Studies on feeding and nutrition of shrimp are still quite scarce; little is known about the use of agribusiness byproducts in shrimp diets. Therefore, this study aimed to perform nutritional and energy assessments of protein-based ingredients for feed of shrimp of the Litopenaeus vannamei species. The design was completely randomized, with six treatments and four replications: a standard diet and five test diets composed of 70% standard diet and 30% test ingredients (poultry viscera flour - PVF, cassava leaf hay - CLH, shrimp head flour - SHF, sugarcane yeast - SCY and castor bean meal - CBM). We used a total of 720 shrimps with mean weight of 8 g each. The parameters of quality showed no significant change by the Tukey’s test (p > 0.05). The apparent digestibility coefficients of PVF, CLH, SHF, SCY and CBM were respectively 27.44, 76.26, 77.78 and 90.10% for dry matter; 76.61, 70.44, 97.67 and 78.29% for protein; and 33.10, 51.19, 90.70 and 78.05% for gross energy. The digestible energy of the ingredients was 1749, 2457, 3914, 3030 and 2130 kcal/ kg; and digestible protein was 42.4, 16.09, 54.62, 23.71 and 14.31%. The SHF reached the highest coefficients of apparent digestibility, crude protein, gross energy and digestible energy. The SCY had the largest apparent digestibility of dry matter. Both SHF and SCY presented improved availability of nutrients and energy for L. vannamei.

RESUMO Os estudos sobre alimentação e nutrição de camarões ainda são muito escassos, pouco se sabe sobre o aproveitamento pelos camarões de subprodutos da agroindústria, portanto o objetivo deste trabalho foi à avaliação nutricional e energética de ingredientes proteicos para camarões (Litopenaeus vannamei). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições: uma Reference diete cinco dietas teste compostas de 70% da Reference diete 30% do ingrediente teste (farinha vísceras de aves-FVA, feno folha de mandioca- FFM, farinha cabeça de camarão-FCC, levedura de cana-de-açúcar-LC e farelo de mamona -FM). Utilizou-se 720 camarões com peso médio de 8g. Os parâmetros de qualidade não apresentaram diferença significativa pelo teste de Tukey (P > 0,05). Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos ingredientes FVA, FFM, FCC, LC e FM foram respectivamente, 27,44; 76,26; 77,78 e 90,10% para matéria seca; 76,61; 70,44; 97,67 e 78,29% para proteína e (33,10; 51,19; 90,70 e 78,05%) para energia bruta. A energia digestível dos ingredientes foi 1.749, 2.457, 3.914, 3.030 e 2.130 kcal/kg e proteína digestível foi de 42,4; 16,09; 54,62, 23,71 e 14,31%. A FCC apresentou os maiores coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da proteina bruta e energia bruta e para energia digestível. A LC apresentou o maior valor do coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca. A FCC e a LC são os ingredientes que apresentaram os melhores aproveitamentos dos nutrientes e da energia para L. vannamei. | ABSTRACT Studies on feeding and nutrition of shrimp are still quite scarce; little is known about the use of agribusiness byproducts in shrimp diets. Therefore, this study aimed to perform nutritional and energy assessments of protein-based ingredients for feed of shrimp of the Litopenaeus vannamei species. The design was completely randomized, with six treatments and four replications: a standard diet and five test diets composed of 70% standard diet and 30% test ingredients (poultry viscera flour - PVF, cassava leaf hay - CLH, shrimp head flour - SHF, sugarcane yeast - SCY and castor bean meal - CBM). We used a total of 720 shrimps with mean weight of 8 g each. The parameters of quality showed no significant change by the Tukey's test (p >0.05). The apparent digestibility coefficients of PVF, CLH, SHF, SCY and CBM were respectively 27.44, 76.26, 77.78 and 90.10% for dry matter; 76.61, 70.44, 97.67 and 78.29% for protein; and 33.10, 51.19, 90.70 and 78.05% for gross energy. The digestible energy of the ingredients was 1749, 2457, 3914, 3030 and 2130 kcal/kg; and digestible protein was 42.4, 16.09, 54.62, 23.71 and 14.31%. The SHF reached the highest coefficients of apparent digestibility, crude protein, gross energy and digestible energy. The SCY had the largest apparent digestibility of dry matter. Both SHF and SCY presented improved availability of nutrients and energy for L. vannamei.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the nutritional composition of tilapia filleting waste meal (TFWM) for pigs in the initial phase. In the first experiment, the chemical composition and the values of digestible and metabolizable energy of TFWM were determined using 10 pigs (15.10 ± 0.74 kg), distributed in cages for metabolic research (2 treatments X 5 replicates). The TFWM replaced 20% of the reference diet based on corn and soybean meal. In the second experiment, the ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids present in TFWM were determined, using chromic oxide as a marker, through the method of sacrifice, using 10 pigs (15.00 ± 0.27 kg), distributed in cages for metabolic research (2 treatments X 5 replicates). Treatments consisted of a basal diet and one without protein. In the third experiment, the performance of pigs fed diets containing different concentrations of TFWM (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) was evaluated. Forty pigs (15.00 ± 0.87 kg), distributed in pairs in nursery pens (5 treatments X 4 replicates) were used. The values of digestible and metabolizable energy corresponded to 3,632 and 3,260 kcal/kg, respectively. Inclusion of up to 10% TFWM in the diet of barrows from 15 to 30 kg did not affect the average daily gain and feed conversion of the animals.

