ABSTRACT The objective with this work was to evaluate the effect of the agricultural gypsum, associated with phosphate fertilization, on the nutrition, development and yield of soybean and corn in succession, under no-tillage system. The experiment was conducted at Universidade Federal de Goiás, Regional Jataí, in a randomized blocks design 5x3 factorial arrangement, with 4 replicates. The first factor consisted of the gypsum doses (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 Mg ha-1) and the second the phosphorus doses (0, 50 and 100% of the recommended dose). Leaf nutrient contents, leaf area index, SPAD index, dry plant mass, final plant population, one thousand grain mass and grain yield were evaluated in the crops. In the soybean, the number of pods was also obtained and in the corn the average ear length, number of rows per ear, number of grain per ear and number of ears. Phosphorus doses increase leaf Mg contents in soybean and corn. The application of gypsum reduces the Mg and K leaf contents and increases the Ca, S, and Mn contents in the two cultures. Gypsum provides increases in the SPAD index in soybean plants. The unbalance of the N / K ratio in corn leaves, provided by the increase of the gypsum doses, reduces the leaf area of this crop. Doses of P and gypsum do not influence the yield of soybeans and maize. | RESUMO Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito do gesso agrícola associado à adubação fosfatada, sobre a nutrição, desenvolvimento e produtividadeda da soja e do milho em sucessão, sob sistema plantio direto. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Goiás, Regional Jataí, com delineamento experimental constituído de 15 tratamentos estabelecidos em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 5x3, com 4 repetições. O primeiro fator correspondeu as doses de gesso (0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 Mg ha-1) e o segundo fator às doses de fósforo (0, 50 e 100% da dose recomendada). Foram avaliados nas culturas os teores foliares de nutrientes, índice de área foliar, índice SPAD, massa de plantas secas, população final de plantas, massa de mil grãos e produtividade de grãos. Ainda, na soja foi obtido o número de vagens e no milho o comprimento médio de espiga, número de fileiras de grãos por espiga, número de grãos por espiga e o número de espigas. As doses de fósforo aumentam os teores foliares de Mg na soja e no milho. A aplicação de gesso reduz os teores de Mg e K e aumentam os de Ca, S e Mn nas duas culturas. O gesso proporciona incrementos no índice SPAD em plantas de soja. O desbalanço da relação N/K nas folhas de milho, proporcionadas pelo incremento das doses de gesso, reduz a área foliar desta cultura. Doses de P e de Gesso não influenciam a produtividade da soja e do milho safrinha.

The objective with this work was to evaluate the effect of the agricultural gypsum, associated with phosphate fertilization, on the nutrition, development and yield of soybean and corn in succession, under no-tillage system. The experiment was conducted at Universidade Federal de Goiás, Regional Jataí, in a randomized blocks design 5x3 factorial arrangement, with 4 replicates. The first factor consisted of the gypsum doses (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 Mg ha-1) and the second the phosphorus doses (0, 50 and 100% of the recommended dose). Leaf nutrient contents, leaf area index, SPAD index, dry plant mass, final plant population, one thousand grain mass and grain yield were evaluated in the crops. In the soybean, the number of pods was also obtained and in the corn the average ear length, number of rows per ear, number of grain per ear and number of ears. Phosphorus doses increase leaf Mg contents in soybean and corn. The application of gypsum reduces the Mg and K leaf contents and increases the Ca, S, and Mn contents in the two cultures. Gypsum provides increases in the SPAD index in soybean plants. The unbalance of the N / K ratio in corn leaves, provided by the increase of the gypsum doses, reduces the leaf area of this crop. Doses of P and gypsum do not influence the yield of soybeans and maize.

