This study aimed to evaluate the production of castor beans, cv. „BRS Energia‟, in terms of soil chemical composition as a function of the cationic nature, and salinity levels, of the irrigation water. The experiment was carried out using lysimeters in a controlled environment at the Center of Technology and Natural Resources of the Federal University of Campina Grande, from November 2013 to February 2014. The treatments consisted of six types of salinity (S 1 - Control; S 2 - Na + ; S 3 - Ca 2+ ; S 4 - Na + + Ca 2+ ; S 5 - K + , and S 6 - Na + + Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ ), distributed in randomized blocks with four replicates; each plot consisted of five plants for evaluation, totaling 120 experimental plots. Plants in the control treatment (S 1 ) were irrigated with water with an electrical conductivity (ECw) of 0.6 dS m - 1 , and the other treatments (S 2 ; S 3 ; S 4 ; S 5 and S 6 ) with ECw of 4.5 dS m - 1 , but with (a) different cation(s). Water salinity of 4.5 dS m - 1 hampers castor bean production, regardless of the cationic nature of the water; castor bean „BRS Energia‟ was more sensitive to salinity caused by the presence of potassium salts in the irrigation water; the mass of seeds in the primary raceme is the most sensitive variable to salinity and the cationic nature of the irrigation water; the adopted leaching fraction (0.10) was not sufficient to avoid salt accumulation in the soil; irrigation with low ECw promoted the lowest value of exchangeable sodium percentage.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the production of castor beans, cv. 'BRS Energia', in terms of soil chemical composition as a function of the cationic nature, and salinity levels, of the irrigation water. The experiment was carried out using lysimeters in a controlled environment at the Center of Technology and Natural Resources of the Federal University of Campina Grande, from November 2013 to February 2014. The treatments consisted of six types of salinity (S1 - Control; S2 - Na+; S3 - Ca2+; S4 - Na+ + Ca2+; S5 - K+, and S6 - Na+ + Ca2+ + Mg2+), distributed in randomized blocks with four replicates; each plot consisted of five plants for evaluation, totaling 120 experimental plots. Plants in the control treatment (S1) were irrigated with water with an electrical conductivity (ECw) of 0.6 dS m-1, and the other treatments (S2; S3; S4; S5 and S6) with ECw of 4.5 dS m-1, but with (a) different cation(s). Water salinity of 4.5 dS m-1 hampers castor bean production, regardless of the cationic nature of the water; castor bean 'BRS Energia' was more sensitive to salinity caused by the presence of potassium salts in the irrigation water; the mass of seeds in the primary raceme is the most sensitive variable to salinity and the cationic nature of the irrigation water; the adopted leaching fraction (0.10) was not sufficient to avoid salt accumulation in the soil; irrigation with low ECw promoted the lowest value of exchangeable sodium percentage. | RESUMO: Objetivou-se, com o presente trabalho, avaliar a produção da mamoneira cv. BRS Energia e os atributos químicos do solo em função da natureza catiônica e nível salino das águas de irrigação. O experimento foi desenvolvido em lisímetros em ambiente telado no Centro de Tecnologia e Recursos Naturais da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, entre novembro de 2013 e fevereiro de 2014. Estudaram-se seis tipos de salinidade da água (S1 -Testemunha; S2 - Na+; S3 - Ca2+; S4 - Na++ Ca2+; S5 - K+ e S6 - Na++Ca2++Mg2+), distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, sendo a parcela constituída de cinco plantas úteis, totalizando 120 parcelas experimentais. Salienta-se que as plantas do tratamento testemunha (S1) foram irrigadas com água de condutividade elétrica (CEa) de 0,6 dS m-1, e os demais tratamentos (S2; S3;S4; S5 e S6) com CEa de 4,5 dS m-1, porém com diferente (s) cátion (s). A salinidade da água ao nível de 4,5 dS m-1 prejudica a produção da mamoneira, independente da natureza catiônica das águas; a mamoneira BRS Energia foi mais sensível à salinidade provocada pela presença de sais de potássio na água de irrigação; a massa de sementes do racemo primário é a variável mais sensível à salinidade e a natureza catiônica da água; e a fração de lixiviação adotada (0,10) não foi suficiente para evitar o acúmulo de sais no solo; a irrigação com água de baixa condutividade elétrica proporcionou o menor valor para a percentagem de sódio trocável.

