An experiment was carried out to evaluate the biological and chemical soil quality of a degraded area of clay extraction, after it has been re-vegetate with Eucalyptus spp. and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, cultivated in single or inter-cropping systems. It was used as soil biological quality indicators the total microbial activity, evaluated by enzymatic method of the hydrolize of the fluoresceína diacetato (FDA) and soil total respiration; and, the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). To evaluate the chemical quality it was used some chemical characteristics of the soil. The random blocks experimental design was used, with nine treatments + control. The treatments were constituted of single plantings of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia (sabiá) and of four species of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Eucalyptus pellita, Eucalyptus tereticornis, Eucalyptus robusta) and intercropping plantings of sábia with the four eucalyptus species, with four repetitions. The control treatment (degraded soil without any re-vegetation) was an area inside of the digging of clay extraction, with four replicates. The experimental unit was composed by 36 plants. After 36 months, the soils with single plantings of E. pellita and sabiá presented, in relation to the control treatment (without vegetation), larger microbial activity, evaluated by both the method of FDA and by total respiration, larger diversity of AMF and larger concentrations of nitrogen. The microbial soil activity, as much for the method of FDA as for the breathing, it was larger in intercropping plantings of E. pellita with sabiá, when compared with the control treatment. The AMF Glomus and Acaulospora were largest genus found in all treatments, however, in the control treatment it was found only the AMF species Glomus macrocarpum.

The design of a lateral line was an applied tool with the objective of determining, accurately, the lateral line final pressure, considering the presence of a hydraulic cannon or not in the final extremity of the piping; so that the irrigation planner has the exact science of the entrance pressure in the central pivot. Being able to like this, design projects more optimized in terms of energy. The evaluation of the system provided the rebuilding of the curve of control of the equipment taking to the producer the reality of his/her overhead irrigation. The hydraulic project of the system provides the visualization of the theoretical behavior of the system that, when compared, to the real behavior, position in execution, it can serve as auditing for ends of correction of the possible flaws, be of project and production or of execution.

Because of the damages caused by Dalbulus maidis (Delong & Wolcott, 1923) on crop corn, had been evaluated the effect of insecticides applied on the desiccation management (MD), seed treatment (TS) and foliage spray (PF) to the 10 days after the emergency (DAE), on D. maidis. The assays had been developed in Fundação Chapadão in Chapadão of Sul (MS) city, from 29/10/04 to 27/02/05, with experimental design of randomized blocks, with ten treatments and four replicates. The used treatments had been: monocrotophós and cypermethrin (MD), thiodicarb + imidacloprid, thiametoxan, clothianidim, imidacloprid and acetamiprid (TS), cypermethrin + thiametoxan and endossulfan + NaCl (PF), in the recommended dosages, and one control without insecticide. It was carried counting of the number of D. maidis, calculating the insecticides efficiency to 14, 20, 28 and 40 DAE. For D. maidis, the use of the insecticides in TS and PF had been efficient in the 14 DAE, being imidacloprid (TS) and cypermethrin + thiametoxan (PF) had presented, respectively, 72 and 61% of efficiency to the 40 DAE, demonstrating residual effect.

The research had the objective to determinate the ideal substrate for the germination of pitaya seeds in laboratorial conditions. The experiment was carried out in the Unesp - São Paulo State University - Campus of Jaboticabal - Brazil, using seeds that were extracted of a ripe fruit and testing the substrates: filter paper; vermiculite; sand; commercial substrate with pinus (Plantmax); coconut fiber (Amafibra); soil, sand and manure in the proportion of 3:1:1, being that the filter paper provided the largest values to percentage of germination among them, showing be the more appropriate.

Objectified in this study to determine the composition of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in the perennial soy (Neonotonia wightii), leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) and guandu (Cajanus cajan). The samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after the acid hydrolyses or preoxidation. The higher and lower levels of soluble crude protein (A fraction) were obtained with leucaena and guandu (33.92 and 16.87%, respectively) and the higher and lower levels of acid detergent insoluble protein (ADIP) were obtained with guandu and rami (26.68 e 2.83%). It were registered higher concentration of essential amino acids in rami (48.06%) and lower concentration in cassava (42.20%), being verified with it the higher level in lysine and methionine to the rami (6.41e 2.66%, respectively), and lower level to the cassava (5.49%) and to the guandu (2.02%) respectively. It were registered too higher concentration of non-essential amino acids to the rami (47.11%) and the lower level to the perennial soy (42.20%). Therefore, it can be concluded to the correct evaluation of these foods, should be considered the amino acid composition and fractionation of the crude protein, because the simply analysis of crude protein don't represent precisely and don't propitiate the correct estimative of the profile and biodisponibility of amino acids that them escape and flow to the intestinal tract of the animal and your metabolism.