RESUMO O cultivo de batata-doce é promissor no Brasil em função do seu potencial para produção de bioenergia. Porém, são escassas informações acerca da adequacão do controle químico de plantas daninhas na cultura. Objetivou-se avaliar o uso de clomazone no cultivo de 20 genótipos de batata-doce e a sensibilidade dos materiais à interferência de plantas daninhas. Para isso, em condições de campo, foi delineado um experimento em quatro blocos e esquematizado em parcelas subdivididas. Os genótipos Brazlândia Branca, Cariru Vermelha, Princesa, Tomba Carro1 e UFVJM (01, 05, 06 , 07, 08, 10, 14, 23, 26, 30, 35, 42, 43, 46, 48 e 49) foram cultivados por 180 dias em solo tratado com clomazone, capinado mecanicamente ou sem o controle de plantas daninhas. As formas de controle compunham as parcelas, e os genótipos foram alocados nas subparcelas. Foi avaliada a fitointoxicação, o crescimento de ramas e a produtividade. Foi observado maior comprimento de ramas quando as plantas cresceram sem a interferencia das plantas daninhas. As maiores produtividades foram conseguidas em solo tratado com clomazone e a interferência de plantas daninhas provocou reduções de 81 a 99,7% na produtividade. Os genótipos menos sensíveis à interferência de plantas daninhas foram UFVJM07, UFVJM10 e UFVJM35, enquanto os mais sensíveis foram Princesa e UFVJM01. O controle químico proporcionou produtividade de raízes semelhante ou superior ao controle mecânico para 17 dos 20 genótipos estudados. | ABSTRACT Sweet potato is a promising crop in Brazil due to its potential for bioenergy production. However, little information on adequate chemical weed control is found for this crop. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of clomazone on 20 genotypes of sweet potato and the sensitivity of these materials to weed interference. A field experiment was conducted using an experimental design with four blocks arranged in split-plots. The sweet potato genotypes Brazlândia-Branca, Cariru-Vermelha, Princesa, Tomba-Carro-1 and UFVJM (01, 05, 06, 07, 08, 10, 14, 23, 26, 30, 35, 42, 43, 46, 48 and 49) were grown for 180 days under three weed managements (soils treated with clomazone, mechanically weeded and with no weed control). The plots consisted of the weed control methods and the subplots consisted of the sweet potato genotypes. Phytotoxicity, branch growth and yield were evaluated. Plants grown with no weed interference had larger branch length. The highest yields were found in clomazone-treated soils. Weed interference reduced 81 to 99.7% of the yield. The less susceptible genotypes to weed interference were UFVJM07, UFVJM10 and UFVJM35, and the most sensitive were Princesa and UFVJM01. The root yield of plants under chemical weed control was similar to or greater than those with mechanical weed control in 17 of the 20 genotypes evaluated.

Sweet potato is a promising crop in Brazil due to its potential for bioenergy production. However, little information on adequate chemical weed control is found for this crop. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of clomazone on 20 genotypes of sweet potato and the sensitivity of these materials to weed interference. A field experiment was conducted using an experimental design with four blocks arranged in split-plots. The sweet potato genotypes Brazlândia-Branca, Cariru-Vermelha, Princesa, Tomba-Carro-1 and UFVJM (01, 05, 06, 07, 08, 10, 14, 23, 26, 30, 35, 42, 43, 46, 48 and 49) were grown for 180 days under three weed managements (soils treated with clomazone, mechanically weeded and with no weed control). The plots consisted of the weed control methods and the subplots consisted of the sweet potato genotypes. Phytotoxicity, branch growth and yield were evaluated. Plants grown with no weed interference had larger branch length. The highest yields were found in clomazone-treated soils. Weed interference reduced 81 to 99.7% of the yield. The less susceptible genotypes to weed interference were UFVJM07, UFVJM10 and UFVJM35, and the most sensitive were Princesa and UFVJM01. The root yield of plants under chemical weed control was similar to or greater than those with mechanical weed control in 17 of the 20 genotypes evaluated.

RESUMO A bananeira é cultivada em uma extensa região tropical em todo mundo, geralmente por pequenos produtores. O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar sistemas de irrigação na produção de banana no Vale do Açu-RN, visando alternativas para que possam ser recomendados aos agricultores da região do Vale do Açu. O experimento foi realizado na área da Fazenda Escola do IFRN Campus Ipanguaçu, localizado no município de Ipanguaçu-RN. O ensaio foi conduzido por um período de três ciclos de produção, em delineamento de blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas e oito repetições, sendo representados por quatro sistemas de irrigação: aspersão, gotejamento, microaspersão e alternativo. As parcelas foram constituídas de oito plantas úteis com espaçamento em fileiras duplas 4 x 2 x 2 m. Foram avaliadas oito características relacionadas à produção: massa do cacho (MC); nº de pencas (NP); nº de frutos por cacho (NFC); massa média das pencas (MMP); diâmetro do fruto da segunda penca (DF2P); comprimento do fruto da segunda penca (CF2P); massa média de frutos (MMF); produtividade média (Prod). Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. No 1º ciclo de produção o sistema de irrigação por aspersão foi o que apresentou melhores resultados a produtividade da bananeira Pacovan; no 3º ciclo o sistema de irrigação alternativo foi o que mostrou melhores resultados a produtividade da bananeira; onde a condutividade elétrica correlacionada com a razão de adsorção do sódio na água de irrigação, contribuiram para moderada limitação de uso. | ABSTRACT The banana tree is grown in an extensive tropical region throughout the world, usually by small producers. The present work had the objective of evaluating irrigation systems in banana production in the Açu-RN Valley, aiming at alternatives so that they can be recommended to farmers in the Açu Valley region. The experiment was carried out in the area of the School Farm of the IFRN Campus Ipanguaçu, located in the municipality of Ipanguaçu-RN. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with subdivided plots and eight replications. The irrigation systems were: irrigation, drip irrigation, micro sprinkler and alternative irrigation. The plots were composed of eight useful plants with spacing in double rows 4 x 2 x 2 m. Eight characteristics related to production were evaluated: bunch mass (MC); number of leaves (NP); number of fruits per cluster (NFC); mean mass of the leaves (MMP); diameter of the fruit of the second seed (DF2P); length of the fruit of the second seed (CF2P); mean fruit mass (MMF); productivity (Prod). The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% of probability. In the first cycle of production the sprinkler irrigation system was the one that presented better results the productivity of the Pacovan banana tree; in the 3rd cycle the alternative irrigation system was the one that showed better results the productivity of the banana tree; where the electrical conductivity correlated with the sodium adsorption ratio in the irrigation water, contributed to a moderate limitation of use.