The present study evaluated the feeding frequency of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed low-protein diets (29% crude protein) supplemented with commercial amino acids (L-lysine-HCl, DL-methionine, and L-threonine). Sex-reversed Nile tilapia (240) of Thai origin, with initial body weight of 0.93 ± 0.03 g each, were allocated in a completely randomized design, to five groups with various feeding frequencies (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 times a day). Six replications were conducted on separate experimental units comprising eight fishes each. The fish were maintained in 30 130-L aquariums, each equipped with individual water supply and controlled temperature and aeration. Fish were fed identical quantities among all treatments over a period of 30 days. Performance parameters, feed conversion efficiency, body composition, daily protein and fat deposition rates, and nitrogen retention efficiency were evaluated. Increased feeding frequency affected neither performance parameters nor body composition. Values for protein and fat deposition rates and nitrogen retention efficiency were significantly lower in fish fed twice daily than in those fed five times daily. Fish subjected to other feeding frequencies yielded intermediate values without any significant differences. The minimum feeding frequency of Nile tilapia fingerlings fed a low-protein ration supplemented with commercial amino acids is three times a day, owing to increased protein deposition rates and nitrogen retention efficiency.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da frequência de alimentação em tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), utilizando rações de reduzido teor proteico (29% de proteína bruta) suplementadas com aminoácidos industriais (L-Lisina-HCl, DL-Metionina e L-Treonina). Foram utilizados 240 alevinos sexualmente invertidos, da linhagem tailandeza, com peso inicial de 0,93 ± 0,03 g, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, composto por cinco frequências alimentares (2, 3, 4, 5 e 6 vezes/dia), seis repetições e oito peixes por unidade experimental. Os peixes foram mantidos em 30 aquários de 130 litros dotados de abastecimento de água, temperatura controlada e aeração individuais e alimentados em quantidades idênticas de ração entre os tratamentos, com valores corrigidos diariamente, durante 30 dias. Avaliaram-se os parâmetros de desempenho e eficiência alimentar, a composição corporal, a deposição de proteína e gordura corporais e a eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio dos peixes. A variação da frequência de alimentação da dieta não influenciou os parâmetros de desempenho e composição corporal. As taxas de deposição de proteína e gordura corporal e a eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio dos peixes alimentados duas vezes por dia apresentaram valores menores em relação aos alimentados cinco vezes por dia, enquanto que os demais tratamentos apresentaram valores intermediários, sem variar entre os alimentados duas e cinco vezes por dia. Concluiu-se que a frequência de alimentação mínima de alevinos de tilápias do Nilo é de três vezes por dia, quando são utilizadas rações de baixo teor proteico suplementadas com aminoácidos, por aumentar a deposição de proteína e eficiência de retenção de nitrogênio. | ABSTRACT: The present study evaluated the feeding frequency of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fed low-protein diets (29% crude protein) supplemented with commercial amino acids (L-lysine-HCl, DL-methionine, and L-threonine). Sex-reversed Nile tilapia (240) of Thai origin, with initial body weight of 0.93 ± 0.03 g each, were allocated in a completely randomized design, to five groups with various feeding frequencies (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 times a day). Six replications were conducted on separate experimental units comprising eight fishes each. The fish were maintained in 30 130-L aquariums, each equipped with individual water supply and controlled temperature and aeration. Fish were fed identical quantities among all treatments over a period of 30 days. Performance parameters, feed conversion efficiency, body composition, daily protein and fat deposition rates, and nitrogen retention efficiency were evaluated. Increased feeding frequency affected neither performance parameters nor body composition. Values for protein and fat deposition rates and nitrogen retention efficiency were significantly lower in fish fed twice daily than in those fed five times daily. Fish subjected to other feeding frequencies yielded intermediate values without any significant differences. The minimum feeding frequency of Nile tilapia fingerlings fed a low-protein ration supplemented with commercial amino acids is three times a day, owing to increased protein deposition rates and nitrogen retention efficiency.

