In the search for more sustainable energy sources, it has been invested in renewable energy sources like the biodiesel. However, for certification sustainable it is necessary that the energy generated by the biofuel is greater than the energy required for the entire production process. In this context, nitrogen fertilization has been a challenge because are large energy expenditures to obtain it, then, the use of alternative sources of nitrogen in agriculture may enable the environmentally friendly biodiesel. Thus, the objective this study was to evaluate the influence of the use of treated domestic sewage in the production of sunflower. The statistical design used was randomized blocks in split plots with four replications. In the plots, we evaluated the effect of two types of irrigation water; plots were distributed five irrigation, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 of the evaporation of class “A” PAN. In subsubplots, we evaluated the effect of four doses of nitrogen fertilization 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1. The more positive energy balance of 1:1,30 and 1:1,36 was obtained with irrigation of 222.48 mm and nitrogen levels of 50 and 25 kg ha-1, irrigated with well water and sewage, respectively.

The evaluation of profitability of ‘Ponkan’ mandarin subjected to chemical thinning may constitute important information that allows the farmer to evaluate the feasibility of adopting the practice of management in his orchard. Thus, this study was developed with the aim to evaluate the profitability of the practice of chemical thinning in ‘Ponkan’ mandarin trees (Citrus reticulata Blanco). The work was carried out in 2009, 2010 and 2011 in an unirrigated orchard of ‘Ponkan’ mandarin, in the city of Perdões, the southern region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Before the treatments, in October 2008, 80 plants we selected with abundant flowering on the entire canopy, so that all the mandarin trees could have production significant quantities of fruit. In half of the plants was not performed the chemical thinning and the other half was applied 600 mg L-1 of Ethephon, after the period of physiological fruit drop, in January 2009, January 2010 and January 2011, when these were at stage 25 to 30 mm in transverse diameter. At harvest, in June 2009, June 2010 and June 2011 were evaluated the production per plant (boxes of 22 kg) and estimated the productivity of plants subjected to the chemical thinning and plants that were not subjected to this practice. The profitability analysis was performed in a simplified manner considering the production costs of the orchard already deployed with the production stable. The practice of chemical thinning promoted superiority of 176% on the average profitability of 'Ponkan' mandarin trees.

The objective of this study make a characterization of production systems of goat milk in the Cariris Paraiba. Were visited units processing and receiving points of the goat milk in 17 cities and interviewed 540 farmers in the regions of Cariris. The information was obtained through the application of questionnaire consisting of questions relating to ownership, herd management and health and the results were analyzed according to frequency of responses between the regions. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between the western and eastern Cariris with respect to ownership and size of properties and with respect to the species created in the properties of the two regions. The family system of production with low use of technologies and small herds predominates in Cariri. An interaction between race, environment and management should exist for the maximum production is reached. The use of conservation techniques fodder as hay and silage can help standardize production in semi-arid northeast.

The work aimed to evaluate the influence of potassium rates on the yield of yam (Dioscorea cayennensis) and determine your rate for the productivity of commercial tubers. The experiment was conducted at the Federal University of Paraíba, in Areia-PB, in the period from February to December 2010. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks with six treatments comprise the doses of 0; 50; 100; 150; 200 and 250 kg ha-1 of potassium, in four repetitions. Were evaluated the average mass of commercial tubers, productivity of commercial tubers, percentage of tubers classified as first, the leaf content of potassium in the leaves and the maximum rate of economic efficiency. The maximum average mass of commercial tubers was 2.60 kg, obtained at rate of 126 kg ha-1 of potassium. The rate of 189 kg ha-1 of potassium was responsible for maximum productivity commercial of 17.7 ha-1 t of tubers. The maximum percentage of tubers classified as first was 88%, achieved at a rate of 171 kg ha-1 of potassium. The maximum content of potassium in the leaves of yam was 22.3 g kg-1 obtained at a rate of 155 kg ha-1 of potassium. The maximum rate of economic efficiency of potassium for commercial productivity of tubers was de184 kg ha-1.

The fertilization of the castor bean plant (Ricinus communis L.) is few studies in the Northeast, where soils are generally poor in nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). This work aimed to define the doses of N and P2O5 associated with maximum economic production of castor beans cultivar BRS Energia and critical levels of N and P in castor bean leaf and the critical level of P available in an Oxisols. The experimental design was a randomized block in factorial 4 x 4 with four replicates, combining four N rates (0, 45, 70 and 120 kg ha-1) with four P2O5 rates (0, 30, 60 and 120 kg ha-1). The castor bean plant was planted at a spacing of 0,90 x 0,50 m under rainfed conditions with supplementary irrigation. At the end of the experiment, was evaluated the overall productivity and productivity racemes primary, secondary and other. The higher net income was estimated to productivity of 2.304 kg ha-1 grain, obtained by applying the doses of 120 kg ha-1 of N + 120 kg ha-1 of P2O5. The critical levels of N and P in the leaf were 37,5 g kg-1 and 2,4 g kg-1, respectively, and the critical level of available P in soil by Mehlich-1 extractor was 7,0 mg dm-3.

