Conservation Units are areas legally established by the government with the goal of conserving territory and its natural resources. Given the limited knowledge about the invertebrate biodiversity in the Northern Atlantic Forest, including its legally protected areas, the present study aimed to inventory butterfly species in two Conservation Units of the Northern Atlantic Forest in Paraíba, Brazil: Engenho Gargaú Private Natural Heritage Reserve (RPPN Gargaú) and Mata do Xém-xém State Park (PE Xém-xém), both located in the metropolitan region of João Pessoa. We conducted the collections every two months, over three consecutive days, in six expeditions from February 2013 to April 2014 in RPPN Gargaú and in four expeditions from August 2014 to April 2015 in PE Xém-xem. Additionally, a two-day collecting expedition was carried out in August 2021 in RPPN Gargaú. We employed two sampling methods: Van Someren-Rydon traps and entomological nets. A total of 212 species (2,841 specimens) were recorded, 158 (1,867 specimens) in RPPN Gargaú and 129 (974 specimens) in PE Xém-xém. Overall, Hesperiidae was the richest family (81 spp.), followed by Nymphalidae (70), Riodinidae (22), Lycaenidae (22), Pieridae (12), and Papilionidae (4). Out of the total species, 48 are new records for Paraíba, and seven for northeast Brazil. Notably, the record of Morpho menelaus eberti Weber, 1963 in RPPN Gargaú, a subspecies classified as Critically Endangered (CR), stands out. The results emphasize the need to protect the forest remnants in the region, as well as to develop management and monitoring actions for butterflies and other invertebrates.

The Gregório Bondar Entomological Collection (CEGB) of the Cocoa Research Center (CEPEC) has its origins in the 1930s with Dr. Gregório Bondar's insect collection that he constituted in the state of Bahia, Brazil. Bondar, a Russian-Brazilian entomologist, significantly contributed to Brazilian entomology and agriculture, and his extensive collection was in great part donated to the American Museum of Natural History. A smaller portion remained in Brazil and was eventually transferred to CEPEC in the 1960s. The collection, originally known as "Entomoteca Gregório Bondar", has grown to over 30,000 specimens by the 1980s. It holds valuable historical data that supports biodiversity monitoring and ecological research. The CEGB's Lepidoptera section features specimens collected from 1936 to 2024, mostly from the Atlantic Forest biome. This article aims to contribute to the knowledge of the distribution of butterflies in the Atlantic Forest, primarily from southern Bahia, by providing data on the specimens deposited in the CEGB at CEPEC in Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil. A total of 531 specimens in 249 species of butterflies distributed within six families were recorded: 282 Nymphalidae (109 spp.), 107 Hesperiidae (63 spp.), 60 Riodinidae (31 spp.), 46 Lycaenidae (30 spp.), 33 Pieridae (14 spp.), and three Papilionidae (2 spp.). Specimens were collected from 11 localities in the Atlantic Forest biome. The CEGB provides data on butterfly distribution, including new records for the state of Bahia and the Atlantic Forest, highlighting its significance for research and conservation efforts.

This study was conducted at the Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cassilândia, Brazil from September 2017 to December 2021 in a Brazilian Cerrado. Adults of Anomala testaceipennis Blanchard were collected associated with host plants and taken to the laboratory for studies. Some phytophagous scarab beetles found host plants through detection of plant volatiles. The detection of those odorants is intermediated by antennal sensilla. The main goals of the present study are to describe the antennal sensilla of A. testaceipennis and check the host plants used as food resource. This specie was found feeding on flowers of: Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (Fabaceae), Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), Buchenavia sp. (Combretaceae), Cordia glabrata (Boraginaceae), Inga edulis (Fabaceae), Moquilea tomentosa (Chrysobalanaceae), Paubrasilia echinata (Fabaceae), Tabernaemontana catharinensis (Apocynaceae), Tapirira guianensis (Anacardiaceae), Xylophragma pratense (Bignoniaceae). To the sensilla study, antennae were dissected and images of the sensilla were obtained using a scanning electron microscope. Antennae of A. testaceipennis have sensilla chaetica, trichodea, placodea (type I, II, and III), coeloconica (type I and II), basiconica (type I), and ampullacea (or pore). Males have a total of about 6,243 sensilla of which 5,868 (93.99%) are sensilla placodea, 370 (5.93%) are sensilla coeloconica, and 5 (0.08%) are sensilla basiconica. Females have a total of about 5,119 sensilla of which 4,820 (94.16%) are sensilla placodea, 270 (5.27%) are sensilla coeloconica, and 29 (0.57%) are sensilla basiconica.

Galls are small structures induced mostly by insects in different plant organs, and have different shapes and colorations. Knowledge on galls is still sparse in the semiarid region of Bahia. Therefore, the goal of this study was to characterize galls in fragments of seasonal deciduous forest. Sampling was performed in the Bahia municipalities of Boa Nova, Jequié, Poções and Vitória da Conquista. In each site, one fragment was chosen, and in each fragment, plots were established to survey galls on vegetation. We sampled 158 gall morphotypes, representing 49 (morpho) species distributed across 15 families of host plants. Myrtaceae and Malphigiaceae had the highest numbers of gall morphotypes. Most galls were collected from leaves, whereas the most common gall morphotypes were globoid and fusiform.

