]Relações comerciais e de preços no mercado nacional de combustíveis Full text
2003
Marta Cristina Marjotta-Maistro | Geraldo Sant'Ana de Camargo Barros
Em janeiro de 2002 o setor de combustíveis entrou definitivamente no livre mercado. Os preços da refinaria deixaram de ser regulados e permitiu-se a importação de derivados de petróleo por empresas privadas. Os preços do álcool foram liberados desde o final da década de 1990. Os objetivos deste estudo são: caracterizar o funcionamento do mercado de combustíveis identificando os principais fatores que interferem na tomada de decisão dos seus agentes; estimar equações de demanda por gasolina C, oferta de álcool anidro e gasolina A e calcular as elasticidades de transmissão de preços. Os resultados mostraram inelasticidade com relação à renda e ao preço da demanda de gasolina e inelasticidade-preço das ofertas de anidro e gasolina A. Considerando as elasticidades de transmissão, concluiuse que um aumento na demanda de gasolina C tende a aumentar o preço do álcool anidro mais que proporcionalmente ao preço da gasolina C; o preço do álcool anidro tenderá a variar mais que proporcionalmente ao preço da gasolina C caso haja choques de oferta de álcool anidro e, no caso de variações na oferta de gasolina A, os preços do álcool e da gasolina C tendem a variar em direções opostas
Show more [+] Less [-]Relações contratuais de crédito agrícola e o papel dos agentes financeiros privados: teoria e evidências dos EUA Full text
2003
Fabio R Chaddad | Sérgio G Lazzarini
Este trabalho analisa a questão do financiamento da produção agrícola sob uma ótica sistêmica, considerando o papel dos agentes privados no fornecimento de crédito rural. Desenvolve-se a idéia de que o volume e o custo de recursos financeiros disponibilizados para a produção agrícola são afetados por "fricções" em diversas transações sequenciais interligando emprestadores e tomadores de crédito. O objetivo do trabalho é analisar as vantagens comparativas dos diversos agentes que atuam no mercado de crédito, enfocando o potencial de cada agente em reduzir as tais fricções. Esta análise comparativa baseia-se na leitura do funcionamento do mercado de crédito agrícola dos Estados Unidos e pode ser aplicada nara o desenvolvimento de novos arranjos contratuais no mercado brasileiro.
Show more [+] Less [-]Distribuição dos benefícios da estabilidade dos preços agrícolas entre consumidores Full text
2003
César Roberto Leite da Silva | Maria Auxiliadora de Carvalho
Diversos estudos têm sugerido que a estabilidade de preços distribui benefícios entre grupos na sociedade. Este trabalho analisa a distribuição de benefícios decorrentes da estabilização dos preços agrícolas decorrentes do Plano Real, implementado em 1994, entre os consumidores da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo. Estimou-se uma medida de instabilidade de séries de preços de 19 produtos agrícolas importantes na alimentação, entre 1989 e 1998 para testar a eficiência do Plano Real em estabilizar preços. Para calcular a distribuição dos benefícios da estabilização entre consumidores estratificados segundo o nível de renda, estimou-se, inicialmente, o coeficiente de distribuição dos gastos com alimentação. Em seguida, os coeficientes de distribuição do conjunto de dezenove produtos agrícolas importantes na dieta das famílias. Os dados de orçamentos familiares são da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares do IBGE, de 1996, e as séries de preços dos produtos agrícolas são do Instituto de Economia Agrícola. Os resultados indicaram que, no agregado, os benefícios da estabilização dos preços dos alimentos favoreceram relativamente mais os consumidores de baixa renda. Entretanto, o exame individual dos produtos sugere que os consumidores dos estratos de renda mais alta são proporcionalmente mais benefeciados com a estabilização dos preços dos produtos de elevada elasticidade-renda da demanda
Show more [+] Less [-]Use of crops and livestock futures contracts in portfolios: an analysis of feasibility Full text
2003
Mattos, Fabio L.(Master in Applied Economics) | Ferreira Filho, Joaquim Bento de Souza(Universidade de São Paulo Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiróz)
Use of crops and livestock futures contracts in portfolios: an analysis of feasibility Full text
2003
Mattos, Fabio L.(Master in Applied Economics) | Ferreira Filho, Joaquim Bento de Souza(Universidade de São Paulo Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiróz)
According to Portfolio Theory, by combining assets that show a correlation inferior to one (1) among their individual returns, it becomes possible to create portfolios that reduce risk without damaging expected return. Crop and livestock futures contracts and company stocks show such a characteristic, which signals potential benefits when forming portfolios combining these two types of assets. This investment strategy is not often utilized in Brazil. The purpose of our research was to assess whether such an asset combination is actually advantageous to those creating investment portfolios in the Brazilian market. Our evaluation used instruments of analysis developed by Markowitz in Portfolio Theory and data about the return from crop and livestock futures contracts and stocks. The data was gathered from the Brazilian Futures and Commodities Exchange (BM&F) and Brazils National Association of Open Market Institutions (ANDIMA) between July 1994 and December 1998. The results of this work showed that the combination of these two types of assets in investment portfolios can be an interesting portfolio management alternative.