The banana tree is grown in an extensive tropical region throughout the world, usually by small producers. The present work had the objective of evaluating irrigation systems in banana production in the Açu-RN Valley, aiming at alternatives so that they can be recommended to farmers in the Açu Valley region. The experiment was carried out in the area of the School Farm of the IFRN Campus Ipanguaçu, located in the municipality of Ipanguaçu-RN. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design with subdivided plots and eight replications. The irrigation systems were: irrigation, drip irrigation, micro sprinkler and alternative irrigation. The plots were composed of eight useful plants with spacing in double rows 4 x 2 x 2 m. Eight characteristics related to production were evaluated: bunch mass (MC); number of leaves (NP); number of fruits per cluster (NFC); mean mass of the leaves (MMP); diameter of the fruit of the second seed (DF2P); length of the fruit of the second seed (CF2P); mean fruit mass (MMF); productivity (Prod). The data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% of probability. In the first cycle of production the sprinkler irrigation system was the one that presented better results the productivity of the Pacovan banana tree; in the 3rd cycle the alternative irrigation system was the one that showed better results the productivity of the banana tree; where the electrical conductivity correlated with the sodium adsorption ratio in the irrigation water, contributed to a moderate limitation of use.

ABSTRACT The conventional method monitoring and adequateness of underground dams requires invasive investigatory actions with in their interior structure and only provides specific information for small volumes. On the contrary, application of non-invasive sensing techniques, such as ground penetrating radar (GPR), makes it possible to investigate and explore underground without affecting their structure. A GRP 3D profile was acquired with the aim to allot and monitor an underground dam in the Brazilian semiarid region in the alluvial sub-watershed of the Riacho Pau Lavrado in the Sertão Central de Lajes region of the state of Rio Grande do Norte in Brazil. The GPR profile records were acquired along an alluvial section, processed using the Reflex 5 software and exported into the Opendetec 4.4.0 software in order to obtain a virtual 3D model. The GPR 3D profile of the alluvial deposits shows irregularities of the crystalline basement and external topographical surface (soil). The interpretation of the alluvial GPR profile allows precise adequateness of the underground dam, which supports an increase in the area of hydric accumulation and promotes low-cost building due to the allocation selected with minor sedimentation. | RESUMO Os métodos de investigação convencionais para alocação e manejo de barragens subterrâneas requerem ações invasivas no interior da estrutura investigadas, fornecendo apenas informações pontuais para pequenos volumes. Já, a aplicação de técnica de detecção não invasiva como, por exemplo, o Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR), possibilita investigar e explorar o sub-superficie sem destruir a estrutura. Com o objetivo de avaliar a inclusão da técnica Ground Penetrating Radar para estudos de alocação e monitoramento de barragens subterrânea no semiárido brasileiro, realizou-se a aquisição de perfil com Ground-Penetrating Radar no corpo aluvionar na sub-bacia do riacho Pau Lavrado, região Sertão Central de Lajes, Estado do Rio Grande do Norte do Brasil. O dados de registro do perfil Ground-Penetrating Radar foram adquiridos ao longo do trecho do corpo aluvionar selecionado, processado no software Reflex 5 e exportadas para o software Opendetec 4.4.0, obtendo-se um modelo virtual 3D do corpo aluvionar. A análise do perfil Ground-Penetrating Radar com modelagem 3D do corpo aluvionar indicaram as irregularidades do embasamento cristalino e da superfície topográfica externa (solo). A interpretação do perfil GPR do corpo aluvionar permitiu a alocação precisa da barragem subterrânea, aumentando a sua área de acumulação hídrica com custo construtivo reduzido devido à escolha de locais com menores pacotes sedimentares.

