The use of phosphates fertilizers can increase the trace element concentration in the soils, with an eventual transfer to human chain food. As indispensable tool, models can be used to identify the risks and to evaluate the effects of preventive actions. The goal of this study was to applied a mass model for trace elements, developed at the University of California - Riverside, (USA) in two cerrado soils (LVdf, a clayey soil and NQ, a Sandy Soil). The model was used as an instrument to evaluate the risks of cadmium and lead accumulation in different soils and in soybean plants, upon the application of different phosphorous sources in the soils. The simulate cadmium content after ten years of application of the reactive phosphate FR3, it reached 2.97 mg kg-1 in the LVdf. The cadmium content in the RQo was more available for the soybean plants. The model showed a greater accumulation of Cd and Pb in the clayey soil (LVdf), after ten years of application high doses of these elements through the phosphates fertilizers FR3 and FN2.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the control of mound-building termites (Isoptera: Termitidae) by entomopathogenic fungi (Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana). We developed two experiments, with two copies of application in three sizes of nests. The first was installed in the Salto Macaúba farm and second in the Laboratory of Plant Protection at the State University of Mato Grosso do Sul. The first experiment consisted of five repetitions, each nest an experimental unit, with treatments in a factorial 2 (fungi) x 2 (tests) x 2 (type of spraying) + 1 control, distributed completely at random in the area. The treatments were: 1) control - no implementation, 2) Metarril M103 (M. anisopliae) - 10g/mound - dusting, 3) Metarril M103 - 10 g/ mound - via net, 4) Metarril M103 - 15 g/ mound - dusting , 5) Metarril M103 - 15 g/mound - via net, 6) Boveril B102 (B. bassiana) - 10 g/mound - dusting, 7) Boveril B102 - 10 g/mound - via net, 8) Boveril B102 - 15 g/mound - dusting and 9) Boveril B102 - 15 g/mound - via net. The testing of mortality were made spraying of the laboratory with the field measurements performed in compliance with the same separation of the nests. The results suggested that the road dust (dosage of 10 g) of the fungi studied showed higher mortality of nests of small size (53%). B. bassiana (Boveril) (10 g) gave 80% mortality of C. cumulans when applied to nests of small size.

This work carried out a floristic-taxonomic survey of the family Verbenaceae sensu lato in a stretch at the Ecological Station Raso da Catarina, Bahia State, Brazil. Four genera and six species were recorded: Aegiphila, with one species (A. sellowiana Cham.); Lantana, with one species (L. fucata Lindl.); Lippia, with three species (L. gracilis Schauer, Lippia cf. schomburgkiana Schauer and L. thymoides Mart. & Schauer) and Stachytarpheta, with one species (S. caatingensis S. Atkins). A key for recognition of the species, descriptions and illustrations, beyond data about flowering and fruiting, geographical distribution and habitat are provided.

Considering the importance of studies in communities dynamics, especially in vegetation sites with anthropogenic disturbs as Caatinga of Northeastern Brazil, was evaluate the edge effect caused by the opening of a oil duct on the dynamics of plants in three physiognomies of Caatinga (open shrub, riparian shrub dense and shrub dense) over 15 months (May/2007, January/2008 and August/2008), taking into account the hypothesis that there are differences in the dynamics in areas near edge and more distant. In each situations were evaluated edge and interior, so much in terms of trees in five plots of 10×10 m contiguous as of regeneration of the plants in plots of 2×2 m. Were calculate mortality, recruitment and growth rates in the edge and interior. Most important differences in terms of edge and interior occurred in open shrub Caatinga. The largest fluctuations in the values of density and diameter occurred at the edge, which indicates that the opening of the duct caused greater interference in this situation.

The aim of this research was to examine the response of utilization of wastewater and organic manure on the growth of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Embrapa BRS Oásis). The study was carried out from April to July 2009 in a greenhouse. Sunflower plants were irrigated with wastewater and tap water combined with doses of humus (w/w) of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% and two controls (wastewater + mineral NPK and tap water + NPK) with three replications. Humus application did not show significant effect on any variable analyzed except duration of post-harvest where all treatments presented duration more than the established by the market, while the wastewater was efficient in all assessments, promoting substantial increases in the growth of sunflower.