The objective of this study was to characterize the floristic composition, vegetation structure and ecological group of tree species in a cerradão forest (Cerrado biome) of Palmas, Tocantins State, Brazil. A forest inventory was performed in an area of 10.15 hectares, using systematic sampling with plots of 400 m², in which all standing trees, alive and dead, that had diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm were sampled and identified. A linear plateau regression model (LPR) was used for sample sufficiency analysis. The Shannon index (H’) was used for assess the floristic diversity, and the Importance Value Index (IVI) for assess the horizontal structure. The forest was classified in three strata according to vertical structure analysis. The LPR showed that the sampling size was adequate. The predominate species in the area were Myrcia splendens, Emmotum nitens and Qualea parviflora, and species from the families Fabaceae and Chrysobalanaceae. The pioneer (613 individuals ha-1) and climax (530 individuals ha-1) species were the predominating groups. Regarding the richness index, the number of climax (57 species) and pioneer (25 species) species stood out. The alpha floristic diversity was 3.35 nats individuals-1 and the Pielou equability value J = 0.76. The diametric distribution showed a negative and balanced exponential pattern. Regarding the vertical stratification, the smallest amount of individuals was in the upper stratum (13%) and the highest in the mid stratum (63%) and in the lower stratum (24%). The use of floristic composition tools with horizontal and vertical structure analysis was effective for understand the tree community, which may be considered structured and diverse, thus able to restructure possible disturbances when preserved.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to characterize the floristic composition, vegetation structure and ecological group of tree species in a cerradão forest (Cerrado biome) of Palmas, Tocantins State, Brazil. A forest inventory was performed in an area of 10.15 hectares, using systematic sampling with plots of 400 m², in which all standing trees, alive and dead, that had diameter at breast height (DBH) ≥ 5 cm were sampled and identified. A linear plateau regression model (LPR) was used for sample sufficiency analysis. The Shannon index (H') was used for assess the floristic diversity, and the Importance Value Index (IVI) for assess the horizontal structure. The forest was classified in three strata according to vertical structure analysis. The LPR showed that the sampling size was adequate. The predominate species in the area were Myrcia splendens, Emmotum nitens and Qualea parviflora, and species from the families Fabaceae and Chrysobalanaceae. The pioneer (613 individuals ha-1) and climax (530 individuals ha-1) species were the predominating groups. Regarding the richness index, the number of climax (57 species) and pioneer (25 species) species stood out. The alpha floristic diversity was 3.35 nats individuals-1 and the Pielou equability value J = 0.76. The diametric distribution showed a negative and balanced exponential pattern. Regarding the vertical stratification, the smallest amount of individuals was in the upper stratum (13%) and the highest in the mid stratum (63%) and in the lower stratum (24%). The use of floristic composition tools with horizontal and vertical structure analysis was effective for understand the tree community, which may be considered structured and diverse, thus able to restructure possible disturbances when preserved. | RESUMO: Objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a composição florística, a estrutura da vegetação e os grupos ecológicos das espécies arbóreas em área de cerradão em Palmas, Tocantins. Foi realizado um inventário florestal em área de 10,15 hectares, utilizando amostragem sistemática com parcelas de 400 m², onde foram amostradas e identificadas todas as árvores vivas e mortas em pé, com DAP ≥ 5 cm. Na análise da suficiência amostral utilizou-se a regressão linear com resposta em platô (REGRELRP). A diversidade florística foi avaliada pelo o índice Shannon (H') e a estrutura horizontal pelo o Índice de Valor de Importância (IVI). Na análise da estrutura vertical, a floresta foi classificada em três estratos. A REGRELRP revelou que a intensidade amostral foi adequada. Predominam na área as famílias Fabaceae e Chrysobalanaceae, e as espécies Myrcia splendens, Emmotum nitens e Qualea parviflora. O grupo composto por espécies pioneiras predominam (613 indivíduos ha-1), e as climácicas (530 indivíduos ha-1). No quesito riqueza, as espécies clímax sobressaíram (57 espécies), pioneiras (25 espécies). A diversidade alfa florística foi de 3,35 nats indivívideos-1 e o valor de equabilidade de Pielou J = 0,76. A distribuição diamétrica apresentou comportamento exponencial negativo e balanceada. Em relação aos estratos verticais, a menor quantidade de indivíduos é encontrada no estrato superior (13%), a maior no estrato médio (63%) e o estrato inferior (24%). A área estudada foi caracterizada como estruturada e diversa conforme composição florística e fitossociológica encontrada, apresentou heterogeneidade de espécies, predominantemente clímax. O cerradão apresentou bom estado de conservação, demostrando sua capacidade de resiliência a pequenos distúrbios.

