<p>Abstract</p> <p>Water soluble β-carotene (WS-BC) is a carotenoid form that has been developed as a food colorant. WS-BC is known to contain 10% of all-<it>trans </it>β-carotene (AT-BC). The aim of the present study was to investigate <it>in vivo </it>tissue uptake of AT-BC after the administration of WS-BC into rats. Seven-week-old male rats were administered 20 mg of WS-BC dissolved in saline by intravenous injection into the tail vein. At 0, 6, 24, 72, 120 and 168 hours (n = 7/time), blood was drawn and liver, lungs, adrenal glands, kidneys and testes were dissected. The levels of AT-BC in the plasma and dissected tissues were quantified with HPLC. After intravenous administration, AT-BC level in plasma first increased up to 6 h and returned to normal at 72 h. In the testes, the AT-BC level first increased up to 24 h and then did not decrease but was retained up to 168 h. In the other tissues, the level first increased up to 6 h and then decreased from 6 to 120 or 168 h but did not return to normal. The accumulation of WS-BC in testes but not in the other 5 tissues examined may suggest that AT-BC was excreted or metabolized in these tissues but not in testes. Although WS-BC is commonly used as a food colorant, its effects on body tissues are still not clarified. Results of the present study suggest that further investigations are required to elucidate effects of WS-BC on various body tissues.</p>

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of fresh water shrimp Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862) in performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivated in polyculture system and feeding with ration pelleted and mashed. The work was realized in Centro de Pesquisa em Aqüicultura Ambiental-CPAA/IAP – Toledo/PR during 37 days. Were utilized like experimental unit 16 ponds excavated, covered with concrete but with bottom of soil with dimension the 4 x 3 m and useful volume the 3,5 m3. Were utilized 30 tilapias e 150 shrimps for experimental unit distributed at an entirely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replications, where TF: tilapia feeding with ration mashed; TCF: tilapia and shrimp feeding with ration mashed; TP: tilapia feeding with ration pelleted; TCP: tilapia and shrimp feeding with ration pelleted. The density used were the 2,6 fishes/m2 with medium initial weight the 5,58 ± 0,10 g and initial length the 5,56 cm, and the density of shrimp was the 13 shrimps/m2 with initial length the 1,04 cm. The temperature was gauged daily, while the variables dissolved oxygen, pH and electrical conductivity, weekly. The quantity of ration supplied was the 10% of total biomass of fishes, with feed frequency the 4 times a day, being corrected weekly in function of the biometry. During the experimental period the medium values of temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and electrical conductivity of the ponds water were 23,42 ± 0,83ºC, 5,32 ± 0,52 mg/L, 7,02 ± 0,39, e 100,96 ± 1,81 µS/ cm respectively. Won´t registering any influence of shrimp during the cultivation and the ration pelleted provide the better conversion alimentary and performance of tilapias.<p><p>O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do camarão de água doce Macrobrachium amazonicum (Heller, 1862) no desempenho da Tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivada no sistema de policultivo e alimentada com rações peletizadas e fareladas. O trabalho foi realizado no Centro de Pesquisa em Aqüicultura Ambiental-CPAA/IAP – Toledo/PR por um período de 37 dias. Utilizaram-se como unidades experimentais 16 tanques escavados, revestidos com concreto e com fundo de terra, com dimensão de 4 x 3 m e volume útil de 3,5 m3. Foram utilizadas 30 tilápias e 150 camarões por unidade experimental distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com 4 tratamentos e 4 repetições, sendo TF: tilápia alimentadas com ração farelada; TCF: tilápia e camarão alimentados com ração farelada; TP: tilápia alimentada com ração peletizada e TCP: tilápia e camarão alimentados com ração peletizada. A densidade utilizada foi de 2,6 peixes/m2 com peso inicial médio de 5,58 ± 0,10 g e comprimento inicial médio de 5,56 cm, sendo a densidade de camarões de 13 camarões/m2 com comprimento inicial médio de 1,04 cm. A temperatura foi aferida diariamente, enquanto que as variáveis oxigênio dissolvido, pH e condutividade elétrica, semanalmente. A quantidade de ração fornecida foi de 10% da biomassa total dos peixes, com freqüência alimentar de 4 vezes ao dia, sendo corrigida semanalmente em função das biometrias. Durante o período experimental os valores médios de temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, pH e condutividade elétrica da água dos tanques foram de 23,42 ± 0,83 ºC, 5,32 ± 0,52 mg/L, 7,02 ± 0,39, e 1,00 ± 0,01 mS/cm respectivamente. Não se registrando qualquer influência do camarão durante o cultivo e a ração peletizada proporcionou uma melhor conversão alimentar e desempenho das tilápias.