RESUMO: Foram realizados três experimentos para determinar a composição nutricional da farinha dos resíduos industriais de filetagem da tilápia (FRIFT) para suínos, machos castrados, em fase inicial. No primeiro, foi determinada a composição bromatológica e valores de energia digestível e metabolizável da FRIFT, utilizando-se 10 suínos (15,10 kg ± 0,74), distribuídos em gaiolas para estudos metabólicos (2 tratamentos X 5 repetições). A FRIFT substituiu em 20% a ração referência, à base de milho e farelo de soja. No segundo experimento, foram determinados os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal dos aminoácidos da FRIFT, empregando-se óxido crômico como indicador, pelo método do sacrifício, tendo sido utilizados 10 suínos (15,00 kg ±0,27), distribuídos em gaiolas para estudos metabólicos (2 tratamentos X 5 repetições). Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração basal e outra sem proteína. No terceiro experimento, foi avaliado o desempenho de suínos alimentados com rações contendo diferentes níveis de FRIFT (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20%). Foram utilizados 40 suínos (15,00 kg ±0,87), distribuídos aos pares em baias de creche (5 tratamentos X 4 repetições). Os valores de energia digestível e metabolizável corresponderam a 3.632 e 3.260 kcal/kg, respectivamente. A inclusão de até 10 % de FRIFT na dieta de suínos machos castrados, dos 15 aos 30 kg, não alterou o ganho de peso diário e a conversão alimentar dos animais. | ABSTRACT: Three experiments were conducted to determine the nutritional composition of tilapia filleting waste meal (TFWM) for pigs in the initial phase. In the first experiment, the chemical composition and the values of digestible and metabolizable energy of TFWM were determined using 10 pigs (15.10 ± 0.74 kg), distributed in cages for metabolic research (2 treatments X 5 replicates). The TFWM replaced 20% of the reference diet based on corn and soybean meal. In the second experiment, the ileal digestibility coefficients of amino acids present in TFWM were determined, using chromic oxide as a marker, through the method of sacrifice, using 10 pigs (15.00 ± 0.27 kg), distributed in cages for metabolic research (2 treatments X 5 replicates). Treatments consisted of a basal diet and one without protein. In the third experiment, the performance of pigs fed diets containing different concentrations of TFWM (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20%) was evaluated. Forty pigs (15.00 ± 0.87 kg), distributed in pairs in nursery pens (5 treatments X 4 replicates) were used. The values of digestible and metabolizable energy corresponded to 3,632 and 3,260 kcal/kg, respectively. Inclusion of up to 10% TFWM in the diet of barrows from 15 to 30 kg did not affect the average daily gain and feed conversion of the animals.

Larvae from two Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) lineages were subjected to different storage densities. An experiment was conducted arranged in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, four storage densities (6.25, 12.50, 18.75 and 25.00 larvae L-1) and two lineages (GIFT and Thai). Larvae from the lineage GIFT and Thai (4,000) were distributed in 32 aquariums with 8 liters of water each, in a randomized order with four replications. The larvae were maintained in the aquariums with constant aeration and natural photoperiod for 36 days. Limnological variables were within the proper range to the specie. Data were subjected to ANOVA, and the Tukey test was used for the density effects. Regarding the biological variables, there was no interaction between lineage and density. The GIFT lineage presented better performance on total length and biomass at the 36th day. Regarding the densities of each lineage, the greater length, weight and weight gain results were found with a density of 6.25 larvae L-1, however, an increase in biomass and a space use optimization occurs using 25 larvae L-1. Therefore, the lineage GIFT at density of 25.00 larvae L-1 is indicated for larval culture.