The objective of this work was to verify the presence of genotype - environment interactions (GEI) on the weight adjusted to 365 days of age (W365) for Tabapua cattle in the Northeast of Brazil, using reaction norm (RN) models. The reaction norm model with homogeneous residual variance and 1 - step provided the best fit to the data by the criteria information of deviance, deviance based on the conditional predictive ordinate and deviance based on the Bayes factors. Direct and maternal heritability estimates for the animal model were 0.17±0.04 and 0.07±0.03, respectively. The direct heritability for model reaction norm in the low and high management environment were 0.21±0.06 and 0,70±0.04, respectively. The correlations between the slope and intercept of the reaction norm were 0.68±0.10 and 0.96±0.06 for the direct and maternal effect, indicating that the animals with high genetic values respond positively to environment improvements, especially for the maternal effect. The Spearman correlations between the sire classifications ranged from 0.14 to 0.94 in the different environments and models. Genetic values of most animals were robust to environmental variation, however, considering the sires with the highest number of progeny, there is the presence of GEI.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se verificar a presença das interações genótipos ambientes (IGA) para o peso ajustado aos 365 dias de idade (P365) na raça Tabapuã na região Nordeste do Brasil usando modelos de normas de reação (NR). O modelo normas de reação com variância residual homogênea e um passo proporcionou melhor ajuste aos dados pelos critérios de informação da deviance, deviance baseada na ordenada preditiva condicional e da deviance baseada nos fatores de Bayes. As estimativas de herdabilidade direta e materna, para o modelo animal, foram 0,17±0,04 e 0,07±0,03, respectivamente. As herdabilidades diretas para modelo normas de reação no ambiente de baixo e alto manejo foram de 0,21±0,06 e0,70±0,04, respectivamente. As correlações entre a inclinação e o intercepto da norma de reação foram de 0,68±0,10 e 0,96±0,06, para o efeito direto e materno, indicando que os animais com maiores valores genéticos respondem positivamente à melhoria do ambiente, especialmente para o efeito materno. As correlações de Spearman entre as classificações dos reprodutores variaram de 0,14 a 0,94 nos diferentes ambientes e modelos. Os valores genéticos da maioria dos animais apresentam-se robustos à variação ambiental, no entanto quando considera os reprodutores com maior número de filhos, verifica-se a presença de IGA. | ABSTRACT: The objective of this work was to verify the presence of genotype-environment interactions (GEI) on the weight adjusted to 365 days of age (W365) for Tabapua cattle in the Northeast of Brazil, using reaction norm (RN) models. The reaction norm model with homogeneous residual variance and 1-step provided the best fit to the data by the criteria information of deviance, deviance based on the conditional predictive ordinate and deviance based on the Bayes factors. Direct and maternal heritability estimates for the animal model were 0.17±0.04 and 0.07±0.03, respectively. The direct heritability for model reaction norm in the low and high management environment were 0.21±0.06 and 0,70±0.04, respectively. The correlations between the slope and intercept of the reaction norm were 0.68±0.10 and 0.96±0.06 for the direct and maternal effect, indicating that the animals with high genetic values respond positively to environment improvements, especially for the maternal effect. The Spearman correlations between the sire classifications ranged from 0.14 to 0.94 in the different environments and models. Genetic values of most animals were robust to environmental variation, however, considering the sires with the highest number of progeny, there is the presence of GEI.

The feeding frequencies on pacamã Lophiosilurus alexandri larviculture were evaluated. In the first phase, 10 days of active feeding, larvae with nine days post hatching (13.5 ± 0.7 mm) were stocked at density of 10 larvae L-1 in 5-L tanks each. The experimental treatments were: F2T (feeding 8h00 and 17h00); F2M (feeding 8h00 and 12h30); F3 (feeding 8h00, 12h30 and 17h00); and F4 (feeding 8h00, 11h00, 14h00 and 17h00). During this phase Artemia nauplii were used as food. In the second phase, during 15 days, juveniles were restocked in 20-L tanks at density of 2.2 juveniles L-1, and kept the same feeding frequencies of the first phase. Commercial dry diet containing 40% crude protein was used as food. No effect of feeding frequency on growth and survival, during both phases, was observed. However, survival decreases from the first to the second phase, showing the importance of the type of food. During the L. alexandri larviculture should be recommended twice a day feeding frequency.

