In the reclamation of a degraded area, it is important the use of nitrogen fixing legumes, associated with climax species, to make possible a faster recovery of the environment. In urban centers various wastes are produced, among them the marble rock waste, which, despite having agricultural value, ends up being thrown in the environment.. The objective of this work was to evaluate the Cedrela fissilis growth and of pioneering legume in quincunx system, in degraded area, fertilized with doses of marble rock waste. The treatments, distributed in factorial scheme 2 x 4, in the randomized block design, with three replicates, were: two species of pioneering legume (Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis in quincunx system with the Cedrela fissilis) and four doses of marble rock waste (0; 300; 600 and 900 g.cova-1). Were determined annually, along three years, the height of the plants, the stem diameter, the cup diameter and, in the end, the mortality percentage. The Acacia auriculiformis presented characteristic of better growth than the Acacia mangium and greater resistance to adverse conditions of degraded soil. There was tendency of reduction of the characteristics of growth of the Cedrela fissilis and of the Acacias with the increment of the doses of rock powder applied to the soil. The Cedrela fissilis presented, in general, larger growth, when combined with Acacia mangium than with Acacia auriculiformis, however, showed a high mortality after two years of planting.

To study plant growth and yield of cauliflower, two field trials were carried out: the first springsummer (Oct. 07, 2006 to Jan. 28, 2007) and the second autumn-winter (Apr. 04, 2007 to Jul. 09, 2007). The experimental design was randomized complete blocks in 4 x 4 factorial design with three replications. The following factors: line spacing (0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 m) and plant spacing (0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7 m). The used cultivar was cv. Verona 284. The characteristics, number of leaves by plant, diameter of stem, diameter of inflorescence, inflorescence mass and yield were evaluated. With the reduction in spacing, were observed lower numbers of leaves, stem diameter, diameter and mass of the inflorescence, but there was an increase in yield. The maximum yield (23 t ha-1) was obtained with 0.6 x 0.4 m, ie, in higher plant population (41,667, plants ha-1).

High yields in intercropped only be attained with the adequate selection of an adequate plants arrangement system; therefore the aim of this project was to investigate which plat arrangement would better perform in a common beans/castor bean intercropping system. The experimental design was a completely randomized bloc with five replicates and four simultaneous sowings: beans sown on the castor beans row; beans sown between castor beans rows; beans sown on the row and between castor beans rows, and common beans and castor beans in monocrop. Results obtained from castor beans crop yields were not affected when intercropped with common beans. This intercropping system with castor showed that common beans cv. Pérola on the row and between rows provided higher yield of the legume. In general, the intercropping of common beans+castor beans is more efficient than the single crop system.

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the contribution of different strains of rhizobia in the distribution of dry material and grain yield in cowpea plants, grown in cerrado in the state of Tocantins. The experiment was conducted in 2007/2008 season in cerrado in Gurupi, TO. Five treatments were studied with strains BR3301, BR3302, BR3267, BR3299 and BR3262 and treatment as a control (no inoculation and fertilizer). Plants were collected at 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 and 65 days after emergence (DAE) to determine the distribution of dry mass of leaves, stems, flowers and pods and the weight ratio of plant parts. Grain yield was determined at harvest as grain moisture reached 13%. We established the Pearson correlation coefficient of variables. The witness and BR3299 treatments promoted greater dry mass of plants at 65 DAE. The highest yield was obtained by the witness and BR3267. Further study is needed on the selection of strains of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in cowpea under various soil and climate in the state of Tocantins.

This paper aimed to investigate the dynamic of energy balance components over Orós reservoir and neighboring areas using Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) and TM-Landsat 5 images. Also, the relation among albedo, NDVI, net radiation, sensible and latent heats and soil heat flux were analysed. The studied land uses were: Dense vegetation, irrigation fields and degraded areas (human activities). Eight images of 217/64, orbital/point, for the following data: 08/24/1992, 08/14/1994, 07/02/1996, 07/11/1999, 08/17/2001, 07/06/2003, 07/14/2006 e 08/20/2008 were used. The images were processed using the software Erdas IMAGINE using 9.0IMAGE. The SEBAL algorithm was applied to quantify the latent heat flux from the surface energy balance, which is composed of net radiation (Rn), soil heat flux (G) and sensible heat flux (H). The energy in form of sensible and latent heat showed similar tendencies for irrigated fields and dense native vegetation. The highest increase of sensible heat was registered on the degraded areas (human activities) in the last three years. All of the components of the energy balance presented distinct tendencies over the studied land use, expressing that the energy balance can be used to identify the changes on the land use pattern.

