In Brazil, species of the genus Liriomyza are widely distributed and have economic importance as they cause damage to at least 14 plant families, especially Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae. Studies suggest existence of a species complex within this genus, based on the presence of morphological similarities among the species Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), L. sativae Blanchard and L. huidobrensis (Blanchard). The present study aimed to use DNA barcoding to establish new distribution records of L. sativae in distinct regions in Brazil, determine intra- and inter-population genetic diversity, and reconstruct the phylogeny of Liriomyza species using the DNA barcode sequences. Identity values were between 97% and 99%, confirming that all the examined Brazilian populations belonged to the species L. sativae. Phylogenetic analyses indicated the presence of a single clade of L. sativae, composed of seven populations. Intra-population analysis on individuals of these populations indicated low levels of nucleotide and haplotype diversity. The haplotype network indicated presence of only 14 haplotypes distributed among the Brazilian populations. The genetic similarities shared by the Brazilian populations of L. sativae suggest that these populations are closely related. Genetic patterns observed among populations of L. sativae might be associated with bottleneck events or founder effect during establishment of this leafminer in Brazil.

In Brazil, species of the genus Liriomyza are widely distributed and have economic importance as they cause damage to at least 14 plant families, especially Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae. Studies suggest existence of a species complex within this genus, based on the presence of morphological similarities among the species Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), L. sativae Blanchard and L. huidobrensis (Blanchard). The present study aimed to use DNA barcoding to establish new distribution records of L. sativae in distinct regions in Brazil, determine intra- and inter-population genetic diversity, and reconstruct the phylogeny of Liriomyza species using the DNA barcode sequences. Identity values were between 97% and 99%, confirming that all the examined Brazilian populations belonged to the species L. sativae. Phylogenetic analyses indicated the presence of a single clade of L. sativae, composed of seven populations. Intra-population analysis on individuals of these populations indicated low levels of nucleotide and haplotype diversity. The haplotype network indicated presence of only 14 haplotypes distributed among the Brazilian populations. The genetic similarities shared by the Brazilian populations of L. sativae suggest that these populations are closely related. Genetic patterns observed among populations of L. sativae might be associated with bottleneck events or founder effect during establishment of this leafminer in Brazil. | No Brasil, as espécies do gênero Liriomyza têm importância econômica e são amplamente distribuídos no país, causando danos a pelo menos 14 famílias de plantas, especialmente Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae e Fabaceae. Estudos sugerem a existência de um complexo de espécies dentro deste gênero com base na presença de semelhança morfológica nas espécies Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), L. sativae (Blanchard) e L. huidobrensis (Blanchard). Este estudo teve como objetivo empregar o DNA Barcode em novas áreas para estabelecer novos registros de Liriomyza sativae no Brasil e também a determinação da diversidade genética intra e interpopulacional, e reconstruir a filogenia das espécies Liriomyza utilizando sequências do DNA barcode. Os valores de identidade foram entre 97% a 99%, confirmando que as todas as populações brasileiras avaliadas pertencem à espécie L. sativae. A análise filogenética indicou a presença de um único clado de L. sativae composto pelas sete populações. A análise intrapopulacional indicou níveis baixos de diversidade nucleotidica e haplótipica de indivíduos dessas populações. A rede de haplótipos indicou a presença de apenas 14 haplótipos distribuídos entre populações brasileiras. As semelhanças genéticas compartilhadas pelas populações brasileiras de L. sativae sugere que essas populações estão intimamente relacionados. Os padrões genéticos observados em populações de L. sativae pode estar associada a eventos gargalos ou efeito fundador durante o estabelecimento deste minadora no Brasil.

This study aimed to evaluate combinations of cowpea-vegetable cultivars with carrot cultivars in a strip-intercropping system fertilized with roostertree. The work was conducted at the Experimental Farm "Rafael Fernandes" of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA) during September 2013 to March 2014. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications and treatments arranged in a factorial 4 x 2 scheme, resulting from the combination of four cowpea -vegetable cultivars (BRS Tumucumaque, BRS Cauamé, BRS Guariba and BRS Itaim) with two carrot cultivars (Brasilia and Alvorada). The characteristics evaluated in cowpea-vegetables were: number of green pods per area, productivity and dry weight of green pods, number of grains per pod, productivity of grains, weight of 100 grains, and dry weight of green grains. In the carrot cultivars, we evaluated total, commercial, and classified productivity of roots. The cultivar combinations were evaluated in terms of land equivalent ratio, productive efficiency index, score of the canonical variable, as well as indicators of gross and net income, rate of return, profit margin, and modified monetary advantage. The intercropping system using the cultivars BRS Guariba (cowpea) and Alvorada (carrot) achieved highest agronomic/biological efficiency. Highest economic efficiency was achieved with the combination BRS Tumucumaque (cowpea) and Brasilia (carrot).