The conventional method monitoring and adequateness of underground dams requires invasive investigatory actions with in their interior structure and only provides specific information for small volumes. On the contrary, application of non-invasive sensing techniques, such as ground penetrating radar (GPR), makes it possible to investigate and explore underground without affecting their structure. A GRP 3D profile was acquired with the aim to allot and monitor an underground dam in the Brazilian semiarid region in the alluvial sub-watershed of the Riacho Pau Lavrado in the Sertão Central de Lajes region of the state of Rio Grande do Norte in Brazil. The GPR profile records were acquired along an alluvial section, processed using the Reflex 5 software and exported into the Opendetec 4.4.0 software in order to obtain a virtual 3D model. The GPR 3D profile of the alluvial deposits shows irregularities of the crystalline basement and external topographical surface (soil). The interpretation of the alluvial GPR profile allows precise adequateness of the underground dam, which supports an increase in the area of hydric accumulation and promotes low-cost building due to the allocation selected with minor sedimentation.

ABSTRACT Changes in the agricultural environment can be determined by providing microbiological indicators of the soil since the soil microorganisms are sensitive to variations in the environment. In this way, the impact of herbicides of long residual effect on the rhizospheric soil microorganisms of sugarcane cultivars was evaluated. The cultivars of sugarcane (SP 81-3250 and RB 867515) were treated with four herbicides (tebuthiuron, diuron, ametryn and mixture of diuron + and hexazinone) applied in pre-emergence. The herbicides were applied seven days after the planting of the gems. At 30, 60 and 90 days after the application, the soil rhizosphere was collected in each treatment to determine the CO2 evolution of the soil (C-CO2), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), metabolic quotient (qCO2), solubility potential of inorganic phosphorus P (PSFI) and percentage of roots colonized by mycorrhizal fungi Arbuscular. No changes were observed in the microbial activity of the sugarcane rhizosphere at 30 days after application of the herbicides (DAA). However, at 90 DAA, all herbicides negatively affected the activity of the rhizospheric microorganisms of sugarcane. The metabolic activity of rhizosphere in soil cultivated with RB 867515 was less affected by herbicides. | RESUMO Alterações no ambiente agrícola podem ser determinadas por meio indicadores microbiológicos do solo, uma vez que a microbiota do solo é sensível às modificações do ambiente. Desta forma, avaliou-se o impacto de herbicidas de longo efeito residual sobre a microbiota rizosférica de cultivares de cana-de-açúcar. As cultivares de cana-de-açúcar SP 81-3250 e RB 867515 foram tratadas com quatro herbicidas (tebuthiuron, diuron, ametryn e a mistura diuron + hexazinone) aplicados em pré-emergência. Os herbicidas foram aplicados sete dias após o plantio das gemas. Aos 30, 60 e 90 dias após a aplicação, o solo rizosferico de cada tratamento foi coletado para determinar a evolução de CO2 no solo (C-CO2), o carbono da biomassa microbiana (MBC), o quociente metabólico (qCO2), o potencial de solubilização de P inorgânico (PSFI) e a percentagem de raízes colonizadas por fungos micorrízicos arbusculares. Não foram observadas alterações na atividade microbiana da rizosfera da cana-de-açúcar aos 30 dias após a aplicação dos herbicidas (DAA). No entanto, aos 90 DAA todos os herbicidas afetaram negativamente a atividade dos micro-organismos rizosféricos da cana-de-açúcar. A atividade metabólica da rizosfera em solo cultivado com a RB 867515 foi menos afetada pelos herbicidas.

Changes in the agricultural environment can be determined by providing microbiological indicators of the soil since the soil microorganisms are sensitive to variations in the environment. In this way, the impact of herbicides of long residual effect on the rhizospheric soil microorganisms of sugarcane cultivars was evaluated. The cultivars of sugarcane (SP 81-3250 and RB 867515) were treated with four herbicides (tebuthiuron, diuron, ametryn and mixture of diuron + and hexazinone) applied in pre-emergence. The herbicides were applied seven days after the planting of the gems. At 30, 60 and 90 days after the application, the soil rhizosphere was collected in each treatment to determine the CO2 evolution of the soil (C-CO2), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), metabolic quotient (qCO2), solubility potential of inorganic phosphorus P (PSFI) and percentage of roots colonized by mycorrhizal fungi Arbuscular. No changes were observed in the microbial activity of the sugarcane rhizosphere at 30 days after application of the herbicides (DAA). However, at 90 DAA, all herbicides negatively affected the activity of the rhizospheric microorganisms of sugarcane. The metabolic activity of rhizosphere in soil cultivated with RB 867515 was less affected by herbicides.