ABSTRACT: The feeding frequencies on pacamã Lophiosilurus alexandri larviculture were evaluated. In the first phase, 10 days of active feeding, larvae with nine days post hatching (13.5 ± 0.7 mm) were stocked at density of 10 larvae L-1 in 5-L tanks each. The experimental treatments were: F2T (feeding 8h00 and 17h00); F2M (feeding 8h00 and 12h30); F3 (feeding 8h00, 12h30 and 17h00); and F4 (feeding 8h00, 11h00, 14h00 and 17h00). During this phase Artemia nauplii were used as food. In the second phase, during 15 days, juveniles were restocked in 20-L tanks at density of 2.2 juveniles L-1, and kept the same feeding frequencies of the first phase. Commercial dry diet containing 40% crude protein was used as food. No effect of feeding frequency on growth and survival, during both phases, was observed. However, survival decreases from the first to the second phase, showing the importance of the type of food. During the L. alexandri larviculture should be recommended twice a day feeding frequency. | RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar diferentes frequências alimentares na larvicultura de pacamã Lophiosilurus alexandri. Na primeira fase, com duração de 10 dias, larvas com nove dias pós-eclosão (13,5 ± 0,7 mm) foram estocadas na densidade de 10 larvas L-1 em tanques com 5 L cada. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: F2T (alimentação as 8h00 e 17h00); F2M (alimentação as 8h00 e 12h30); F3 (alimentação as 8h00, 12h30 e 17h00); e F4 (alimentação as 8h00, 11h00, 14h00 e 17h00). Durante esta fase foram utilizados náuplios de Artemia como alimento. Na segunda fase, com duração de 15 dias, os juvenis foram estocados em tanques com 20 L na densidade de 2,2 juvenis L-1, sendo mantidas as mesmas frequências alimentares da primeira fase. A alimentação consistiu no fornecimento de ração comercial contendo 40% de proteína bruta. Durante as duas fases, as diferentes frequências alimentares não afetaram o desempenho e sobrevivência. No entanto, a sobrevivência diminui da primeira para a segunda fase, mostrando a importância do tipo de alimento. Durante a larvicultura do pacamã pode ser recomendada a frequência alimentar de duas vezes ao dia.

The Rafael Fernandes experimental farm is located in the Alagoinha district, northwest of Mossoró, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, over two pedogenic formations of different edaphic characteristics, thus needing a more detailed description of its soil types, since this area hosts several experimental fields for researches on agriculture. The objective of this work was to characterize the morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical features of the most representative soils of this farm, in order to understand its pedogenesis and define its classifications. The whole area was surveyed in order to assess its more representative pedogenic formations. Three soil profiles were classified and described, from which samples were collected in all horizons for physical, chemical and mineralogical analysis. The parent materials and the relief were the determining factors for pedogenic processes of desilication, podzolization and laterization, generating the three main soil types of the area, which were classified up to the 4 th categorical level and described as: Typic Rhodustults (P1), Rhodic Haplustox (P2) and Typic Plinthustalfs (P3).