This study aimed to evaluate combinations of cowpea-vegetable cultivars with carrot cultivars in a strip-intercropping system fertilized with roostertree. The work was conducted at the Experimental Farm "Rafael Fernandes" of the Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA) during September 2013 to March 2014. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four replications and treatments arranged in a factorial 4 x 2 scheme, resulting from the combination of four cowpea-vegetable cultivars (BRS Tumucumaque, BRS Cauamé, BRS Guariba and BRS Itaim) with two carrot cultivars (Brasilia and Alvorada). The characteristics evaluated in cowpea-vegetables were: number of green pods per area, productivity and dry weight of green pods, number of grains per pod, productivity of grains, weight of 100 grains, and dry weight of green grains. In the carrot cultivars, we evaluated total, commercial, and classified productivity of roots. The cultivar combinations were evaluated in terms of land equivalent ratio, productive efficiency index, score of the canonical variable, as well as indicators of gross and net income, rate of return, profit margin, and modified monetary advantage. The intercropping system using the cultivars BRS Guariba (cowpea) and Alvorada (carrot) achieved highest agronomic/biological efficiency. Highest economic efficiency was achieved with the combination BRS Tumucumaque (cowpea) and Brasilia (carrot). | Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar combinações de cultivares de caupi-horaliça com cultivares de cenoura em sistema consorciado em faixas adubadas com flor-de-seda. O trabalho foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental “Rafael Fernandes” da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido (UFERSA), durante o período de setembro de 2013 a março de 2014. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados com 4 repetições e os tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, resultante da combinação de quatro cultivares de caupi (BRS Tumucumaque, BRS Cauamé, BRS Guariba e BRS Itaim) com duas cultivares de cenoura (Brasília e Alvorada). As características avaliadas no caupi-hortaliça foram: número de vagens verdes por área, produtividade e peso seco de vagens verdes, número de grãos por vagem, produtividade de grãos, peso de 100 grãos e peso seco de grãos verdes. Nas cultivares de cenoura foram avaliadas: as produtividades total, comercial e classificada de raízes. As combinações de cultivares foram avaliadas pelo índice de uso eficiente da terra, índice de eficiência produtiva, escore da variável canônica e pelos indicadores rendas bruta e líquida, taxa de retorno, índice de lucratividade e vantagem monetária corrigida. O sistema de consórcio utilizando as cultivares de caupi BRS Guariba e a de cenoura Alvorada obteve maior eficiência agronômica/biológica. A maior eficiência econômica foi obtida com a combinação de caupi BRS Tumucumaque e cenoura Brasília.

Wood, in general, is a material with excellent properties; however, some features may limit its use. In this sense, various thermal treatments are emerging as alternatives to improve the technological properties of wood. In this context, this study aims at analyzing the effects of time and temperature (hydrothermal treatment and freezing) on the physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden. Three trees were selected, and only the heartwood was used to obtain the test body dimensions of 30 × 8 × 3 cm (length × width × thickness). The treatments were carried out at three temperatures of -20, 60, and 100°C, each at three exposure times (5, 10, and 15 h). Temperature treatment at -20°C was conducted in a domestic freezer, while the treatments at 60 and 100°C were administered in a Parr reactor, where the timber was submerged in water. Regardless of the exposure time, the timbers heat-treated at 100°C showed more efficiency, since this treatment unclogged the pores, reduced hygroscopicity, and promoted further darkening and uniformity of color, without changing the density and mechanical strength of the wood.