RESUMO A interferência de plantas daninhas prejudica o desenvolvimento da mandioca, sendo fundamental a adoção de medidas de controle. A utilização de herbicidas em pré-emergência é uma das alternativas de controle de plantas daninhas, visto que a mandioca apresenta boa tolerância a esta modalidade de aplicação. Mesmo herbicidas registrados podem apresentar seletividade diferencial em função da variedade de mandioca. Neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia no controle de plantas daninhas e a seletividade de associações herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência de variedades de mandioca. Dois experimentos foram instalados a campo no delineamento de blocos completos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. No experimento de eficácia, foram avaliadas na parcela principal seis associações herbicidas compostas pela aplicação de clomazone + ametryn, clomazone + metribuzin, clomazone + flumioxazin, isoxaflutole + ametryn, isoxaflutole + metribuzin, isoxaflutole + flumioxazin, além de testemunha sem capina e outra capinada. Nas subparcelas foram plantadas as variedades Caravela e Pretinha. Para o experimento de seletividade não houve a inclusão da testemunha sem aplicação e sem capina. As associações herbicidas contendo clomazone apresentaram maior período residual de controle de plantas daninhas, além de maior eficácia sobre trapoeraba. Entre os herbicidas associados ao clomazone ou isoxaflutole, o metribuzin foi o que apresentou menor eficácia. A variedade Pretinha apresenta maior tolerância a interferência das plantas daninhas. Todas as associações herbicidas aplicadas em pré-emergência da mandioca apresentaram seletividade para as variedades Caravela e Pretinha. | ABSTRACT The interference imposed by weeds can cause damages to cassava development. Thus, adopting control measures is fundamental. The use of pre-emergence herbicides is one of the control alternatives, since cassava presents a good tolerance to herbicides applied in this modality. However, herbicides may present differential selectivity due to the variety of cassava that is planted. The objective of this study was to evaluate both weed control effectiveness and selectivity of different herbicide combinations applied at pre-emergence of two cassava varieties. Two experiments were established in the field using a randomized complete block design, in a split plot scheme, with four replications. In the efficacy experiment, application of six combinations of herbicides, including clomazone + ametryn, clomazone + metribuzin, clomazone + flumioxazin, isoxaflutole + ametryn, isoxaflutole + metribuzin, isoxaflutole + flumioxazin were evaluated in the main plot. In addition, a non-treated control and a weeded control were evaluated. In the subplots, the Caravela and Pretinha varieties were planted. For the selectivity experiment, a non-treated control was not included. The combinations containing clomazone presented a longer residual period of weed control as well as a better control of benghal dayflower. Metribuzin exhibited lower efficacy than other herbicide combinations containing clomazone or isoxaflutole. The Pretinha variety showed greater tolerance to weed interference. Every herbicide combination that was applied in cassava pre-emergence presented selectivity for both Caravela and Pretinha varieties.