The shortage of animal feed during the dry season has led to the development of food handling techniques that are efficient and sustainable for farmers and ranchers. The research aimed to evaluate the chemical composition, voluntary intake and digestibility of faveleira (Cnidoscolus phyllacanthus (Muell. Arg.) Pax et K. Hoffman), to supply the sheep provided as in the form of hay. Five castrated 18 months old sheeps with a mean age of 18 months old with and initial average weight of 31.75 kg ± 1.08 were evaluated, using the conventional method of total collection of feces. The hay was made naturally in sunny area, the forage being harvested in areas of caatinga at the IPA¿s Sertânia Experimental Station belonging to the Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco/IPA. The faveleira hay results of chemical analysis percentages were: 92.95 dry matter (DM); 89.28 organic matter (OM); 13.48 crude protein (CP); 3.52 ether extract (EE); 41.42 does not extract nitrogen (NEN); 41.92 neutral detergent fiber (NDF); 26.71 acid detergent fiber (ADF) and 30.36 non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC). The voluntary intake of DM, CP, TDN, NDF, ADF and NFC, expressed in g kg-1 PV0, 75 were (93.14, 12.52, 56.06, 39.04; 24.88 and 28.28), respectively. The digestibility percentages were: 63.66 (MS); 66.06 (MO); 74.52 (PB); 36.44 (EE); 74.32 (ENN); 57.32 (NDF); 54.77 (FDA) and 56.91 (NFC). These results show that the faveleira hay could be a viable alternative to dietary supplementation of sheep during the dry season to semiarid of Brazil.

Priming promotes physiological and biochemical changes in seeds which contribute to the improvement in germination and vigor of the lots. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological response promoted by priming lots of papaya seeds after 12 months of storage. Seed lots were obtained through different methods of removing the seeds sarcotesta and stored in a refrigerator for 12 months. After this time, the lots were conditioned in PEG 6000 MPa/48h -0.8 solution, -1.2 MPa/48h PEG 6000 solution, 0.34 KNO3 M/48h solution; H2O/24h and H2O/48h. The temperature during the treatments was 25 Celsius degrees. Seeds not conditioned were used in the control. The design was completely randomized with four replicates, and treatment in a factorial scheme (4 x 6 lots conditioning). The effects of the treatments were tested by F test (< 0.01). Papaya seeds KNO3 solution conditioned accelerated the onset of germination in seeds without sarcotesta, promoting favorable response in the vigor of seed lots. Accelerated aging reduced the germination of the lots. After aging, the conditioning in PEG solution promoted improvement in the physiological quality of the lots.

If was evaluated to the influence of different sources fertilization in the productivity of the lettuce cultivar ¿Elba¿ of different sources fertilization. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial scheme 4 x 2 with three replications. The experiment was conducted in gauntry of eutrophic cambisol and treatments consisted of the combination of four fertilization sources: 1 - bovine manure vermicompost humus (4 kg m-2); 2 - organic manuring, 4 kg m-2; 3 - cattle manure, 20 kg m-2; 4 - organic and mineral fertilizer, 10 kg m-2 cattle manure + 10 g de urea , 15 g potassium chloride and 45 g sample superphosphate m-2) with without and with foliar application. No significant interaction was observed between factor-treatments. The head mean diameter had mean value of 26 cm at 42 days after transplantation. This value is acceptable for the cultivar. For the characteristic commercial fresh mass, the best performance was in the organic and mineral fertilization (260.20 g).

The goal of paper was to evaluate the quality of fish commercialized in supermarkets and marketplace stalls in Cruz das Almas, Bahia. Sensorial, physicochemical and microbiological analysis were performed in 11 fish samples (three fresh fish samples, four frozen fish samples, and four dry salted fish samples). Supermarkets presented better hygiene conditions and facilities, and offered staff training. In the market stalls the facilities were in disagreement with food legislation. The sensorial analysis indicated tha 60% of the samples were in accordance with the concept of freshness. Hundred percent of the fresh and frozen fish samples were negative for sulphydric gas reaction, and humidity varied from 65.79 to 81.59%. Humidity in all the dry salted fish samples was higher than the maximum values allowed, and the chloride test was < 10%. Mesophilic bacteria counts varied from 4.66 × 106 to 6.84 × 106 CFU g-1 in fresh fish samples, and from 2.0 × 10 to 2.22 × 106 CFU g-1 in salted fish. The number of psychrotrophic bacteria in frozen fish varied from 1.08 × 103 to 1.76 × 105 CFU g-1. Coliforms at 45 ºC were observed in 100% of the samples and varied from < 3.0 to > 1.1 × 103 MPN g-1. Escherichia coli (08) was isolated only from fish samples collected in the marketplace stalls and was resistant to eritromicine 08 (100%), amicacyn 02 (25%), ampicillin, cephalotin and tetracycline 01 (12.5%). Multiresistance profile was observed in 62.5% of the isolates.

The aim was to evaluate the effect of late application of different nitrogen levels in different cultivars. The experimental design was a block design with four replications in a factorial 3 x 5 compounds by combining three soybean varieties: Conquest (early season), Pioneer 98C81 (medium cycle) and M-Soy 9350 (late maturity) and five nitrogen rates: zero, 20, 40, 80 and 160 kg ha-1 applied at growth stage R.1 (early flowering), using urea as nitrogen source. The application of 20 and 40 kg N ha-1 provided an increase in the number of pods per plant in all cultivars. Effect on thousand seed weight in cultivar checked only for conquest, with the application of 20 and 40 kg ha-1 N. Yield was reduced with application of 80 and 160 kg N ha-1 and increased with the application of 20 and 40 kg ha-1 N. There was a similar behavior among cultivars for yield components and yield when subjected to nitrogen in a late period. Although it was observed an increase in production around 300 kg ha-1, is still not economically viable application of nitrogen in soybean.