RESUMO Larvas de duas linhagens de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) foram submetidas a diferentes densidades de estocagem. O ensaio foi conduzindo em um fatorial 2 x 4, sendo quatro densidades de estocagem (6,25; 12,50; 18,75 e 25,00 ind. L-1), e duas linhagens (GIFT e Tailandesa). Larvas irmãs das linhagens Tailandesa e GIFT (4.000 ind.), foram distribuídas em 32 aquários com 8 L de água cada, de modo casualizado com quatro repetições cada. Por um período de 36 dias, as larvas foram mantidas em aquários providos de aeração constante e fotoperíodo natural. As variáveis limnológicas estiveram dentro da faixa adequada à espécie. Os dados foram interpretados por meio de ANOVA e para os efeitos densidade, utilizou-se Teste de Tukey. Quanto às variáveis biológicas, não houve interação entre linhagem e densidade. A linhagem GIFT apresentou melhor desempenho em comprimento total e biomassa para o 36o dia. Dentre as densidades para cada linhagem os melhores resultados de comprimentos, peso e ganho de peso, foram para a densidade 6,25 ind. L-1, mas ao se utilizar 25 ind. L-1 ocorre aumento na biomassa e otimização do espaço utilizado. Portanto, indica-se as linhagens GIFT na densidade de 25,00 ind. L-1. | ABSTRACT Larvae from two Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) lineages were subjected to different storage densities. An experiment was conducted arranged in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme, four storage densities (6.25, 12.50, 18.75 and 25.00 larvae L-1) and two lineages (GIFT and Thai). Larvae from the lineage GIFT and Thai (4,000) were distributed in 32 aquariums with 8 liters of water each, in a randomized order with four replications. The larvae were maintained in the aquariums with constant aeration and natural photoperiod for 36 days. Limnological variables were within the proper range to the specie. Data were subjected to ANOVA, and the Tukey test was used for the density effects. Regarding the biological variables, there was no interaction between lineage and density. The GIFT lineage presented better performance on total length and biomass at the 36th day. Regarding the densities of each lineage, the greater length, weight and weight gain results were found with a density of 6.25 larvae L-1, however, an increase in biomass and a space use optimization occurs using 25 larvae L-1. Therefore, the lineage GIFT at density of 25.00 larvae L-1 is indicated for larval culture.

This study aimed to evaluate the insecticidal activity of eight botanical species in the behavior and biological development of Zabrotes subfasciatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) under laboratory conditions. The botanical species were applied on bean grains (Phaseolus vulgaris Linnaeus) directly as powder or indirectly within TNT bags. Three laboratory assays were performed. First, a repellent activity test was performed by exposing twenty couples of Z. subfasciatus adults in a choice-test arena. Second, a mortality test was performed for seven days after infestation. Finally, the oviposition and emergency rates of adults (%) and the development from egg to adult (in days) were evaluated in seven couples (males and females) for seven days inside of a vial containing 0.3g of the powder from each botanical species and 10 g of bean grains (3% w.w-1). The study was conducted in a completely randomized design, and the treatments were arranged as a factorial design (2 x 9) with two factors (factor 1= powder and TNT bag application forms and factor 2= eight botanical species and control) with eight replications. The powder application form was more efficient in controlling Z. subfasciatus. Azadirachta indica (powder application), Ruta graveolens (powder application), and Piper aduncum (TNT bag) reduced the infestation of adults. The species A. inidica, Piper tuberculatum, Trichilia catigua, Pfaffia glomerata, R. graveolens, and Mentha pulegium inhibited the oviposition of the insects regardless of the formulation applied. R. graveolens (powder application) caused 100% of mortality. The powder application of R. graveolens and M. pulegium reduced egg viability and insect emergence; therefore, they are very promising alternatives to control Z. subfasciatus in stored grains.

RESUMO: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de pós de oito espécies botânicas, misturados aos grãos de feijão, Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae), ou em sachês, sobre os aspectos comportamentais e de desenvolvimento biológico de Zabrotes subfasciatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) em laboratório. Três ensaios foram realizados. Primeiro, a repelência de adultos de Z. subfasciatus pelas espécies vegetais foi avaliada com 20 casais em teste com chance de escolha. Segundo, a mortalidade de adultos foi avaliada, diariamente, até o sétimo dia após a infestação. Terceiro, sete casais foram mantidos por sete dias em recipientes contendo 0,3 g de pó de cada espécie vegetal e 10 g de grãos de feijão (3% p.p-1) para avaliação dos parâmetros oviposição, emergência de adultos (%) e período de desenvolvimento ovo-adulto (dias) de Z. subfasciatus. Os ensaios seguiram arranjo fatorial 2 x 9 (fator 1 = formas de aplicação pó e sachê; fator 2 = oito espécies vegetais e testemunha) em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com oito repetições. A forma de pó foi mais eficiente no controle de Z. subfasciatus. As espécies Azadirachta indica (na forma de pó), Ruta graveolens (na forma de pó) e Piper aduncum (na forma de sachê) reduziram a infestação por adultos do inseto. A. indica, Piper tuberculatum, Trichilia catigua, Pfaffia glomerata, R. graveolens e Mentha pulegium, independente da forma de aplicação utilizada, inibiram a oviposição do inseto. R. graveolens (na forma de pó) controlou 100% de adultos. Pós das espécies R. graveolens e M. pulegium reduziram a viabilidade de ovos e emergência do inseto, apresentando alto potencial no controle alternativo de Z. subfasciatus em feijão armazenado. | ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the insecticidal activity of eight botanical species in the behavior and biological development of Zabrotes subfasciatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) under laboratory conditions. The botanical species were applied on bean grains (Phaseolus vulgaris Linnaeus) directly as powder or indirectly within TNT bags. Three laboratory assays were performed. First, a repellent activity test was performed by exposing twenty couples of Z. subfasciatus adults in a choice-test arena. Second, a mortality test was performed for seven days after infestation. Finally, the oviposition and emergency rates of adults (%) and the development from egg to adult (in days) were evaluated in seven couples (males and females) for seven days inside of a vial containing 0.3g of the powder from each botanical species and 10 g of bean grains (3% w.w-1). The study was conducted in a completely randomized design, and the treatments were arranged as a factorial design (2 x 9) with two factors (factor 1= powder and TNT bag application forms and factor 2= eight botanical species and control) with eight replications. The powder application form was more efficient in controlling Z. subfasciatus. Azadirachta indica (powder application), Ruta graveolens (powder application), and Piper aduncum (TNT bag) reduced the infestation of adults. The species A. inidica, Piper tuberculatum, Trichilia catigua, Pfaffia glomerata, R. graveolens, and Mentha pulegium inhibited the oviposition of the insects regardless of the formulation applied. R. graveolens (powder application) caused 100% of mortality. The powder application of R. graveolens and M. pulegium reduced egg viability and insect emergence; therefore, they are very promising alternatives to control Z. subfasciatus in stored grains.

Cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is widely cultivated in northeast Brazil for production of both green grains and dry grains. Green grains are cowpea grains with a 60 to 70% moisture content that are very appreciated by the local people. The cultivation of cowpea in northeast Brazil is performed mostly using landraces and the low yields achieved in some areas of that region are generally attributed to the cultivation of less productive landraces. The objectives of this research were to identify the best landraces in terms of green bean yield and the characters that hold the most positive direct effects on this yield via path analysis. Twelve landraces of undetermined growth were evaluated in two experiments conducted in Mossoró, Brazil. The first experiment (E1) was sprinkler - irrigated and the second (E2) was conducted under rainfed conditions, but was irrigated whenever necessary. Pod yield and dimensions and green grains were evaluated, in addition to the main grain yield components. A randomized block design with five replications was used. The data presented here identified eight landraces with the highest yields. In addition, cowpea yield was higher in the dry season (E1) than in the rainy season (E2). The number of pods per plant had the largest direct positive effect on green grain yield.

RESUMO O feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) é amplamente cultivado na região nordeste do Brasil para a produção de grãos secos e de feijão verde. O feijão verde, isto é, grãos de feijão-caupi com 60% a 70% de umidade, é muito apreciado pelos nordestinos. O cultivo do feijão-caupi no nordeste brasileiro é feito principalmente com variedades tradicionais. Presume-se que os baixos rendimentos da cultura em algumas áreas da referida região são devidos ao uso de variedades tradicionais pouco produtivas. Os objetivos do trabalho foram identificar as melhores variedades tradicionais quanto ao rendimento de grãos verdes e os caracteres que possuem os maiores efeitos positivos diretos sobre esse rendimento, via análise de trilha. Doze variedades tradicionais de crescimento indeterminado foram avaliadas em dois experimentos realizados em Mossoró-RN. O primeiro experimento (E1) foi realizado com irrigação por aspersão e o segundo, sob condições de sequeiro, mas irrigado quando necessário. A avaliação contemplou os rendimentos e dimensões de vagens e de grãos verdes e os componentes principais do rendimento de grãos. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados com cinco repetições. Oito variedades foram as mais produtivas. O rendimento das cultivares no experimento realizado fora da estação chuvosa (E1) foi superior ao do outro experimento. O número de vagens por planta foi a característica que apresentou o maior efeito positivo direto sobre o rendimento de grãos. | ABSTRACT Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is widely cultivated in northeast Brazil for production of both green grains and dry grains. Green grains are cowpea grains with a 60 to 70% moisture content that are very appreciated by the local people. The cultivation of cowpea in northeast Brazil is performed mostly using landraces and the low yields achieved in some areas of that region are generally attributed to the cultivation of less productive landraces. The objectives of this research were to identify the best landraces in terms of green bean yield and the characters that hold the most positive direct effects on this yield via path analysis. Twelve landraces of undetermined growth were evaluated in two experiments conducted in Mossoró, Brazil. The first experiment (E1) was sprinkler-irrigated and the second (E2) was conducted under rainfed conditions, but was irrigated whenever necessary. Pod yield and dimensions and green grains were evaluated, in addition to the main grain yield components. A randomized block design with five replications was used. The data presented here identified eight landraces with the highest yields. In addition, cowpea yield was higher in the dry season (E1) than in the rainy season (E2). The number of pods per plant had the largest direct positive effect on green grain yield.

An experiment was conducted during the years 2009 and 2010 to evaluate the effects of Urochloa forage straw and nitrogen fertilization on soil properties, nutritional foliar content, index of foliar chlorophyll (IFC) values, production components, and grains yields of winter bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris ‘Pérola’) in the Cerrado lowlands region of Brazil. The treatments consisted of planting bean crops under straw of Urochloa brizantha ‘Xaraés’ and Urochloa ruziziensis, fertilized with urea - sourced N (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha - 1 ). The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications, and a factorial scheme of 2 × 5. The greater yield of U. brizantha dry matter in the two years of evaluation increased bean leaf nutrient levels. The nutritional increase with increasing N application rates showed that the straw produced by the forages had a positive effect on bean nutrition. The grain yield was satisfactory but was not affected by the forage species nor by changes in the N application rates. The Urochloa straw increased the soil organic matter (SOM), Ca, and Mg content in both evaluated years, affected the decomposition and mineralization of organic residues, and ensured the proper development of the bean plants.