The interference imposed by weeds can cause damages to cassava development. Thus, adopting control measures is fundamental. The use of pre-emergence herbicides is one of the control alternatives, since cassava presents a good tolerance to herbicides applied in this modality. However, herbicides may present differential selectivity due to the variety of cassava that is planted. The objective of this study was to evaluate both weed control effectiveness and selectivity of different herbicide combinations applied at pre-emergence of two cassava varieties. Two experiments were established in the field using a randomized complete block design, in a split plot scheme, with four replications. In the efficacy experiment, application of six combinations of herbicides, including clomazone + ametryn, clomazone + metribuzin, clomazone + flumioxazin, isoxaflutole + ametryn, isoxaflutole + metribuzin, isoxaflutole + flumioxazin were evaluated in the main plot. In addition, a non-treated control and a weeded control were evaluated. In the subplots, the Caravela and Pretinha varieties were planted. For the selectivity experiment, a non-treated control was not included. The combinations containing clomazone presented a longer residual period of weed control as well as a better control of benghal dayflower. Metribuzin exhibited lower efficacy than other herbicide combinations containing clomazone or isoxaflutole. The Pretinha variety showed greater tolerance to weed interference. Every herbicide combination that was applied in cassava pre-emergence presented selectivity for both Caravela and Pretinha varieties.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chemical treatment of seeds with fungicide and insecticide on the seed physiological quality of Brachiaria brizantha cultivar MG5. Two experiments with four replicates were carried out in a completely randomized design. In the first experiment, the seeds were treated with the fungicide pyraclostrobin + fipronil + thiophanate-methyl and in the second, with the insecticide thiamethoxam, both at doses of 0, 150, 300, 450, and 600 mL of commercial product (CP)/100 kg of seeds. Physiological characterization was done on the basis of the first germination count, germination (%), emergence (%), emergence speed index, and length and dry mass of shoot and root. The treatment of B. brizantha seeds with the fungicide pyraclostrobin + fipronil + thiophanate-methyl benefits the physiological quality of seeds, improving germination and root development, with no phytotoxic effect up to the dose of 600 mL of CP/100 kg of seeds. The insecticide thiamethoxam has a biostimulating effect on B. brizantha cultivar MG5 up to the dose of 270 mL of CP/100 kg of seeds, but is phytotoxic in larger doses. | RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o tratamento químico de sementes com fungicida e inseticida na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG5. Foram realizados dois experimentos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. No primeiro experimento, as sementes foram tratadas com o fungicida piraclostrobina+fipronil+tiofanato metílico e no segundo com o inseticida tiametoxam, ambos nas doses 0; 150; 300; 450 e 600 mL do p.c. 100 kg de sementes-1. A caracterização fisiológica foi realizada por meio da primeira contagem de germinação, germinação, emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência e comprimento e massa seca de raiz e parte aérea. O tratamento de sementes de B. brizantha com o fungicida piraclostrobina+fipronil+tiofanato metílico beneficia a qualidade fisiológica das sementes, incrementando a germinação e o desenvolvimento radicular, não apresentando efeito fitotóxico até a dose de 600 mL p.c. 100 kg sementes-1. O inseticida tiametoxam apresenta efeito bioestimulante em sementes de B. brizantha cv. MG5 até a dose 270 mL p.c. 100 kg de sementes-1, sendo fitotóxico para as doses maiores.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of chemical treatment of seeds with fungicide and insecticide on the seed physiological quality of Brachiaria brizantha cultivar MG5. Two experiments with four replicates were carried out in a completely randomized design. In the first experiment, the seeds were treated with the fungicide pyraclostrobin + fipronil + thiophanate-methyl and in the second, with the insecticide thiamethoxam, both at doses of 0, 150, 300, 450, and 600 mL of commercial product (CP)/100 kg of seeds. Physiological characterization was done on the basis of the first germination count, germination (%), emergence (%), emergence speed index, and length and dry mass of shoot and root. The treatment of B. brizantha seeds with the fungicide pyraclostrobin + fipronil + thiophanate-methyl benefits the physiological quality of seeds, improving germination and root development, with no phytotoxic effect up to the dose of 600 mL of CP/100 kg of seeds. The insecticide thiamethoxam has a biostimulating effect on B. brizantha cultivar MG5 up to the dose of 270 mL of CP/100 kg of seeds, but is phytotoxic in larger doses.

RESUMO O desenvolvimento de cultivares de feijão de ciclo precoce, de arquitetura ereta e de alta produtividade de grãos representa vantagens mercadológicas para os produtores. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar se as linhagens de feijão diferem quanto aos caracteres fenológicos, da arquitetura de planta e da produção, estudar as correlações entre esses caracteres e selecionar linhagens precoces, de arquitetura ereta e com alta produtividade de grãos. Para tanto, 14 linhagens de feijão foram avaliadas em duas épocas de cultivo em Santa Maria - RS, Brasil. Diferenças significativas entre as linhagens de feijão foram observadas para todos os caracteres avaliados, exceto para a altura de inserção da primeira vagem, o comprimento do quarto e do quinto entrenó. As quatro melhores linhagens selecionadas pelo índice multiplicativo foram CNFP 10794, CNFC 10762, DF 06-09 e BRS Valente. A linhagem CNFP 10794 apresenta precocidade (floração e ciclo), arquitetura de planta ereta (menores escores de nota geral de adaptação, acamamento e fenótipo stay green) e alta produtividade de grãos (maiores valores de número de vagens por planta, número de grãos por planta, massa de 100 grãos e produtividade de grãos). A massa de 100 grãos apresentou correlação positiva com a produtividade de grãos (r= 0,68). A seleção indireta pela maior massa de 100 grãos é de moderada eficiência para aumentar a produtividade de grãos em feijão. A linhagem CNFP 10794 apresenta precocidade, arquitetura de planta ereta e maior produtividade de grãos e será selecionada pelo programa de melhoramento. | ABSTRACT The development of common bean cultivars with early cycle, upright plant architecture, and high grain yield represents marketing advantages to bean farmers. This study aimed to evaluate whether common bean inbred lines differ for phenological, plant architecture, and grain yield traits; analyze the correlations between these traits; and select early and upright common bean lines with high grain yield. To this end, 14 common bean inbred lines were evaluated in two growing seasons in Santa Maria - RS, Brazil. Common bean inbred lines showed significant differences for all traits, except for insertion of the first pod and length of the fourth and fifth internodes. The four superior common bean lines selected by the multiplicative index were CNFP 10794, CNFC 10762, DF 06-09, and BRS Valente. CNFP 10794 presents earliness (flowering and cycle), upright plant architecture (lower values of general adaptation score, lodging, and stay-green phenotype) and high grain yield (higher values of number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant, mass of 100 grains, and grain yield). Mass of 100 grains showed a positive correlation with grain yield (r= 0.68). The indirect selection using mass of 100 grains is of intermediate efficiency to increase grain yield in common bean. CNFP 10794 presents earliness, upright plant architecture, and high grain yield and will be selected for the breeding program.

