RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade da água e identificar os grupos de poluição presentes no médio Rio Pomba, por meio de técnica estatística multivariada. Duas campanhas no período de out/2008 a jan/2009 foram realizadas em nove pontos georreferenciados, localizados ao longo do médio Rio Pomba, compreendendo a análise de 18 variáveis de qualidade de água. A técnica estatística multivariada por meio da aplicação da análise fatorial/análise de componentes principais promoveu a redução no número de variáveis de qualidade de água, uma vez que o melhor comportamento das variáveis ocorreu com a inclusão de 15 das 18 variáveis analisadas. Pelo emprego da análise fatorial/análise de componentes principais identificou-se que o melhor comportamento das variáveis de qualidade das águas do médio Rio Pomba foi aquele composto por três fatores, explicando 74,30% da variância total. As variações na qualidade da água no médio Rio Pomba foram definidas por um grupo de nutrientes associado ao esgoto doméstico e à poluição difusa; por um grupo orgânico, causado pelo lançamento de esgoto doméstico no curso de água e por um grupo de sólidos em suspensão, expressando o processo de erosão hídrica na bacia. | ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the water quality and identify groups of pollution in the Middle Pomba River through multivariate statistical technique. There were two campaigns from Oct/2008 to Jan/2009 in nine geo-referenced points along the Middle Pomba River including the analysis of 18 variables of water quality. The multivariate statistical technique, through the application of factor analysis/principal component analysis, caused a decrease in the number of variables of water quality, since the best performance of the variables occurred with the inclusion of 15 of the 18 variables. By the use of factor analysis/principal components analysis, it was found that the best behavior of the variables of the water quality of the Middle Pomba River waters was the one composed of three factors, explaining 74.30% of the total variance. Changes in water quality of the Middle Pomba River were defined by a group of nutrients associated with sewage and diffused pollution; for an organic group, caused by untreated sewage in the water stream, and by a group of suspended solids, expressing the process of water erosion in the basin.

Irrigation with treated domestic sewage wastewater (TSE) is an agricultural practice to reduce water requirements of agroecossystems and the nutrient load impact on freshwaters, but adverse effects on soil chemical (salinization, sodification, etc.) and soil physical properties (alteration in soil porosity and hydraulic conductivity, etc.) have been reported. This study aimed to define some relationships among these changes in an Oxisol using multivariate analysis. Corn (Zea mays L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) were grown for two years, irrigated with TSE. The following soil properties were determined: Ca2+; Mg2+; Na+; K+ and H + Al contents, cationic exchangeable capacity (CEC), sum of bases (SB), base saturation (V), texture (sand, silt and clay), macro-, micro-, and cryptoporosity (V MA, V MI and V CRI), water content at soil saturation (&#952;S) and at field capacity (&#952;FC), residual water content (&#952;R), soil bulk density (d s), water dispersed clay (WDC) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K SAT). Factor analysis revealed the following six principal factors: Fine Porosity (composed of Na+; K+; WDC, &#952;R, &#952;RFC, and V CRI); Large Porosity (&#952;S, d s, V MA, Vs); Soil CEC (Ca2+; Mg2+; CEC, SB, V); Soil Acidity (H + Al); and Soil Texture (factors 5 and 6). A dual pore structure appears clearly to the factors 1 and 2, with an apparent relationship between fine porosity and the monovalent cations Na+ and K+. The irrigation (with potable sodic tap water or sewage wastewater) only had a significant effect on Fine Porosity and Large Porosity factors, while factors 3 and 4 (Soil CEC and Soil Acidity) were correlated with soil depth. The main conclusion was a shift in pore distribution (large to fine pores) during irrigation with TSE, which induces an increase of water storage and reduces the capacity of drainage of salts.<br>A irrigação com águas residuárias tratadas (ART) é uma técnica utilizada na agricultura para reduzir as necessidades hídricas e o impacto da carga de nutrientes nos mananciais, porém vários efeitos negativos já foram registrados nas propriedades químicas (salinização, sodificação, etc.) e físicas do solo (alteração na porosidade e condutividade hidráulica do solo, etc.). Este estudo teve como objetivo definir, por meio de uma análise multivariada, inter-relações entre essas mudanças em um Latossolo onde foram cultivados durante dois anos milho (Zea mays L.) e girassol (Helianthus annuus L.), irrigando com ART. Foram analisados: teores de Ca2+; Mg2+; Na+; K+ e H + Al, capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC), soma das bases (SB), saturação por bases (V), textura (areia, silte e argila), macro-, micro- e criptoporosidade (V MA, V MI e V CRI), umidades na saturação (&#952;S) e na capacidade de campo (&#952;CC), umidade residual (&#952;R), densidade aparente do solo (d s), argila dispersa em água (ADA) e condutividade hidráulica em meio saturado (K SAT). A análise revelou os seguintes seis fatores principais. Porosidade fina (composto por Na+; K+; WDC, &#952;R, &#952;CC e V CRI), Porosidade larga (&#952;S, d s, V MA, Vs), CTC do solo (Ca2+; Mg2+; CCC, SB, V), Acidez do solo (H + Al) e Textura do solo (fatores 5 e 6). Uma estrutura de porosidade dupla apareceu claramente nos fatores 1 e 2, mostrando relações nítidas entre Porosidade fina e os cátions monovalentes Na+ e K+. O efeito da irrigação (utilizando água encanada sódica potável ou ART) foi somente significativo para os fatores Porosidade fina e Porosidade Larga, enquanto os fatores 3 e 4 (CTC do solo e acidez do solo) foram correlacionados com a profundidade do solo. A conclusão principal é a mudança da distribuição dos poros do solo durante a irrigação com ART (poros grossos para poros finos), o que leva ao aumento do armazenamento da água no solo e à redução da drenagem dos sais.