RESUMO: Um experimento foi realizado durante os anos de 2009 e 2010 para avaliar os efeitos da palhada de espécies forrageiras do gênero Urochloa e da adubação nitrogenada nos atributos químicos do solo durante duas safras (2009 e 2010) e nos teores foliares nutricionais, leituras ICF, os componentes da produção e produtividade de grãos do feijoeiro de inverno na região de Cerrado de baixa altitude. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da semeadura da cultura do feijão cv. Pérola sobre a palhada de Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés e Urochloa ruziziensis, adubadas com N (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg N ha-1) - fonte uréia. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com 4 repetições, em esquema fatorial 2x5. A maior produtividade de massa seca da U. brizantha nos dois anos em avaliação incrementou os teores de nutrientes foliares no feijoeiro. O incremento nutricional, com o aumento das doses de N foi verificado, demonstrando que a palhada produzida pelas espécies forrageiras foi determinante na boa nutrição do feijoeiro de inverno. A produtividade de grãos do feijoeiro foi satisfatória, entretanto, não houve efeito das doses de N e das espécies forrageiras cultivadas em antecessão. As espécies de Urochloa utilizadas aumentaram os teores de MO, Ca e Mg nos dois anos avaliados, efeito este da decomposição e mineralização dos resíduos vegetais, garantindo assim o bom desenvolvimento do feijoeiro. | ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted during the years 2009 and 2010 to evaluate the effects of Urochloa forage straw and nitrogen fertilization on soil properties, nutritional foliar content, index of foliar chlorophyll (IFC) values, production components, and grains yields of winter bean (Phaseolus vulgaris 'Pérola') in the Cerrado lowlands region of Brazil. The treatments consisted of planting bean crops under straw of Urochloa brizantha 'Xaraés' and Urochloa ruziziensis, fertilized with urea-sourced N (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha-1). The experimental design was randomized blocks with four replications, and a factorial scheme of 2 × 5. The greater yield of U. brizantha dry matter in the two years of evaluation increased bean leaf nutrient levels. The nutritional increase with increasing N application rates showed that the straw produced by the forages had a positive effect on bean nutrition. The grain yield was satisfactory but was not affected by the forage species nor by changes in the N application rates. The Urochloa straw increased the soil organic matter (SOM), Ca, and Mg content in both evaluated years, affected the decomposition and mineralization of organic residues, and ensured the proper development of the bean plants.

The Mangalarga Marchador breed accounts for the largest horse herd in Brazil and has been experiencing national and international expansion. Nevertheless, there is little scientific production on the evolution of this breed and there are no studies on the morphometric transformations that took place during its formation. In this context, the present study aimed to assess the evolution in morphometric measures of the Mangalarga Marchador breed between 1970 and 2010. The research used information archived at the Brazilian Association of Mangalarga Marchador Breeders from 23,148 males and 92,980 females in a completely randomized experimental design. The six treatments consisted of the animals measured between 1970 and 1979, 1980 and 1989, 1990 and 1994, 1995 and 1999, 2000 and 2004, and 2005 and 2010, respectively. The measures assessed were: height at withers and croup, length of the head, neck, back, croup, shoulder, and body, width of the head and croup, thoracic circumference, and cannon circumference Over the period analyzed, males and females experienced a reduction in thoracic circumference, in the lengths of the head, back, croup, and shoulder, and in the widths of the head and croup. In the males, neck length and cannon circumference also decreased, while body length increased in females. Over time, breed selection led to smaller head, higher stature, and shorter trunk length. However, important measures for the breed’s functionality, such as shoulder length and thoracic circumference, decreased.