ABSTRACT The Rafael Fernandes experimental farm is located in the Alagoinha district, northwest of Mossoró, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, over two pedogenic formations of different edaphic characteristics, thus needing a more detailed description of its soil types, since this area hosts several experimental fields for researches on agriculture. The objective of this work was to characterize the morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical features of the most representative soils of this farm, in order to understand its pedogenesis and define its classifications. The whole area was surveyed in order to assess its more representative pedogenic formations. Three soil profiles were classified and described, from which samples were collected in all horizons for physical, chemical and mineralogical analysis. The parent materials and the relief were the determining factors for pedogenic processes of desilication, podzolization and laterization, generating the three main soil types of the area, which were classified up to the 4th categorical level and described as: Typic Rhodustults (P1), Rhodic Haplustox (P2) and Typic Plinthustalfs (P3). | RESUMO A fazenda experimental Rafael Fernandes está localizada no distrito de Alagoinha e inserida entre duas pedoformas da região noroeste do município de Mossoró-RN, apresentando características edáficas distintas, o que gera a necessidade de descrições mais detalhadas acerca das classes de solos existentes na área, uma vez que a mesma dispõe de diversos campos experimentais com pesquisas na área de ciências agrárias. Assim, a realização do presente trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização morfológica, física, química e mineralógica dos solos mais representativos da fazenda a fim de compreender a pedogênese e definir sua classificação. Foram realizadas viagens de reconhecimento de toda a área para a decisão das pedoformas mais representativas e assim definidos três perfis de solo, os quais foram descritos e coletadas as amostras em todos os horizontes para a realização das análises físicas, químicas e mineralógicas. Os resultados permitiram concluir que o material de origem e o relevo foram os fatores determinantes para a ocorrência dos processos pedogenéticos de latolização, podzolização e plintitização, gerando a identificação de três classes de solo principais na Fazenda Experimental que, classificados em 4° nível categórico, definiram-se como: Argissolo Vermelho Distrófico Típico (P1), Latossolo Vermelho Distrófico Argissólico (P2) e Plintossolo Argiluvico Eutrófico Típico (P3).

The objective of this work was to evaluate the carrot crop recovery efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from fertilizers. Two experiments were conducted in an experimental area in Rio Paranaiba - MG. The cultivar („Juliana‟) was sown during the summer period and the cultivar „Nayarit‟ during the winter period. In both experiments, the treatments consisted of six fertilization combinations of N, P 2 O, K 2 O (kg ha - 1 ): fertilization without N (0 - 500 - 450), without P (100 - 0 - 450), without K (100 - 500 - 0), standard (100 - 500 - 450), higher than standard (100 - 700 - 600) and lower than standard (100 - 300 - 300). The harvest was carried out when most of the roots presented commercial standard well accepted by the consumers. The fresh and dry matter of roots and leaves were quantified, and the yield was calculated based on the fresh matter. The analysis of N, P and K contents in leaves and roots were carried out by harvest time, and the nutrients absorption and exportation were determined based on these contents and on the dry matter of roots and leaves. N, P and K omissions reduced the yield of the cultivar „Juliana‟. For the cultivar „Nayarit‟, only P omission reduced and P and K fertilizations increased the yield. The cultivar „Nayarity‟, which is more productive than „Juliana”, absorbed more quantities of N, P and K. Carrot recovery efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is low.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a eficiência de recuperação de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P) e potássio (K) pela cultura da cenoura. Foram implantados dois experimentos em área de cultivo localizada em Rio Paranaíba - MG. A cultivar "Juliana" foi semeada no período de verão e a cultivar "Nayarit" no período do inverno. Os tratamentos consistiram de seis combinações de fertilizações N-P2O5-K2O (kg ha-1): sem N (0-500-450), sem P (100-0-450), sem K (100-500-0), padrão (100-500-450), maior que o padrão (100-700-600) e menor que a padrão (100-300-300). A colheita foi realizada quando a maior parte das raízes apresentavam-se dentro do padrão comercial mais aceito pelos consumidores. Quantificaram-se as matérias fresca e seca das raízes e das folhas e com base na matéria fresca de raízes calculou-se a produtividade. Determinaram-se os teores de N, P e K em folhas e raízes por ocasião da colheita e com bases nesses teores e na matéria seca de raízes e de folhas determinaram-se a absorção e a exportação de nutrientes. As fertilizações testadas influenciaram a produtividade comercial de ambas as cultivares. A omissão da fertilização com N, com P ou com K reduziu a produtividade da cultivar "Juliana". Para a cultivar "Nayarit" apenas a omissão de P reduziu a produtividade. Para essa cultivar o incremento de P e K aumentou a produtividade. A cultivar "Nayarit", mais produtiva que "Juliana", absorveu maiores quantidades de N, P e K. As eficiências de recuperação desses nutrientes por ambas cultivares de cenoura foram baixas. | ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the carrot crop recovery efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium from fertilizers. Two experiments were conducted in an experimental area in Rio Paranaiba - MG. The cultivar ("Juliana‟) was sown during the summer period and the cultivar "Nayarit‟ during the winter period. In both experiments, the treatments consisted of six fertilization combinations of N, P2O, K2O (kg ha-1): fertilization without N (0-500-450), without P (100-0-450), without K (100-500-0), standard (100-500-450), higher than standard (100-700-600) and lower than standard (100-300-300). The harvest was carried out when most of the roots presented commercial standard well accepted by the consumers. The fresh and dry matter of roots and leaves were quantified, and the yield was calculated based on the fresh matter. The analysis of N, P and K contents in leaves and roots were carried out by harvest time, and the nutrients absorption and exportation were determined based on these contents and on the dry matter of roots and leaves. N, P and K omissions reduced the yield of the cultivar "Juliana‟. For the cultivar "Nayarit‟, only P omission reduced and P and K fertilizations increased the yield. The cultivar "Nayarity‟, which is more productive than "Juliana", absorbed more quantities of N, P and K. Carrot recovery efficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is low.