As part of a province-wide groundwater characterization program, a detailed groundwater geochemistry survey was undertaken in the Outaouais Region (Québec, Canada) in order to identify the primary processes responsible for groundwater quality and to develop a conceptual model for groundwater flow and geochemical evolution. During the summers of 2011 and 2012, 139 samples were collected from municipal and private wells which were analysed for major ions, nutrients, trace elements and sulphides. About 70 % of the samples were obtained from bedrock wells, mainly in the silicate rocks of the Canadian Shield and the remainder from wells screened in Quaternary deposit aquifers. Hydrogeochemical facies distributions were determined from 127 of these samples which had anion-cation charge balance errors within ±10 %. The classification by facies was also supported by a multivariate statistical analysis, namely factor analysis combined with hierarchical cluster analysis. The study identified Champlain Sea invasion, cation exchange and freshwater recharge as the main geochemical processes affecting groundwater chemistry in this region. Secondary processes, related to the bedrock geology, are responsible for exceedances of Canadian drinking-water standards, namely for fluoride, uranium, iron and manganese.

Hydrogeochemical analysis and multivariate statistics were applied to identify flow patterns and major processes controlling the hydrogeochemistry of groundwater in the Jianghan Plain, which is located in central Yangtze River Basin (central China) and characterized by intensive surface-water/groundwater interaction. Although HCO₃-Ca-(Mg) type water predominated in the study area, the 457 (21 surface water and 436 groundwater) samples were effectively classified into five clusters by hierarchical cluster analysis. The hydrochemical variations among these clusters were governed by three factors from factor analysis. Major components (e.g., Ca, Mg and HCO₃) in surface water and groundwater originated from carbonate and silicate weathering (factor 1). Redox conditions (factor 2) influenced the geogenic Fe and As contamination in shallow confined groundwater. Anthropogenic activities (factor 3) primarily caused high levels of Cl and SO₄ in surface water and phreatic groundwater. Furthermore, the factor score 1 of samples in the shallow confined aquifer gradually increased along the flow paths. This study demonstrates that enhanced information on hydrochemistry in complex groundwater flow systems, by multivariate statistical methods, improves the understanding of groundwater flow and hydrogeochemical evolution due to natural and anthropogenic impacts.

Results are presented for a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the relationship between hydrogeological and environmental elements characterizing the areas of groundwater-dependent ecosytems (GDEs) located in the Kampinos National Park in central Poland. Statistical analysis was used to assess the seasonal and long-term variability of groundwater conditions. A geographic information system (GIS)-based model enabled the visualization of the test results. Objectification of spatial relationships between hydrogeological and environmental elements was carried out using factor analysis. The statistical analysis of groundwater levels in the period 1999–2013 confirmed the sequence of wet and dry years. The calculation enabled the determination of the range of groundwater-level changes, but no specific trends were observed with respect to these changes. Moreover, the widespread belief that the lowering of the water table in presented GDEs is due to anthropogenic pressure and climate change was not confirmed. The factor analysis showed that GDE areas are characterized by a considerable homogeneity of abiotic elements and locally occurring heterogeneous regions, mainly related to anthropogenic pressure. Dependency between the type of plant community and depth to the water table in the typical GDEs was not defined by the delimiting factors.