RESUMO: A raça Mangalarga Marchador é responsável pelo maior rebanho de equinos do país e tem alcançado crescente expansão nacional e internacional. Apesar disso, é escassa a produção científica sobre a evolução dessa raça e não existem estudos sobre as transformações morfométricas que ocorreram ao longo de sua formação. Neste contexto, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a evolução das medidas morfométricas da raça Mangalarga Marchador entre 1970 e 2010. Foram utilizadas informações arquivadas na Associação Brasileira dos Criadores do Cavalo Mangalarga Marchador de 23148 machos e 92980 fêmeas, em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso. Os seis tratamentos foram constituídos pelos animais mensurados de 1970 a 1979, 1980 a 1989, 1990 a 1994, 1995 a 1999, 2000 a 2004 e 2005 a 2010, respectivamente. As medidas avaliadas foram: alturas na cernelha e garupa, comprimentos da cabeça, pescoço, dorso-lombo, garupa, espádua e corpo, larguras da cabeça e da garupa, além de perímetros torácico e da canela. Ao longo do período avaliado observou-se nos machos e fêmeas redução do perímetro torácico, dos comprimentos da cabeça, dorso-lombo, garupa e espádua e das larguras de cabeça e garupa. Nos machos houve também redução no comprimento do pescoço e aumento no perímetro da canela. Nas fêmeas verificou-se aumento no comprimento do corpo. Ao longo do tempo, a seleção da raça conferiu aos animais menor cabeça, maior estatura e menor comprimento do tronco. No entanto, houve redução de medidas importantes para sua funcionalidade, como o comprimento da espádua e do perímetro torácico. | ABSTRACT: The Mangalarga Marchador breed accounts for the largest horse herd in Brazil and has been experiencing national and international expansion. Nevertheless, there is little scientific production on the evolution of this breed and there are no studies on the morphometric transformations that took place during its formation. In this context, the present study aimed to assess the evolution in morphometric measures of the Mangalarga Marchador breed between 1970 and 2010. The research used information archived at the Brazilian Association of Mangalarga Marchador Breeders from 23,148 males and 92,980 females in a completely randomized experimental design. The six treatments consisted of the animals measured between 1970 and 1979, 1980 and 1989, 1990 and 1994, 1995 and 1999, 2000 and 2004, and 2005 and 2010, respectively. The measures assessed were: height at withers and croup, length of the head, neck, back, croup, shoulder, and body, width of the head and croup, thoracic circumference, and cannon circumference Over the period analyzed, males and females experienced a reduction in thoracic circumference, in the lengths of the head, back, croup, and shoulder, and in the widths of the head and croup. In the males, neck length and cannon circumference also decreased, while body length increased in females. Over time, breed selection led to smaller head, higher stature, and shorter trunk length. However, important measures for the breed's functionality, such as shoulder length and thoracic circumference, decreased.

Goat and sheep production in the semi-arid northeast of Brazil has shown great economic potential. However, health problems can compromise the productivity of these animals. Given the scarcity of studies about the occurrence of these diseases, the aim of the present study was to analyze the serological diagnosis of anti-Brucella and anti-lentivirus antibodies among small ruminants in municipalities located in the Brazilian states of Bahia and Pernambuco. The samples were collected from local slaughterhouses and dairy farms. In total, 997 serum samples from animals in slaughterhouses and dairy herds were collected. In order to diagnose the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), the samples underwent agarose gel immunodiffusion (AGID) testing. The buffered acidified antigen test (goats) and agarose gel immunodiffusion test (sheep) were used to detect anti-Brucella abortus and B. ovis antibodies following the methodology recommended by the Institute of Technology of Paraná (TECPAR). With anti-CAEV antibodies, seropositivity rates of 4.1% and 2.2% were recorded for animals from the slaughterhouses and dairy farms, respectively. None of the animals (goats or sheep) were positive for anti-B. abortus antibodies. With B. ovis, a seropositivity rate of 6.5% (n = 13) was recorded among the 199 sheep serum samples. Results of the present study confirmed the presence of the CAE virus in the meat and dairy herds studied, although the prevalence was low. Natural infection by B. abortus did not occur in the goat and sheep herds assessed. Seropositivity for B. ovis was confirmed, although prevalence was low. Direct tests are required to diagnose ovine brucellosis.

RESUMO: Alguns problemas de ordem sanitária ainda comprometem a produtividade de caprinos e ovinos. Sendo assim, foi realizado um estudo de diagnóstico sorológico da presença de anticorpos anti-lentivírus e anti-Brucella em pequenos ruminantes localizados em municípios dos estados da Bahia e Pernambuco. As coletas foram realizadas em estabelecimentos de abate e em propriedades rurais com produção de leite, totalizando 997 amostras de soro. Para o diagnóstico do CAEV, as amostras foram submetidas ao teste de Imunodifusão em Gel de Agarose (IDGA). Para a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-Brucella abortus e Brucella ovis, foram utilizadas as técnicas do Antígeno Acidificado Tamponado (caprinos) e Imunodifusão em Gel de Agarose (ovinos), utilizando-se antígeno e metodologia recomendada pelo Instituto de Tecnologia do Paraná-TECPAR. Na pesquisa de anticorpos anti-CAEV, observou-se uma soropositividade de 4,1 e 2,2% para os animais oriundos de estabelecimentos de abate e de propriedades leiteiras, respectivamente. Quanto à pesquisa de anticorpos anti-B.abortus em caprinos e ovinos, não se observou nenhum animal positivo. Em relação a B. ovis, pesquisada em 199 amostras de soro ovino, obteve-se uma soroposividade de 6,5% (n=13). Pode-se demonstrar a presença do vírus do CAEV nos rebanhos de corte e leite estudados, porém em baixa frequência. Por outro lado, a infecção natural pela Brucella abortus não ocorre nos rebanhos de caprinos e ovinos avaliados. Registra-se a soropositividade para Brucella ovis, porém em baixa frequência, sendo necessária a realização de testes diretos para diagnóstico da brucelose ovina. | ABSTRACT: Goat and sheep production in the semi-arid northeast of Brazil has shown great economic potential. However, health problems can compromise the productivity of these animals. Given the scarcity of studies about the occurrence of these diseases, the aim of the present study was to analyze the serological diagnosis of anti-Brucella and anti-lentivirus antibodies among small ruminants in municipalities located in the Brazilian states of Bahia and Pernambuco. The samples were collected from local slaughterhouses and dairy farms. In total, 997 serum samples from animals in slaughterhouses and dairy herds were collected. In order to diagnose the caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (CAEV), the samples underwent agarose gel immunodiffusion (AGID) testing. The buffered acidified antigen test (goats) and agarose gel immunodiffusion test (sheep) were used to detect anti-Brucella abortus and B. ovis antibodies following the methodology recommended by the Institute of Technology of Paraná (TECPAR). With anti-CAEV antibodies, seropositivity rates of 4.1% and 2.2% were recorded for animals from the slaughterhouses and dairy farms, respectively. None of the animals (goats or sheep) were positive for anti-B. abortus antibodies. With B. ovis, a seropositivity rate of 6.5% (n = 13) was recorded among the 199 sheep serum samples. Results of the present study confirmed the presence of the CAE virus in the meat and dairy herds studied, although the prevalence was low. Natural infection by B. abortus did not occur in the goat and sheep herds assessed. Seropositivity for B. ovis was confirmed, although prevalence was low. Direct tests are required to diagnose ovine brucellosis.