Garlic is a vegetable that has economic and social relevance in Brazil. Rio Grande do Norte is among the consumer states, however, despite having regions with favorable conditions for growing garlic, it depends on imports of this product to meet its demand. The introduction of cultivars that have high yield and quality, and the adjustments in vernalization technology, which is a key issue for adaptation of new cultivars, are mechanisms that can contribute to garlic revitalization in areas previously producing this vegetable. Therefore, the objective of this work was to assess the quality characteristics of semi-noble garlic cultivars subjected to different bulb-seed pre-planting vernalization periods in two counties of the Western Mesoregion of Rio Grande do Norte State (RN), Brazil. Two experiments were simultaneously conducted in Barauna RN and Governador Dix-sept Rosado RN, from April to November, 2012. A complete randomized block experimental design was used with four replications. The treatments were arranged in split-plot design, with the plots consisted of cultivars (Gigante-do-Nucleo and BRS-Hozan) and subplots consisted of bulb-seed pre-planting vernalization (4±1°C) periods (0, 10, 20 and 30 days). The evaluations consisted of bulb diameter, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, pungency, total solids and industrial index. The use of 10-day bulb-seed pre-planting vernalization increased the semi-noble garlic quality produced in Barauna and Governador Dix-sept Rosado. The cultivars Gigante-do-Nucleo and BRS-Hozan presented good prospects for industrialization, with good characteristics of flavor and aroma.

ABSTRACT Garlic is a vegetable that has economic and social relevance in Brazil. Rio Grande do Norte is among the consumer states, however, despite having regions with favorable conditions for growing garlic, it depends on imports of this product to meet its demand. The introduction of cultivars that have high yield and quality, and the adjustments in vernalization technology, which is a key issue for adaptation of new cultivars, are mechanisms that can contribute to garlic revitalization in areas previously producing this vegetable. Therefore, the objective of this work was to assess the quality characteristics of semi-noble garlic cultivars subjected to different bulb-seed pre-planting vernalization periods in two counties of the Western Mesoregion of Rio Grande do Norte State (RN), Brazil. Two experiments were simultaneously conducted in Barauna RN and Governador Dix-sept Rosado RN, from April to November, 2012. A complete randomized block experimental design was used with four replications. The treatments were arranged in split-plot design, with the plots consisted of cultivars (Gigante-do-Nucleo and BRS-Hozan) and subplots consisted of bulb-seed pre- planting vernalization (4±1°C) periods (0, 10, 20 and 30 days). The evaluations consisted of bulb diameter, pH, titratable acidity, soluble solids, total soluble sugars, reducing sugars, pungency, total solids and industrial index. The use of 10-day bulb-seed pre-planting vernalization increased the semi-noble garlic quality produced in Barauna and Governador Dix-sept Rosado. The cultivars Gigante-do-Nucleo and BRS-Hozan presented good prospects for industrialization, with good characteristics of flavor and aroma. | RESUMO O alho é uma hortaliça de relevância econômica e social no Brasil. Entre os estados consumidores, o Rio Grande do Norte, especialmente, apesar de apresentar regiões com condições favoráveis ao cultivo de alho, depende da importação deste produto para atender a sua demanda. A introdução de cultivares mais produtivas e de qualidade, e ajustes da tecnologia de vernalização, ponto fundamental para adaptação de novas cultivares, são mecanismos que podem contribuir para revitalização do alho em regiões, anteriormente produtoras desta hortaliça. Com o presente trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar as características qualitativas de cultivares de alho semi-nobre, submetidas a diferentes períodos de vernalização pré-plantio dos bulbos-semente em dois municípios da Mesorregião Oeste Potiguar. A pesquisa constou de dois experimentos desenvolvidos, simultaneamente, em Baraúna/RN e Governador Dix-sept Rosado/RN, entre os meses de abril e novembro de 2012. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em parcelas subdivididas, sendo as parcelas representadas pelas cultivares Gigante do Núcleo e BRS Hozan e as subparcelas constituídas pelos períodos de vernalização à 4 ± 1 ºC: 0, 10, 20 e 30 dias. Foram avaliados: diâmetro de bulbos, pH, acidez titulável, sólidos solúveis, açúcares solúveis totais, açúcares redutores, pungência, sólidos totais e índice industrial. O uso de 10 dias de vernalização pré-plantio dos bulbos-semente possibilitou incrementos na qualidade do alho semi-nobre produzido em Baraúna e Governador Dix-sept Rosado. As cultivares Gigante do Núcleo e BRS Hozan mostraram-se com boas perspectivas para industrialização, apresentando boas características de sabor e aroma.

Seven biochemical descriptors were used to estimate the genotypic variability of peanut in response to moderate water stress. Six genotypes, constituted by four lines and two cultivars, were grown in pots, each containing two plants. At 15 days after emergence (DAE), the treatment differentiation was carried out: Control-plants maintained with daily watering, and Stress-plants submitted to water stress by complete suspension of watering for 15 days. The experimental design was completely randomized with factorial scheme 6 x 2 (genotype x water treatments), with five replications. The biochemical variables evaluated were: catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), free proline, total carbohydrates, soluble proteins, and amino acids. Results obtained by biochemical analysis and estimation of genotypic variability indicated that proline is the most appropriate descriptor for selecting genotypes tolerant to water stress, which led to identification of L81V and L108V as promising lines for drought tolerance breeding program.

RESUMO Sete descritores bioquímicos foram utilizados para estimar a variabilidade genotípica de linhagens de amendoim submetidas a estresse hídrico moderado. Seis genótipos, sendo quatro linhagens e duas cultivares, foram cultivados em vasos, cada um contendo duas plantas e mantidas em casa de vegetação. Aos 15 dias após a emergência, procedeu-se a diferenciação dos tratamentos: Controle, as plantas mantidas com rega diariamente; Estresse, as plantas submetidas à suspensão total de rega durante 15 dias. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com esquema fatorial 6 x 2 (genótipos x tratamentos hídricos), com cinco repetições. As variáveis bioquímicas avaliadas foram: catalase (CAT), ascorbato peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), prolina livre, carboidratos totais, proteínas solúveis e aminoácidos. Baseado nos resultados das análises bioquímicas e de estimativa da variabilidade genotípica, a prolina demonstrou ser o descritor mais adequado para seleção de genótipos tolerantes ao estresse hídrico, contribuindo para indicar as linhagens L81V e L108V como mais promissoras, para um programa de melhoramento visando tolerância à seca. | ABSTRACT Seven biochemical descriptors were used to estimate the genotypic variability of peanut in response to moderate water stress. Six genotypes, constituted by four lines and two cultivars, were grown in pots, each containing two plants. At 15 days after emergence (DAE), the treatment differentiation was carried out: Control-plants maintained with daily watering, and Stress-plants submitted to water stress by complete suspension of watering for 15 days. The experimental design was completely randomized with factorial scheme 6 x 2 (genotype x water treatments), with five replications. The biochemical variables evaluated were: catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), free proline, total carbohydrates, soluble proteins, and amino acids. Results obtained by biochemical analysis and estimation of genotypic variability indicated that proline is the most appropriate descriptor for selecting genotypes tolerant to water stress, which led to identification of L81V and L108V as promising lines for drought tolerance breeding program.