The effect of different levels of feed moisture (12-17%) during extrusion cooking, using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder on selected nutritional and physical properties of extruded products was investigated. Four different formulations were used based on wheat flour and corn starch with the addition of 10% brewer's spent grain (BSG) and red cabbage (RC) trimming reducing the flour and starch. The samples were: wheat flour+BSG (WBSG), corn starch+BSG (CBSG), wheat flour+red cabbage (WRC) and corn starch+red cabbage (CRC). Process conditions utilised were: constant feed rate of 25kg/h, screw speed 200rpm and barrel temperature of 80 and 120°C. The results indicated that increasing the water feed to 15% increased the level of total dietary fibre (TDF) in all the extrudates while extrusion processing increased the level of TDF in WBSG, CBSG and CRC but decreased in WRC products. Extrusion cooking increased the level of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total phenolic compounds (TPC) in WRC and CRC. In addition to water feed level affecting the TDF of the extrudates, also affected were the expansion ratio, bulk density, hardness, WSI, SME and colour. The protein level of the products and hardness of extrudates were related to the different formulations.

Avaliou-se o fornecimento da Saccharomyces cerevisiae como probiótico em rações para a tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus), durante o período de reversão sexual, criadas em água proveniente de tanque de cultivo. Foram distribuídas 320 larvas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dois tratamentos e oito repetições em aquários de 25L. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de ração contendo 0,1% de S. cerevisiae (1010 Unidades Formadoras de Colônias S. cerevisiae /g de produto) e outra sem adição de probiótico. Ao final do experimento os alevinos foram contados, medidos e pesados. Dois alevinos de cada tratamento, escolhidos aleatoriamente, tiveram seus fígados pesados para análise do índice hepatossomático. Para a avaliação microbiológica foram realizadas duas coletas da água dos aquários e uma larva de cada aquário, no quinto e vigésimo nono dia do experimento. A contagem de mesófilos totais não apresentou diferença (P>0,05) entre as duas coletas, contudo na segunda coleta houve número maior (P0,05) pelos tratamentos, já o índice hepatossomático foi menor (P

In this research microbiological status of water from three wells in a particular food factory was investigated. In raw water samples total number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria was determined with two methods - standardized and Petrifilm method which is in Serbia still an alternative method. Number of population of aerobic psychotrophic bacteria was also tested. ATP level was also analyzed. For classical microbiological method and quick method of evaluation of microbiological status correlation was reseached. Results show that coefficient of correlation was higher than 0.99 for the two applied methods. In most water samples the higher number of bacteria formed colonies when Petrifilm method was used. Connection between number of bacteria and level of total and free ATP is not statistically significant, while connection with variation of these values can be described as high direct linear correlation.

Para validar la incorporación de urea fosfato (UP) como fuente de fósforo (P) en el agua bebida al nivel UP4, 320 pollos, fueron sometidos a 4 tratamientos en iniciación: T1: DICAL, T2: UP, T3: UP4 y T4: BASAL. En engorde 8 tratamientos: T1: DICAL, T2: UP, T2a: BASAL + UP agua, T2b: BASAL, T3: UP4, T3a: BASAL + UP agua, T3b: BASAL y T4: BASAL. Las dietas contenían 22 y 20% PC, 3.100 y 3.200 Kcal EME/kg, 0,7 y 0,67% de P total, 1 y 0,9% de Ca para fases 1 y 2. Se determinó peso vivo, consumo de alimento acumulado, agua y conversión alimenticia. A la 4ta y 6ta sexta semana, densidad, cenizas y P en hueso. El peso vivo a la cuarta semana fue mayor (P < 0,05) para T1 (1,093), T2 (1,024) y T3 (957) en comparación a T4 (888). A la 6ta semana fue ligeramente mayor para T1 (2,085), T2 (2,068), con respecto a T2a, T2b, T3, T3a y T4 con valores de 1,874; 1,783; 1,934; 1,887 y 1,801, siendo menor (P < 0,05) T3b (1,761). El consumo de alimento mayor en T2 (3,799) y T1 (3,733) con respecto a T2a (3, 590,1), T2b (3,610) y T3 (3,538), T3a (3,552), T3b (3,520); siendo menor (P < 0,05) T4 (3,376). La conversión alimenticia no fue diferente desde el punto de vista estadístico (P > 0,05). El consumo de agua ligeramente superior (P < 0,05) para T2 (8,488) y T1 (8,442) con respecto a las dos combinaciones de UP: T2a (7,696), T2b (7,948) y UP4: T3 (7,642) y sus combinaciones T3a (7,546), T3b (7,955); y menor (P < 0,05) para T4 (6,733). Las variables de mineralización del tejido óseo, no fueron diferentes (P > 0,05) entre tratamientos, con tendencia a ser menor donde no se cubrió el requerimiento de P durante ambas fases de crecimiento. Los resultados indican el alto potencial de la UP como fuente de P en aves de esta edad