The etiologic agent of the Asian soybean rust is the Phakopsora pachyrhizi, which causes a reduction in the photosynthetic leaf area and, consequently, in the crop yield. Chemical control is one of the main measures for its management. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy and selectivity of the fluxapyroxad fungicide on controlling the Asian soybean rust, under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the Cerrado biome. The experiment was conducted in an area under no-tillage system, in the Agricultural Research Center, Rio Verde, Goias, Brazil, during the 2012/2013 crop season, using the cultivar NA7337. A randomized block experimental design was used, with twelve treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of applications of fluxapyroxad (FX), pyraclostrobin (PT), epoxiconazole (EX) and metconazole (MZ). The average severity of the disease in the plants reached 37% in the Control. All treatments with fungicides differed from the Control. Treatments 9, 10, 11 and 12 provided the greatest rates of soybean rust control. The treatments 10, 11 and 12 had the highest thousand grain weights, and the yields of the treatments 2, 3 and 11, despite higher than the Control, were lower than the treatments 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 12, which had statistically equal yields. The increasing in yield, compared to the Control, ranged from 10.05% (pyraclostrobin, epoxiconazole + pyraclostrobin + mineral oil) to 30.55% (pyraclostrobin, pyraclostrobin + fluxapyroxad + mineral oil and pyraclostrobin + metconazole + mineral oil). The highest rates of soybean rust control were presented by fungicides containing fluxapyroxad.

RESUMO A ferrugem asiática da soja, cujo agente etiológico é o fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi, causa redução da área foliar fotossintética e diminui a produtividade da cultura, sendo o controle químico uma das principais medidas no seu manejo. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a eficácia e a seletividade do fungicida fluxapiroxade no controle da ferrugem asiática na cultura da soja, em condições edafoclimáticas do Cerrado. O experimento foi conduzido em área sob sistema de plantio direto, no Centro de Pesquisa Agrícola, Rio Verde, Goiás, durante a safra 2012/2013, utilizando a cultivar NA 7337. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos ao acaso, com doze tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de aplicação de fluxapiroxade (FX), piraclostrobina (PT), epoxiconazol (EX) e metconazol (MZ). A severidade média da doença nas plantas chegou a 37% na testemunha. Todos os tratamentos contendo fungicidas diferiram da testemunha. Os tratamentos 9, 10, 11 e 12 foram os que proporcionaram maiores níveis de controle da ferrugem asiática, os tratamentos 10, 11 e 12 alcançaram maiores massa de mil grãos e os tratamentos 2, 3 e 11 foram mais produtivos que a testemunha, porém inferiores aos 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 e 12, sendo estes estatisticamente iguais. O incremento de produtividade em relação à testemunha variou de 10,05% (piraclostrobina, epoxiconazol + piraclostrobina + óleo mineral) a 30,55% (piraclostrobina, piraclostrobina + fluxapiroxade + óleo mineral, piraclostrobina + metconazol + óleo mineral). Os maiores níveis de controle foram evidenciados nos fungicidas contendo fluxapiroxade. | ABSTRACT The etiologic agent of the Asian soybean rust is the Phakopsora pachyrhizi, which causes a reduction in the photosynthetic leaf area and, consequently, in the crop yield. Chemical control is one of the main measures for its management. The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficacy and selectivity of the fluxapyroxad fungicide on controlling the Asian soybean rust, under the edaphoclimatic conditions of the Cerrado biome. The experiment was conducted in an area under no-tillage system, in the Agricultural Research Center, Rio Verde, Goias, Brazil, during the 2012/2013 crop season, using the cultivar NA7337. A randomized block experimental design was used, with twelve treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of applications of fluxapyroxad (FX), pyraclostrobin (PT), epoxiconazole (EX) and metconazole (MZ). The average severity of the disease in the plants reached 37% in the Control. All treatments with fungicides differed from the Control. Treatments 9, 10, 11 and 12 provided the greatest rates of soybean rust control. The treatments 10, 11 and 12 had the highest thousand grain weights, and the yields of the treatments 2, 3 and 11, despite higher than the Control, were lower than the treatments 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 12, which had statistically equal yields. The increasing in yield, compared to the Control, ranged from 10.05% (pyraclostrobin, epoxiconazole + pyraclostrobin + mineral oil) to 30.55% (pyraclostrobin, pyraclostrobin + fluxapyroxad + mineral oil and pyraclostrobin + metconazole + mineral oil). The highest rates of soybean rust control were presented by fungicides containing fluxapyroxad.