Some physical and chemical characteristics of Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia Benth. wood were analyzed in order to study its potentiality as alternative specie to produce tannins. The polyphenols (tannins) were avaliated by Stiasny reaction. The wood from this specie showed an average of 41.1% and 58.9% for heartwood and sapwood respectively. The average quantity of extracts was 9.0%. The contents of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were 32.8%, 33.2% and 24.6% respectively. The averages of polyphenols (Stiasny index) for heartwood and sapwood, were 96% and 42% respectively. The highest tanni ns content was in the heartwood with content of 11.5%. The results showed that is possible to use Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia as a source of condensed tannins.

The aim of this work was to evaluate methods for overcoming Jitirana's (Merremia cissoides) seeds dormancy. The treatments were: immersion of Jitirana's seeds in sulfuric acid during 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55 and 60 minutes and control (no treatment). The experiment was carried out in the completely randomized design, with ten treatments and four replications, with 20 seeds each. The variables evaluated were: germination percentage, germination speed index, medium time for germination, dry weight and height of seedling obtained 16 days after sowing. The immersion of seeds in sulfuric acid during 50 minutes is an efficient method to overcome dormancy and promotes germination, enabling quickly and greater Jitirana's seedling emergence.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of diazotrophic bacteria inoculation and nitrogen fertilization on grain yield and nitrogen accumulation in rice plants. We used seeds of rice cultivars IR42 and IAC4440, which were inoculated with peat containing the strains ZAE94 (BR 11417 - Herbaspirillum seropedicae) and M130 (BR 11340 - Burkholderia sp.). We used the first 20 cm of an Albaqualf Ecological Series. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replications and four plants per pot. We applied three levels of nitrogen (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha--1) and evaluated the parameters of shoot dry weight, nitrogen accumulation in shoots and grains, in addition to grain yield and the quantification of population of diazotrophic plants. Positive effects of inoculation were observed in both cultivars studied in all parameters evaluated, mainly in the accumulation of nitrogen in plants and grains.

Mycorrhizal fungi has been shown to affect some species of parasitic nematodes, in many cases reducing oviposition and the number of galls on the root system of infected plants. In order to evaluate the biocontrol potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to reduce the infectivity of Meloidogyne incognita in tomato plants, an experiment was conducted with a randomized block design with eight replications in a factorial with thefollowing treatments: with and without M . incognita, with presence and absence of fungal species Glomus clarum Nicolson & Schenck, Gigaspora albida Schanck & amp; Smith and Acaulospora scrobiculata Trappe. The fungus G. clarum significantly reduced the gall index (46.4%) and the number of egg mass (78.8%) of the nematode on tomato seedlings. The percentage of root colonization is not in itself an indicator of efficiency in controlling fungal infectivity of M. incognita in tomato plants, since A. scrobiculata exhibited a high degree of colonization (77.6%) and was not effective in controlling nematode reproduction. The species of mycorrhizal fungi differ in efficiency in reducing the infectivity of M. incognita in tomato seedlings.

This work evaluated the effect of two methods of determination of soil water (laboratory method and field method) and four levels of soil water availability (20; 40; 60 and 80%) on biomass of the aerial part, crop evapotranspiration, leaf area, plant height and yield in pit of herbaceous cotton plant, cultivar CNPA-7H. The randomized blocks experimental design was used in factorial scheme 2 x 4, with three replications. The determination of available soil water by the field method overcame the results of the studied variables in relation to the laboratory method and it represents more real conditions of the readiness of water for the cotton plant. The leaf area and the evapotranspiration, determined by field method, increased significantly with the levels of available soil water. The management with the available water of 61.61% by laboratory method promoted the maximum leaf area of 1755.4 cm2 and, with 74.4% of levels of available water, the maximum evapotranspiration was of 238 mm. There were earnings of 0.2 g of biomass per unit of levels of available soil water by field method; already by laboratory method the maximum biomass of 17.6 g was reached with the management of levels of available water of 62.9%. The best response for the cotton incomes in pit was given by field method with earnings in the income of 0.26 g for the field method and of 0.11 g for the laboratory method per unit of available soil water.