Lonomia Walker, 1855 is a genus of Lepidoptera belonging to the Saturniidae whose caterpillars have a defense system based on scoli connected to venom glands, which can cause medical accidents of envenomation, thereby making this genus medically important. In this work, Lonomia camox Lemaire, 1971, is recorded for the first time in Brazil, more specifically in the state of Amazonas. Photographs of male and female genitalia and an updated map with new occurrence records are presented.

Prosierola is characterized by having a pair of conspicuous anteromedial metapostnotal foveae on the metapectal-propodeal disc. Little is known about this genus because it is rarely sampled in collections. Therefore, the main goal of this contribution is to expand the knowledge of intraspecific morphological variations and geographical distribution of its species that occur in Brazil. We sorted material from the main collections and obtained 69 specimens of Prosierola nasalis (Westwood) recorded for the first time from Maranhão, Minas Gerais, Pará, Rio Grande do Norte and Rio Grande do Sul; one of Prosierola obliqua Evans recorded for the first time from Distrito Federal; five of Prosierola rotunda Schiffler & Azevedo recorded for the first time from Pará; and 13 of Prosierola rufescens Evans recorded for the first time from Brazil (Amazonas, Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais). The mesoscuto-scutellar foveae placed on the dorsal surface of the mesoscutellum shown to be highly variable in size, distance, and shape at both the intra- and interspecific levels.

Delia Robineau-Desvoidy, composed of flies popularly known as root maggot flies, is a diverse genus with unclear delimitation. It comprises polyphagous species and some important agricultural pests. Delia sanctijacobi (Bigot) is native to South America, occurring in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay; the larvae are commonly known as “potato worms” and have been misidentified as Delia platura (Meigen) in Brazil. Delia sanctijacobi attacks the seeds and seedlings of several plants of commercial importance. We present new geographic records of D. sanctijacobi in Brazil and describe the damage caused by their larvae on commercial bean and onion in Paraná and Santa Catarina between 2019-2022. Delia Robineau-Desvoidy, composed of flies popularly known as root maggot flies, is a diverse genus with unclear delimitation. It comprises polyphagous species and some important agricultural pests. Delia sanctijacobi (Bigot) is native to South America, occurring in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay; the larvae are commonly known as “potato worms” and have been misidentified as Delia platura (Meigen) in Brazil. Delia sanctijacobi attacks the seeds and seedlings of several plants of commercial importance. We present new geographic records of D. sanctijacobi in Brazil and describe the damage caused by their larvae on commercial bean and onion in Paraná and Santa Catarina between 2019-2022.

Inventories provide important information about species, both from a biogeographic perspective and in terms of their conservation status. Among insects, dragonflies are extensively surveyed in Brazil; however, significant knowledge gaps still exist regarding the distribution of these organisms in the country, particularly in threatened biomes such as the Atlantic Forest. In this study, we present data on an Odonata community collected in the Serra do Papagaio State Park between 2015 and 2016. We recorded 64 species, including six new records for the state of Minas Gerais, along with ten species with problematic conservation status, either due to a lack of distribution data or some degree of extinction risk. Our results highlight the importance of inventories in expanding our knowledge of species distribution and providing data that can aid in the assessment of their conservation status.

This study was conducted at the Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cassilândia, Brazil from September 2017 to December 2021 in a Brazilian Cerrado. Adults of Anomala testaceipennis Blanchard were collected associated with host plants and taken to the laboratory for studies. Some phytophagous scarab beetles found host plants through detection of plant volatiles. The detection of those odorants is intermediated by antennal sensilla. The main goals of the present study are to describe the antennal sensilla of A. testaceipennis and check the host plants used as food resource. This specie was found feeding on flowers of: Anadenanthera colubrina var. cebil (Fabaceae), Azadirachta indica (Meliaceae), Buchenavia sp. (Combretaceae), Cordia glabrata (Boraginaceae), Inga edulis (Fabaceae), Moquilea tomentosa (Chrysobalanaceae), Paubrasilia echinata (Fabaceae), Tabernaemontana catharinensis (Apocynaceae), Tapirira guianensis (Anacardiaceae), Xylophragma pratense (Bignoniaceae). To the sensilla study, antennae were dissected and images of the sensilla were obtained using a scanning electron microscope. Antennae of A. testaceipennis have sensilla chaetica, trichodea, placodea (type I, II, and III), coeloconica (type I and II), basiconica (type I), and ampullacea (or pore). Males have a total of about 6,243 sensilla of which 5,868 (93.99%) are sensilla placodea, 370 (5.93%) are sensilla coeloconica, and 5 (0.08%) are sensilla basiconica. Females have a total of about 5,119 sensilla of which 4,820 (94.16%) are sensilla placodea, 270 (5.27%) are sensilla coeloconica, and 29 (0.57%) are sensilla basiconica.

Tabanidae Latreille are hematophagous and act as mechanical and biological vectors of several pathogens, and therefore they have been widely studied in both ecology and public health, as well as in taxonomy works. Males are nectarivorous and rarely captured, so for most species they remain unknown. Thus, we aimed to describe/redescribe the males of five species: Esenbeckia osornoi Fairchild, 1942, Acanthocera marginalis Walker, 1854, Dicladocera mutata Fairchild, 1958, Stypommisa aripuana Fairchild & Wilkerson, 1986, and Tabanus mucronatus Fairchild, 1961. Three males are described for the first time and two others are redescribed, we also provide a complete description of the species, including photographs of habitus, head and genitalia.