Show more [+] Less [-]Use of crops and livestock futures contracts in portfolios: an analysis of feasibility Full text
2003
Fabio L. Mattos | Joaquim Bento de Souza Ferreira Filho
According to Portfolio Theory, by combining assets that show a correlation inferior to one (1) among their individual returns, it becomes possible to create portfolios that reduce risk without damaging expected return. Crop and livestock futures contracts and company stocks show such a characteristic, which signals potential benefits when forming portfolios combining these two types of assets. This investment strategy is not often utilized in Brazil. The purpose of our research was to assess whether such an asset combination is actually advantageous to those creating investment portfolios in the Brazilian market. Our evaluation used instruments of analysis developed by Markowitz in Portfolio Theory and data about the return from crop and livestock futures contracts and stocks. The data was gathered from the Brazilian Futures and Commodities Exchange (BM&F) and Brazil’s National Association of Open Market Institutions (ANDIMA) between July 1994 and December 1998. The results of this work showed that the combination of these two types of assets in investment portfolios can be an interesting portfolio management alternative.
Show more [+] Less [-]The effects of non-agricultural activities on income distribution in rural Brazil Full text
2003
Neder, Henrique D.(Universidade Federal de Uberlândia)
The effects of non-agricultural activities on income distribution in rural Brazil Full text
2003
Neder, Henrique D.(Universidade Federal de Uberlândia)
The growth of non-agricultural activity since the 1980s has reconfigured the economic and social dynamic in Brazils rural areas. Our paper intends to describe the impact of this growth on income distribution in rural Brazil. We made use of a method of decomposition of two indicators of income distribution applied to1992 and 1999 Brazilian National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) data: the variation coefficient and the Gini index. It was observed that non-agricultural activities have increased the concentration of rural income and that this phenomenon is more prominent in Region I (states of Brazils Northeast and the state of Tocantins) and Region IV (states of São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul and the Distrito Federal). It was found that the income concentrating effect of each non-agricultural activity branch (commerce, transformation industry, administration, service) differed by region. In Region I, income from the "Social/Public Administration and Other Activities branch " (a PNAD designation) presents a coefficient of relative concentration greater than a unit, which indicates that income from this activities branch acts to increase the concentration of non-agricultural income in this region. In Region IV, income from industrial activities and from Social/ Public Administration and Other Activities both present coefficients of relative concentration greater than a unit; therefore, both branches act to increase the concentration of income from non-agricultural activities in this region.
Show more [+] Less [-]The effects of non-agricultural activities on income distribution in rural Brazil Full text
2003
Henrique D. Neder
The growth of non-agricultural activity since the 1980s has reconfigured the economic and social dynamic in Brazil’s rural areas. Our paper intends to describe the impact of this growth on income distribution in rural Brazil. We made use of a method of decomposition of two indicators of income distribution applied to1992 and 1999 Brazilian National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) data: the variation coefficient and the Gini index. It was observed that non-agricultural activities have increased the concentration of rural income and that this phenomenon is more prominent in Region I (states of Brazil’s Northeast and the state of Tocantins) and Region IV (states of São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul and the Distrito Federal). It was found that the income concentrating effect of each non-agricultural activity branch (commerce, transformation industry, administration, service) differed by region. In Region I, income from the "Social/Public Administration and Other Activities branch " (a PNAD designation) presents a coefficient of relative concentration greater than a unit, which indicates that income from this activities branch acts to increase the concentration of non-agricultural income in this region. In Region IV, income from industrial activities and from Social/ Public Administration and Other Activities both present coefficients of relative concentration greater than a unit; therefore, both branches act to increase the concentration of income from non-agricultural activities in this region.