The goal of paper was to evaluate the quality of fish commercialized in supermarkets and marketplace stalls in Cruz das Almas, Bahia. Sensorial, physicochemical and microbiological analysis were performed in 11 fish samples (three fresh fish samples, four frozen fish samples, and four dry salted fish samples). Supermarkets presented better hygiene conditions and facilities, and offered staff training. In the market stalls the facilities were in disagreement with food legislation. The sensorial analysis indicated tha 60% of the samples were in accordance with the concept of freshness. Hundred percent of the fresh and frozen fish samples were negative for sulphydric gas reaction, and humidity varied from 65.79 to 81.59%. Humidity in all the dry salted fish samples was higher than the maximum values allowed, and the chloride test was < 10%. Mesophilic bacteria counts varied from 4.66 × 106 to 6.84 × 106 CFU g-1 in fresh fish samples, and from 2.0 × 10 to 2.22 × 106 CFU g-1 in salted fish. The number of psychrotrophic bacteria in frozen fish varied from 1.08 × 103 to 1.76 × 105 CFU g-1. Coliforms at 45 ºC were observed in 100% of the samples and varied from < 3.0 to > 1.1 × 103 MPN g-1. Escherichia coli (08) was isolated only from fish samples collected in the marketplace stalls and was resistant to eritromicine 08 (100%), amicacyn 02 (25%), ampicillin, cephalotin and tetracycline 01 (12.5%). Multiresistance profile was observed in 62.5% of the isolates.

This paper aims to investigate the susceptibility of Coackroach Suriname (Pycnoscelus surinamensis) to entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana, and vegetable products. The first phase of the research aimed to study the biological cycle of the insect. The second step was using bioassays in the laboratory using eight commercial products at different doses and each with three replicates being made three applications at weekly intervals. 10 cockroaches were placed in each container and kept in this chamber at 25 °C and U.R. of 70%. The treatments were: Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill (Boveril® B102), B. bassiana (Bovenat®), Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok (Metarril® M102); M. anisopliae (Metanat®), all doses of 1, 2, 3 and 5 kg ha-1; azadirachtin (Natuneem®), neem oil + pepper extract (Nim-I-Go®), neem + timbó + citronella + fedegoso + geranium + organic acids (Compostonat®), rotenone (Rotenat®), all at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 5.0%, and control (distilled water). The Compostonat® at a dose of 5% was 100% effective in controlling the 1st application and also excelled on the lowest dose applied, reaching 83.33% efficiency in the 3rd application at a dose of 0.5%. We observed five instars: the first lasts an average of 18 days, the second 22, third 36, fourth and fifth in 45 days 63 days on average. Reproduce between 45 and 60 days after adult average of 25 nymphs per ootheca and average adult length of 24 mm.

Cubiu is a native Amazon plant that has attracted attention for its nutritional and pharmaceutical industries. The goal this paper was to evaluate the effect of priming on germination andseedling emergence from of three varieties of cubiu seeds: Santa Luzia, Thais and Musquet, using five priming conditions: water for 12 and 24 h, solutions of PEG 6000 and 0.35 Mol KNO3 for 24 and 48 h at 25 °C. Unprimed seeds were considered as control. After priming, seeds conditioned or not, were evaluated by means of tests: germination, speed of germination, seedling emergence and speed of emergence. The variety Thais had the best physiological quality, and priming in KNO3 which provided greater effects on germination and seed vigor cubiu.

The brackish water can be used on profitable agricultural production, depending on the adoption of appropriated crop practices and the crop tolerance to salinity as well. The hydroponic system can contribute when it is used with brackish water on horticulture production, because the great state of saturation that plants is submitted enables the increase of crop tolerance to salinity. This paper evaluated the effect of salinity on nutritive solution of rocket (Eruca sativa L.), cv. "Cultivada", cultivated in coconut fiber substrate under protected conditions. The experiment was carried out in randomized blocs design, with four types of water, added with NaCl, one was the control (S1 = 2.0; S2 = 3.5; S3 = 4.5 and S4 = 5.5 dS m-1), applied in four development stages (1st week, 2nd week, 3th week and 4th week after the transplantation) with four repetitions. The evaluated characteristics were the crown diameter, fresh and dry weight of the canopy. The results showed that increasing salinity levels decreased the fresh biomass. The first and second growth week of cultivation times were more sensitive to application of saline water with reduction 9.7% on the fresh biomass.

Given the pressure on biodiversity, due to its use in an unsustainable way, particularly in the Caatinga biome, and the need to restore the popular knowledge, is that this paper was developed in order to conduct a survey of medicinal plants used by the community of Laços, Tanhaçú, in the state of Bahia. And identify, among these, those species that are found in the National Forest Contendas Sincorá, the city of Contention Sincorá, Bahia. The data collecting was done through interviews, having as a tool the use of questionnaires. The vegetal species mentioned by the community and found in the Conservation Unit were collected and sent for identification. The community were cited 92 species of plants used for medicinal purposes, of which only 10.9% were found in the conservation area and, among them, the species Bidens pilosa, known as ¿carrapicho de agulha¿, was the most cited (52.4%), followed by Amburana cearensis (27.7%), popularly known as ¿umburana macho¿. The paper showed that target community of the study uses many medicinal plants to treat their illnesses, however, few species were found in the National Forest Contendas do Sincorá.