This study evaluated the effect of bovine manure in the agronomic performance of salad rocket cv. Cultivada. The completely randomized design was used, with six treatments and four repetitions, with each recipient constituting a parcel. The treatments had consisted of differents amounts of bovine manure incorporated to the soil (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 t.ha¯¹), and the witness. The evaluated characteristics had been: height of plant (cm), leaf number for parcel, mass of the green substance (g) and mass of the dry substance (g) for parcel. The amount of 60 t.ha¯¹ promoted greater height of plants, greater leaf number, greater mass of the green substance and greater of mass of the dry substance.

The effect of tannery sludge on the cellulose decomposition was studied in the laboratory as a dose-response experiment. Cellulose decomposition rates were determined by the weight loss from cellulose filter disks buried in soil samples. The amount of tannery sludge used were 0, 11, 22, 44, 88 and 172 Mg ha-1, and, corresponded, respectively, to incorporation of 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000 and 4,000 mg Cr3+ kg-1 of soil. The cellulose filter disks presented different degrees of decomposition with application of tannery sludge. After 30 days of incubation the cellulose decomposition rate, corresponding to application of 11, 22 and 44 Mg ha-1 were higher than soil untreated (control), respectively 5%, 20% and 10%, but the difference was only significant for the 22 Mg ha-1. There was a significant decrease of 50% in the cellulose decomposition, compared to untreated soil (control), with application of 172 Mg ha-1 of tannery sludge. This study has demonstrated that cellulolytic activities are susceptible to be inhibited by high rates of tannery sludge. When applied to low amounts, tannery sludge did not affect cellulose decomposition by the soil microflora.

The purpose of this study was to assess the seedling growth of cashew and tamarind rootstocks with nitrogen fertilization. To this end, two experiments were conducted in the Production Sector of the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), at the University Unit of Cassilândia (UUC), Brazil. Five nitrogen levels were tested: 0, 400, 800, 1600 and 3200 mg/dm3 of N in the substrates. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with 4 repetitions and ten plants per parcel. 20 ml of urea solution were added to each application from each treatment containing 45% nitrogen. The application was repeated four times. Ninety days after planting, we assessed plant height (cm), number of leaves/seedling, plant diameter (mm), roots, aerial part, root and total dry matter (g/seedling). Nitrogen fertilizer in doses of up to 2000 mg/dm3 of N in the substrate ensures better cashew and tamarind rootstock seedling quality. A 3200 mg/dm3 dose of N in the substrate had a growth depression effect on the rootstock seedlings.

In environmental studies is important to know the adsorption process of heavy metals in clay minerals, since they are able to immobilize these metals. Knowing the cations adsorption is influenced for several factors, the objective of this research was to study the copper adsorption process by bentonite clay and to evaluate the electrolyte type and pH influence on this process. In order to quantify the adsorbed copper, 2 g of bentonite clay were equilibrated for 24 hours with 20 mL of a NaNO3 (0,01 mol L-1) solution and with 20 mL of water containing different quantities of copper (5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100,120 mg L-1) as background solutions of pH values 4 and 6. Langmuir's adsorption equation in its linearized form was applied and the values of the maximum capacity and those of the constant related to the bonding energy were obtained. Langmuir isotherms presented two distinct adsorption regions at both pH 4 and pH 6, showing that the adsorptive phenomenon occurs in two distinct stages. The adsorption of copper depends on pH and ionic strength and it increased with an increase in pH and decreased slightly with an increase in ionic strength. The maximum capacity of adsorption and the bonding energy varied with the pH, with electrolyte used and with the adsorption regions.

The objective was to evaluate the horse behavior during the total time at leisure in testing of metabolism. Four male crossbred horses, with average age of eight years and alive weight of 376,09 kg, were used in an experimental delineation in Latin square (4 x 4), lodged in individual boxes. The treatments had been constituted by four diets: Alfalfa hay + Concentrated (ACSP); Tifton hay (low nutritional quality) + Concentrated (TCSP); Tifton hay (low nutritional quality) + Concentrated with Probiotic (TCCP); Alfalfa hay + Concentrated with Probiotic (ACCP). It was observed a statistical difference (P<0.05) in the percentages of total resting time, alert and head low, in the (ACSP) treatment, showing elevate value 76,85; 4,65 and 1.49%, respectively. The inquietude either showed a significative difference (P<0.05) showing values 5.29% for (ACCP) and (TCCP), respectively. The alimentary activities either showed a statistical difference (P<0.05) for (ACSP and ACCP), showing 10,45% average values. During prolonged resting times, the appeared of behavior disturbs were evident.