The development of common bean cultivars with early cycle, upright plant architecture, and high grain yield represents marketing advantages to bean farmers. This study aimed to evaluate whether common bean inbred lines differ for phenological, plant architecture, and grain yield traits; analyze the correlations between these traits; and select early and upright common bean lines with high grain yield. To this end, 14 common bean inbred lines were evaluated in two growing seasons in Santa Maria - RS, Brazil. Common bean inbred lines showed significant differences for all traits, except for insertion of the first pod and length of the fourth and fifth internodes. The four superior common bean lines selected by the multiplicative index were CNFP 10794, CNFC 10762, DF 06-09, and BRS Valente. CNFP 10794 presents earliness (flowering and cycle), upright plant architecture (lower values of general adaptation score, lodging, and stay-green phenotype) and high grain yield (higher values of number of pods per plant, number of grains per plant, mass of 100 grains, and grain yield). Mass of 100 grains showed a positive correlation with grain yield (r= 0.68). The indirect selection using mass of 100 grains is of intermediate efficiency to increase grain yield in common bean. CNFP 10794 presents earliness, upright plant architecture, and high grain yield and will be selected for the breeding program.

ABSTRACT The use of wastewater has emerged as alternative to control environmental pollution and a viable option to improved water availability in the arid and semiarid zones. In this study, the effects of irrigation solution with domestic sewage effluent and, of growing substrate on growth of Aroeira seedlings was examined in a greenhouse experiment. The effects of five irrigation solution (Public-supply water, PSW, domestic sewage effluent, DSE and the mixtures of 75% DSE + 25% PSW, 50% DSE + 50% PSW and 25% DSE + 75% PSW) and two growing substrate (75% soil + 25% bovine manure and, 75% soil + 25% coconut fiber) were used in a completely randomized block design, arranged as split plots with three replications for each treatment. The evaluations were made at 30, 60, 90 and 150 days after planting, and the parameters following were measured: stem diameter, shoot height, relationship between height and diameter, shoot/root dry matter ratio, dry matter of the root, shoot and total and, Dickson index. The analysis results indicated that the irrigation solution composed by raw sewage effluent or mixed with Public-supply water increased the growth and improved morphological index of Aroeira seedlings, being the better development found when plant of Aroeira were grown in bovine manure + soil substrate under irrigation with solution containing 100% domestic sewage effluent. | RESUMO O uso das águas residuais tem despontado como uma alternativa para o controle da poluição ambiental e uma opção viável para aumentar a disponibilidade hídrica nas regiões áridas e semiáridas. Neste estudo, os efeitos da água de irrigação com efluente de esgoto doméstico e do substrato de cultivo sob o crescimento de mudas de Aroeira foram estudados em um experimento em condições de ambiente protegido. Foram testados cinco soluções de irrigação (Água de abastecimento - AA, Efluente de esgoto doméstico bruto - ED e as misturas de 75% ED + 25% AA, 50% ED + 50% AA e 25% ED + 75% AA) e dois substratos de cultivos (75% solo + 25% esterco de bovinos e 75% solo + 25% fibra de coco) utilizando o delineamento estatístico inteiramente casualizado, arranjadas em parcelas subdivididas com três repetições com três repetições por tratamento. As avaliações de crescimento e desenvolvimento foram realizadas aos 30; 60; 90 e 150 dias após o plantio e determinaram-se as variáveis diâmetro do colo, altura de parte aérea, relação entre altura e o diâmetro, relação matéria seca da parte aérea/matéria seca da raiz, matérias secas do sistema radicular, da parte aérea, total, e o índice de Dickson. As análises dos resultados indicaram que a irrigação com efluente de esgoto aumentou o crescimento e o índice morfológico das mudas de aroeira, sendo o melhor desenvolvimento encontrado quando as plântulas de Aroeira foram cultivadas em substrato de esterco bovino + solo e irrigadas com solução contendo 100% efluente de esgoto doméstico tratado.