In recent years, the emergence of resistant pathogens has complicated the treatment of bacterial infections in livestock production as well as in the medical field, due to the development of resistance mechanisms by microorganisms. The objective of this study was to delineate the antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella spp. strains isolated from bivalve mollusks (oysters and mussels) and from estuarine environment water of two regions of Bahia, Brazil. Twenty-seven strains, 12 isolated from bivalve mollusks and 15 from estuarine water, were tested. Eight antimicrobial agents (phenicol, beta-lactams, tetracyclines, quinolones and fluoroquinolones classes) were used for a susceptibility test, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) production. Isolates showed high susceptibility to the classes of antimicrobial agents tested, with resistance only to nalidixic acid (27%), ampicillin (25%) and tetracycline (25%). Bacterial resistance was of chromosomal origin and the multidrug resistance index (MAR) among isolates of shellfish (mussels in natura) was 0.25. The MIC was found to be 100 μg/mL, 500 μg/mL and 350 μg/mL to nalidixic acid, ampicillin and tetracycline, respectively. None of the isolates presented ESBLs production. The presence of multidrug-resistant and high MIC Salmonella spp. is being conveyed in extraction areas of bivalve mollusks in the State of Bahia, Brazil.

ABSTRACT: In recent years, the emergence of resistant pathogens has complicated the treatment of bacterial infections in livestock production as well as in the medical field, due to the development of resistance mechanisms by microorganisms. The objective of this study was to delineate the antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella spp. strains isolated from bivalve mollusks (oysters and mussels) and from estuarine environment water of two regions of Bahia, Brazil. Twenty-seven strains, 12 isolated from bivalve mollusks and 15 from estuarine water, were tested. Eight antimicrobial agents (phenicol, beta-lactams, tetracyclines, quinolones and fluoroquinolones classes) were used for a susceptibility test, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) production. Isolates showed high susceptibility to the classes of antimicrobial agents tested, with resistance only to nalidixic acid (27%), ampicillin (25%) and tetracycline (25%). Bacterial resistance was of chromosomal origin and the multidrug resistance index (MAR) among isolates of shellfish (mussels in natura) was 0.25. The MIC was found to be 100 µg/mL, 500 µg/mL and 350 µg/mL to nalidixic acid, ampicillin and tetracycline, respectively. None of the isolates presented ESBLs production. The presence of multidrug-resistant and high MIC Salmonella spp. is being conveyed in extraction areas of bivalve mollusks in the State of Bahia, Brazil. | RESUMO: Nos últimos anos o surgimento de patógenos resistentes tem dificultado o tratamento de infecções bacterianas, tanto na produção animal como na área médica, em decorrência do desenvolvimento de mecanismos de resistência pelos micro-organismos. O objetivo deste estudo foi traçar o perfil de resistência antimicrobiana em cepas de Salmonella spp. isoladas de moluscos bivalves (ostras e sururu) e da agua de áreas estuarinas em duas regiões da Bahia, Brasil. Um total de 27 cepas previamente isoladas foram testadas, sendo 12 provenientes de moluscos bivalves e 15 de amostras de água. Para o teste de suscetibilidade foram utilizados oito agentes antimicrobianos (classes fenicóis, betalactâmicos, tetraciclina, quinolonas e fluoroquinolonas), Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e a produção de Betalactamases de Espectro Ampliado (ESBL). Os isolados apresentaram alta suscetibilidade as classes de antimicrobianos testadas, com resistência apenas ao ácido nalidíxico (27%), ampicilina (25%) e tetraciclina (25%). A resistência bacteriana era de origem cromossômica e o índice de multirresistência (MAR) entre os isolados de molusco (sururu in natura) foi de 0,25. A CIM encontrada foi de 100 µg/mL, 500 µg/mL e 350 µg/mL para o ácido nalidixíco, ampicilina e tetraciclina, respectivamente. Nenhum dos isolados apresentou produção de ESBL. A presença de Salmonella spp. multirresistente e com elevada CIM está sendo veiculada em áreas de extração de moluscos bivalves no Estado da Bahia, Brasil.