International audience | The relationship between irrigated schemes, farms and agro-food processors may provide leeway to improve water saving and water productivity. This study was conducted in the dairy supply area of the Tadla irrigation scheme in Morocco and in the oasis area in southern Tunisia where dates are grown for export. The study was based on (i) a framework conceptualizing the relationship between production/marketing of agricultural raw material and water saving and productivity and (ii) a participatory research method aimed at supporting stakeholders in solving their production problems. Analysis of the organization of the two supply chains revealed the central role of intermediate operators in aggregating raw material and providing services to farmers. A decision support approach for dairy farmers was designed and tested in the Tadla scheme. Its use is illustrated by four scenarios that simulate the impacts of changes in both forage crops and irrigation techniques on farm income and water consumption and productivity. Lessons drawn from this work concern support for stakeholders and the integration of production functions from the irrigated scheme to the agro-processors in the whole supply chain. | Les relations entre périmètres irrigués, exploitations agricoles et filières agro-alimentaires représentent un levier d’action potentiel pour améliorer l’économie et la valorisation de l’eau d’irrigation. Cette étude conduite dans le bassin de collecte laitier du Tadla au Maroc, et le bassin de production de la datte d’exportation dans le Sud Tunisien, se base sur un cadre conceptualisant le lien entre les variables de production et de commercialisation de la matière première agricole et les notions d’économie et de valorisation de l’eau. Elle mobilise une démarche de recherche intervention visant a` aider les acteurs dans la résolution de leurs problèmes. L’analyse du fonctionnement des deux chaînes d’approvisionnement souligne l’importance des opérateurs intermédiaires entre agriculteurs et opérateurs aval pour agréger la matière première et fournir des services aux agriculteurs. Une démarche d’accompagnement des éleveurs laitiers a été expérimentée sur le Tadla. Son utilisation est illustrée par la simulation de quatre scénarios articulant des changements de cultures fourragères et de techniques d’irrigation. Les leçons tirées de cette expérience concernent tant la démarche proposée que l’intégration des fonctions de production au sein de la chaîne d’approvisionnement, depuis le gestionnaire du périmètre jusqu’aux opérateurs aval.

Effect of evaporative cooling of pregnant dairy cows under heat load conditions during the dry and close-up period, on mammary gland enzymatic activity and intake of food and water, BCS, and milk performance after calving were measured in two consequent experiments. In experiment 1, 18 dry cows held in tie-stalls in a closed aerated barn under heat load conditions were used to measure the effect of evaporative cooling on the respiratory rate and body temperature, individual intake of food and water, enzymes expression level in mammary gland and adipose tissues, and BCS changes until calving. In experiment 2, two groups of 36 dry cows each, held in a commercial loose housing barn, were used to measure the effects of evaporative cooling under heat load conditions on calves' birth weight, colostrum quality and quantity, BCS changes and milk yield during 90 DIM. The non cooled (NC) cows responded to heat load by increasing their respiratory rate and daily water intake, while elevating their rectal temperature by 0.2-0.3 °C as compared with the cooled (C) cows. The external relief of heat load by the C cows in both experiments was expressed in increasing their voluntary DMI during the dry period as compared with the NC group. In experiment 2 the calves' birth weight of C cows was higher, and their colostrum quality and quantity were improved as compared with the NC group. Cooling also improved significantly BCS gain during the last 21 days until parturition, accompanied with higher cell proliferation process (based on enzymes expression at mRNA level) in the mammary gland of the C cows. Consequently, a significant increase in milk production by 5.3%, protein yield by 5.1%, ECM yield by 4.2% and FCM yield by 4.5%, was demonstrated in the C cows during 90 DIM as compared with the NC group.