Wood, in general, is a material with excellent properties; however, some features may limit its use. In this sense, various thermal treatments are emerging as alternatives to improve the technological properties of wood. In this context, this study aims at analyzing the effects of time and temperature (hydrothermal treatment and freezing) on the physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden. Three trees were selected, and only the heartwood was used to obtain the test body dimensions of 30 × 8 × 3 cm (length × width × thickness). The treatments were carried out at three temperatures of -20, 60, and 100°C, each at three exposure times (5, 10, and 15 h). Temperature treatment at -20°C was conducted in a domestic freezer, while the treatments at 60 and 100°C were administered in a Parr reactor, where the timber was submerged in water. Regardless of the exposure time, the timbers heat-treated at 100°C showed more efficiency, since this treatment unclogged the pores, reduced hygroscopicity, and promoted further darkening and uniformity of color, without changing the density and mechanical strength of the wood. | A madeira, de modo geral, é um material com excelentes propriedades, mas ressalta-se que algumas características podem limitar o seu uso. Neste sentido, alguns métodos de tratamentos térmicos vêm surgindo como alternativa para melhorar algumas propriedades tecnológicas da madeira. Neste contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do tempo e da temperatura do tratamento hidrotérmico e do congelamento nas propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex Maiden. Foram utilizadas três árvores, selecionando-se apenas a madeira do cerne para obtenção dos corpos de prova de dimensões 30 x 8 x 3 cm (comprimento x largura x espessura). Os tratamentos foram realizados nas temperaturas de -20, 60 e 100 °C combinados a três tempos de exposição (5, 10 e 15 horas). O tratamento na temperatura de -20 °C foi realizado em um freezer doméstico, e os tratamentos a 60 e 100 °C em um Reator Parr, onde as madeiras ficaram submersas em água. Independente do tempo de exposição, os tratamentos realizados a 100 °C mostraram-se mais eficientes, pois desobstruíram os poros, reduziram a higroscopicidade e promoveram maior escurecimento e homogeneização da cor das madeiras, sem alterar a densidade e a resistência mecânica das mesmas.

Wood, in general, is a material with excellent properties; however, some features may limit its use. In this sense, various thermal treatments are emerging as alternatives to improve the technological properties of wood. In this context, this study aims at analyzing the effects of time and temperature (hydrothermal treatment and freezing) on the physical and mechanical properties of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden. Three trees were selected, and only the heartwood was used to obtain the test body dimensions of 30 × 8 × 3 cm (length × width × thickness). The treatments were carried out at three temperatures of -20, 60, and 100°C, each at three exposure times (5, 10, and 15 h). Temperature treatment at -20°C was conducted in a domestic freezer, while the treatments at 60 and 100°C were administered in a Parr reactor, where the timber was submerged in water. Regardless of the exposure time, the timbers heat-treated at 100°C showed more efficiency, since this treatment unclogged the pores, reduced hygroscopicity, and promoted further darkening and uniformity of color, without changing the density and mechanical strength of the wood. | A madeira, de modo geral, é um material com excelentes propriedades, mas ressalta-se que algumas características podem limitar o seu uso. Neste sentido, alguns métodos de tratamentos térmicos vêm surgindo como alternativa para melhorar algumas propriedades tecnológicas da madeira. Neste contexto, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do tempo e da temperatura do tratamento hidrotérmico e do congelamento nas propriedades físicas e mecânicas da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis W.Hill ex Maiden. Foram utilizadas três árvores, selecionando-se apenas a madeira do cerne para obtenção dos corpos de prova de dimensões 30 x 8 x 3 cm (comprimento x largura x espessura). Os tratamentos foram realizados nas temperaturas de -20, 60 e 100 °C combinados a três tempos de exposição (5, 10 e 15 horas). O tratamento na temperatura de -20 °C foi realizado em um freezer doméstico, e os tratamentos a 60 e 100 °C em um Reator Parr, onde as madeiras ficaram submersas em água. Independente do tempo de exposição, os tratamentos realizados a 100 °C mostraram-se mais eficientes, pois desobstruíram os poros, reduziram a higroscopicidade e promoveram maior escurecimento e homogeneização da cor das madeiras, sem alterar a densidade e a resistência mecânica das mesmas.

Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide used for weed control in eucalyptus forests. Glyphosate drifts are common and may cause serious damage to crops. An alternative to reduce such effects is to use antidotes capable of protecting eucalyptus. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of the application of liquid fertilizer on eucalyptus plants subjected to a glyphosate drift simulation. The treatments were arranged in a 5 x 5 factorial design. The first corresponding factor was liquid fertilizer (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 L c.p. ha -1 of Fertiactyl Pós®) and the second factor dose of glyphosate drift (0, 360, 720, 1,440, and 2,160 g e.a. ha -1). The products were applied together so that the spray did not reach the upper third of the plants. At 7, 28, and 49 days after application (DAA), the percentage of intoxication of eucalyptus was evaluated. At 56 days DAA, height, leaf area, leaf nutrient contents, and shoot and root dry matter were determined. Higher doses of glyphosate (1,440 and 2,160 g ha -1) caused intoxication levels above 90% at 28 and 49 DAA without using liquid fertilizer. The combination of 2,160 g ha -1 of glyphosate with 8.0 L ha -1 of liquid fertilizer resulted in an estimated eucalyptus dry matter 7% higher than in the control and 97% higher than using 2,160 g ha -1 of glyphosate without the liquid fertilizer. We conclude that the liquid fertilizer was effective in suppressing the harmful effects caused by glyphosate on eucalyptus plants.

Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide used for weed control in eucalyptus forests. Glyphosate drifts are common and may cause serious damage to crops. An alternative to reduce such effects is to use antidotes capable of protecting eucalyptus. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of the application of liquid fertilizer on eucalyptus plants subjected to a glyphosate drift simulation. The treatments were arranged in a 5 x 5 factorial design. The first corresponding factor was liquid fertilizer (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 L c.p. ha-1 of Fertiactyl Pós®) and the second factor dose of glyphosate drift (0, 360, 720, 1,440, and 2,160 g e.a. ha-1). The products were applied together so that the spray did not reach the upper third of the plants. At 7, 28, and 49 days after application (DAA), the percentage of intoxication of eucalyptus was evaluated. At 56 days DAA, height, leaf area, leaf nutrient contents, and shoot and root dry matter were determined. Higher doses of glyphosate (1,440 and 2,160 g ha-1) caused intoxication levels above 90% at 28 and 49 DAA without using liquid fertilizer. The combination of 2,160 g ha-1 of glyphosate with 8.0 L ha-1 of liquid fertilizer resulted in an estimated eucalyptus dry matter 7% higher than in the control and 97% higher than using 2,160 g ha-1 of glyphosate without the liquid fertilizer. We conclude that the liquid fertilizer was effective in suppressing the harmful effects caused by glyphosate on eucalyptus plants. | O glyphosate é um herbicida não seletivo utilizado no manejo de plantas daninhas em florestas de eucalipto. Problemas com a deriva de glyphosate tem sido comum, podendo causar sérios danos à cultura. Uma alternativa para reduzir estes efeitos é a utilização de antídotos capazes de proteger o eucalipto. Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de fertilizante líquido na proteção de plantas de eucalipto submetidas à simulação de deriva de glyphosate. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 5 x 5, com o primeiro fator correspondente as o fertilizante líquido (0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 L p. c. ha-1 de Fertiactyl Pós®) e o segundo por doses de deriva do glyphosate (0, 360, 720, 1440 e 2160 g e. a. ha-1). Os produtos foram aplicados juntos de modo que as caldas não atingiram o terço superior das plantas. Aos 7, 28 e 49 dias após a aplicação (DAA) foram avaliadas a porcentagem de intoxicação do eucalipto e aos 56 dias DAA determinou-se a altura, a área foliar, o conteúdo de nutrientes nas folhas e a massa da matéria seca da parte aérea e raízes das plantas. Maiores doses do glyphosate (1440 e 2160 g ha-1) sem o uso do fertilizante líquido provocaram níveis de intoxicação acima de 90% aos 28 e 49 DAA. A combinação de 2160 g ha-1 do glyphosate com 8,0 L ha-1 de fertilizante líquido resultou em estimativa de matéria seca total do eucalipto 7% maior que a testemunha e 97% maior que 2160 g ha-1 de glyphosate sem o fertilizante líquido. Conclui-se que o fertilizante líquido foi eficiente na supressão dos efeitos deletérios causados pelo glyphosate às plantas de eucalipto.

Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide used for weed control in eucalyptus forests. Glyphosate drifts are common and may cause serious damage to crops. An alternative to reduce such effects is to use antidotes capable of protecting eucalyptus. An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of the application of liquid fertilizer on eucalyptus plants subjected to a glyphosate drift simulation. The treatments were arranged in a 5 x 5 factorial design. The first corresponding factor was liquid fertilizer (0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 L c.p. ha -1 of Fertiactyl Pós®) and the second factor dose of glyphosate drift (0, 360, 720, 1,440, and 2,160 g e.a. ha -1). The products were applied together so that the spray did not reach the upper third of the plants. At 7, 28, and 49 days after application (DAA), the percentage of intoxication of eucalyptus was evaluated. At 56 days DAA, height, leaf area, leaf nutrient contents, and shoot and root dry matter were determined. Higher doses of glyphosate (1,440 and 2,160 g ha -1) caused intoxication levels above 90% at 28 and 49 DAA without using liquid fertilizer. The combination of 2,160 g ha -1 of glyphosate with 8.0 L ha -1 of liquid fertilizer resulted in an estimated eucalyptus dry matter 7% higher than in the control and 97% higher than using 2,160 g ha -1 of glyphosate without the liquid fertilizer. We conclude that the liquid fertilizer was effective in suppressing the harmful effects caused by glyphosate on eucalyptus plants. | O glyphosate é um herbicida não seletivo utilizado no manejo de plantas daninhas em florestas de eucalipto. Problemas com a deriva de glyphosate tem sido comum, podendo causar sérios danos à cultura. Uma alternativa para reduzir estes efeitos é a utilização de antídotos capazes de proteger o eucalipto. Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de fertilizante líquido na proteção de plantas de eucalipto submetidas à simulação de deriva de glyphosate. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em esquema fatorial 5 x 5, com o primeiro fator correspondente as o fertilizante líquido (0, 1, 2, 4 e 8 L p. c. ha -1 de Fertiactyl Pós®) e o segundo por doses de deriva do glyphosate (0, 360, 720, 1440 e 2160 g e. a. ha -1). Os produtos foram aplicados juntos de modo que as caldas não atingiram o terço superior das plantas. Aos 7, 28 e 49 dias após a aplicação (DAA) foram avaliadas a porcentagem de intoxicação do eucalipto e aos 56 dias DAA determinou-se a altura, a área foliar, o conteúdo de nutrientes nas folhas e a massa da matéria seca da parte aérea e raízes das plantas. Maiores doses do glyphosate (1440 e 2160 g ha -1) sem o uso do fertilizante líquido provocaram níveis de intoxicação acima de 90% aos 28 e 49 DAA. A combinação de 2160 g ha -1 do glyphosate com 8,0 L ha -1 de fertilizante líquido resultou em estimativa de matéria seca total do eucalipto 7% maior que a testemunha e 97% maior que 2160 g ha -1 de glyphosate sem o fertilizante líquido. Conclui-se que o fertilizante líquido foi eficiente na supressão dos efeitos deletérios causados pelo glyphosate às plantas de eucalipto.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance of elite-strains of cowpea cultivars under the conditions of the north of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil. Fifteen elite-strains and five erect and semi-erect cultivars of cowpea were evaluated in the 2014 and 2015 summer-fall crop seasons in Janaúba MG. A randomized block experimental design was used with four replications. Plant size, lodging and value of cultivation, pod length and grain yield were evaluated. The data of the two crops were subjected to individual and joint analysis of variance. The genotype-crop interactions significantly affected all studied variables. The strains MNC04-792F-146 and MNC04-792F-144 stood out as the most productive genotypes in both crops. The cultivars BRS Itaim and BRS Novaera presented adequate size and lodging characteristics for cultivation, and values of cultivation that meet commercial standards, thus representing good alternatives for the genotypes cultivated in the north of Minas Gerais.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance of elite-strains of cowpea cultivars under the conditions of the north of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil. Fifteen elite-strains and five erect and semi-erect cultivars of cowpea were evaluated in the 2014 and 2015 summer-fall crop seasons in Janaúba MG. A randomized block experimental design was used with four replications. Plant size, lodging and value of cultivation, pod length and grain yield were evaluated. The data of the two crops were subjected to individual and joint analysis of variance. The genotype-crop interactions significantly affected all studied variables. The strains MNC04-792F-146 and MNC04-792F-144 stood out as the most productive genotypes in both crops. The cultivars BRS Itaim and BRS Novaera presented adequate size and lodging characteristics for cultivation, and values of cultivation that meet commercial standards, thus representing good alternatives for the genotypes cultivated in the north of Minas Gerais. | Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a performance agronômica de linhagens-elite e cultivares de feijão-caupi, nas condições de cultivo do Norte de Minas Gerais. Foram avaliadas 15 linhagens-elite e cinco cultivares de feijão-caupi de portes ereto e semiereto, nas safras de verão-outono de 2014 e 2015, em Janaúba, MG. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados o porte da planta, o grau de acamamento e o valor de cultivo, o comprimento da vagem e o rendimento de grãos. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a análises de variância individuais e conjunta, envolvendo as duas safras de cultivo. Verificou-se efeito significativo para a interação entre genótipos e safras para todas as variáveis estudadas. As linhagens MNC04-792F-146 e MNC04-792F-144 destacaram-se por estarem entre os genótipos mais produtivos nas duas safras avaliadas. As cultivares BRS Itaim e BRS Novaera apresentaram simultaneamente características de porte e acamamento adequadas para o cultivo, além de obterem valor de cultivo compatível com o padrão comercial, representando boas alternativas de cultivo no Norte de Minas Gerais.