Show more [+] Less [-]Políticas de estabilização macroeconômica do plano real e seus efeitos sobre o agronegócio brasileiro Full text
2003
Adelar Fochezatto
Este trabalho analisa os efeitos das políticas comercial e cambial adotadas na primeira fase do Plano Real sobre alguns indicadores macroeconômicos e a produção de setores do agronegócio brasileiro. Utilizando um modelo de Equilíbrio Geral Computável (EGC), foram simuladas as medidas de política econômica e os resultados obtidos foram comparados com a situação de referência, na ausência de tais políticas. Constatou-se que, em geral, o agronegócio beneficiou-se da redução de tarifas de importação e da desvalorização cambial ocorridas após a implementação do plano de estabilização em 1994
Show more [+] Less [-]Use of crops and livestock futures contracts in portfolios: an analysis of feasibility Full text
2003
Mattos Fabio L. | Ferreira Filho Joaquim Bento de Souza
According to Portfolio Theory, by combining assets that show a correlation inferior to one (1) among their individual returns, it becomes possible to create portfolios that reduce risk without damaging expected return. Crop and livestock futures contracts and company stocks show such a characteristic, which signals potential benefits when forming portfolios combining these two types of assets. This investment strategy is not often utilized in Brazil. The purpose of our research was to assess whether such an asset combination is actually advantageous to those creating investment portfolios in the Brazilian market. Our evaluation used instruments of analysis developed by Markowitz in Portfolio Theory and data about the return from crop and livestock futures contracts and stocks. The data was gathered from the Brazilian Futures and Commodities Exchange (BM&F) and Brazil?s National Association of Open Market Institutions (ANDIMA) between July 1994 and December 1998. The results of this work showed that the combination of these two types of assets in investment portfolios can be an interesting portfolio management alternative.
Show more [+] Less [-]Methodology for comparative analysis of sustainability in agroforestry systems Full text
2003
Lopes, Saulo Barbosa(Rio Grande do Sul Zoo Botanic Foundation) | Almeida, Jalcione(Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul)
Methodology for comparative analysis of sustainability in agroforestry systems Full text
2003
Lopes, Saulo Barbosa(Rio Grande do Sul Zoo Botanic Foundation) | Almeida, Jalcione(Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul)
The work analyzes the political/institutional links and technological formats of agroforestry systems in the Caí and Taquari river valleys of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul in an effort to determine a value for their ability to endure: their sustainability. Sustainability indicators are created for the analysis of these systems. The indicator values will be used to create a Sustainability Index (SI) for each studied agroforestry system and to identify each systems sustainability pattern. The different agroforestry systems will also be classified according to their structural characteristics. Analysis of the identified patterns and indexes will reveal the adequacy of the methodology employed and the consequence of each systems institutional arrangement, technological format, and sustainability pattern. The agro forestry system that combines exotic forest species with watermelon and the system that combines native forest species with citrus fruit stand out as being most sustainable while, from an institutional perspective, those systems that were linked in an "associative" arrangement had the highest sustainability index values.
Show more [+] Less [-]Methodology for comparative analysis of sustainability in agroforestry systems Full text
2003
Saulo Barbosa Lopes | Jalcione Almeida
The work analyzes the political/institutional links and technological formats of agroforestry systems in the Caí and Taquari river valleys of the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul in an effort to determine a value for their ability to endure: their sustainability. Sustainability indicators are created for the analysis of these systems. The indicator values will be used to create a Sustainability Index (SI) for each studied agroforestry system and to identify each system’s sustainability pattern. The different agroforestry systems will also be classified according to their structural characteristics. Analysis of the identified patterns and indexes will reveal the adequacy of the methodology employed and the consequence of each system’s institutional arrangement, technological format, and sustainability pattern. The agro forestry system that combines exotic forest species with watermelon and the system that combines native forest species with citrus fruit stand out as being most sustainable while, from an institutional perspective, those systems that were linked in an "associative" arrangement had the highest sustainability index values.
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