The use of wastewater has emerged as alternative to control environmental pollution and a viable option to improved water availability in the arid and semiarid zones. In this study, the effects of irrigation solution with domestic sewage effluent and, of growing substrate on growth of Aroeira seedlings was examined in a greenhouse experiment. The effects of five irrigation solution (Public-supply water, PSW, domestic sewage effluent, DSE and the mixtures of 75% DSE + 25% PSW, 50% DSE + 50% PSW and 25% DSE + 75% PSW) and two growing substrate (75% soil + 25% bovine manure and, 75% soil + 25% coconut fiber) were used in a completely randomized block design, arranged as split plots with three replications for each treatment. The evaluations were made at 30, 60, 90 and 150 days after planting, and the parameters following were measured: stem diameter, shoot height, relationship between height and diameter, shoot/root dry matter ratio, dry matter of the root, shoot and total and, Dickson index. The analysis results indicated that the irrigation solution composed by raw sewage effluent or mixed with Public-supply water increased the growth and improved morphological index of Aroeira seedlings, being the better development found when plant of Aroeira were grown in bovine manure + soil substrate under irrigation with solution containing 100% domestic sewage effluent.

ABSTRACT The adoption of measures to prevent and control erosive processes requires information about the factors affecting the erosion and the sediment transport conditions. However, the sediment yield of a basin depends on the availability of eroded material and the sediment transport capacity. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify the factors that affect the sediment transport capacity at different spatial scales in an area with caatinga vegetation. The study was carried out in the Iguatu Experimental Basin, in the state of Ceará, Brazil, from 2009 to 2014, by monitoring two scale levels: watershed with 2.06 ha, and erosion plot with 20 m². The variables evaluated for the rainfall events were precipitation, intensity of rainfall, antecedent soil moisture, precipitation of the antecedent five days, consecutive dry days, peak flow, runoff depth, and sediment yield. During the study period, 263 rainfall events (>2 mm) and 86 events generating runoff were recorded. Three Principal Components (PC) were developed using the Principal Component Analysis, which explained more than 79% of the total variance. Variables connected to the kinetic energy capacity of the rainfall to disaggregate soil particles, the energy for sediment transport, and the soil water content were framed in the CP1, CP2, and CP3, respectively. In the evaluated scales, the sediment yield presented a high correlation with the runoff depth, which indicates limiting conditions for sediment yield by the mass flow energy. | RESUMO A adoção de medidas preventivas ou de controle dos processos erosivos requer um entendimento não somente dos fatores que influenciam a erosão, mas também das condições de transporte. Contudo a produção de sedimentos de uma bacia é função da disponibilidade de material erodido e da capacidade de transporte. Assim, objetivou-se com esse estudo identificar os fatores relacionados com a capacidade de transporte de sedimentos em área com vegetação de caatinga, em escalas espaciais distintas. O estudo foi desenvolvido na Bacia Experimental de Iguatu, Ceará, com monitoramento nas escalas de microbacia com 2,06 ha e parcela de 20 m2. As variáveis investigadas no período de 2009 a 2014 foram: altura pluviométrica, intensidades das chuvas, umidade antecedente do solo, precipitação antecedente dos últimos 5 dias, dias consecutivos secos, vazão de pico, lâmina escoada e produção de sedimentos. No período de estudo foram registrados 263 eventos de chuvas (> 2 mm) e 86 eventos geradores de escoamento. Com auxílio de Análises das Componentes Principais, foram formadas três Componentes Principais (CP) explicando mais de 79 % da variância total. Nas CP1, CP2 e CP3 foram enquadradas, respectivamente, variáveis relacionadas ao poder energético da chuva em desagregar partículas de solo; a energia para o transporte de sedimentos e ao conteúdo de água no solo. Nas escalas estudadas a produção de sedimentos apresentou elevada correlação com a lâmina escoada, indicando condições limitantes de produção de sedimento pela energia do fluxo de massa.

The adoption of measures to prevent and control erosive processes requires information about the factors affecting the erosion and the sediment transport conditions. However, the sediment yield of a basin depends on the availability of eroded material and the sediment transport capacity. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify the factors that affect the sediment transport capacity at different spatial scales in an area with caatinga vegetation. The study was carried out in the Iguatu Experimental Basin, in the state of Ceará, Brazil, from 2009 to 2014, by monitoring two scale levels: watershed with 2.06 ha, and erosion plot with 20 m². The variables evaluated for the rainfall events were precipitation, intensity of rainfall, antecedent soil moisture, precipitation of the antecedent five days, consecutive dry days, peak flow, runoff depth, and sediment yield. During the study period, 263 rainfall events (>2 mm) and 86 events generating runoff were recorded. Three Principal Components (PC) were developed using the Principal Component Analysis, which explained more than 79% of the total variance. Variables connected to the kinetic energy capacity of the rainfall to disaggregate soil particles, the energy for sediment transport, and the soil water content were framed in the CP1, CP2, and CP3, respectively. In the evaluated scales, the sediment yield presented a high correlation with the runoff depth, which indicates limiting conditions for sediment yield by the mass flow energy.