En el presente artículo se expone un método para evaluar y cuantificar la contaminación presente en un cuerpo de agua determinado basándose en una serie de formulas que permiten relacionar parámetros físico químicos y bilógicos; para presentar el método y facilitar su interpretación se utilizaran datos suministrados por la corporación autónoma regional de Cundinamarca a través de su sistema de puntos de monitoreo a lo largo de la cuenca del rio Bogotá puntualmente en el rio Teusacá después del humedal aposentos, durante el estudio de los parámetros se emplearon la dureza, conductividad y alcalinidad para determinar el índice de contaminación por mineralización, en segundo lugar se determino el índice de contaminación por materia orgánica se empleó la demanda biológica de oxigeno, coliformes totales y porcentaje de saturación de oxigeno, a continuación se determinó el índice de contaminación por sólidos suspendidos para seguir con el índice de contaminación por trofía en el que se utiliza la cantidad de fosforo total finalizando con el índice de contaminación por pH. | This paper presents a method to evaluate and quantify the contamination in a sample of water applying some equations using physicochemical and biological parameters, in order to show the method and make easier the interpretation process a group of data supplied by the regional autonomous corporation of Cundinamarca will be used, the required parameters to apply the method are: hardness, conductivity and alkalinity determine the mineralization pollution index, in second place using the biological oxygen demand, total coliforms and percentage of oxygen saturation the index of organic matter pollution was determined, subsequently the pollution index by suspended solids and pollution index for hypertrophy using the total phosphorus parameter and finally the pollution index by pH.

Se realizo la caracterización del proceso de producción de agua tipo II para una industria cosmética, monitoreando 4 puntos de muestreos establecidos: Punto Cl2, Punto pretratamiento, Punto UV y Punto lateral o de proceso. Se adquirió un equipo Helix 70, que cuenta con ultrafiltración y osmosis inversa para obtención producto final que sea óptimo para las formulaciones cosméticas y la estabilidad de los productos elaborados. Se realizó seguimiento durante 6 meses, semanal por cada punto, obteniéndose resultados estables para los resultados microbiológicos y fisicoquimico. Para los parámetros microbiológicos: Recuento de Aerobios, Coliformes totales, E. Coli y Pseudomona. Se evaluaron los siguientes parámetros en fisicoquimico: pH, Conductividad, Dureza; Cl2, Fe total. Se estableció que el producto obtenido es conforme a las especificaciones y los datos registrados son consistentes para cada tipo de agua | We performed the characterization of the type II water production for cosmetic industry, monitoring four sampling points established: Cl2 Point, pretreatment Point, UV Point and process Point. It took a team Helix 70, with ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis to obtain final product that is optimal for the cosmetic and the stability of the products. Were followed for 6 months, weekly for each point, yielding stable results for microbiological and physicochemical results. For microbiological parameters: Aerobic Count, Total Coliforms, E. Coli and Pseudomonas. We assessed the following physicochemical parameters: pH, conductivity, hardness, Cl 2, total Fe. It was established that the product obtained is as specified and recorded data are consistent for each type of water

The deterioration of cakes during frozen storage is a notorious phenomenon. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cryoprotectants (collagen peptide, sericin peptide, and curdlan) on the intermediate-moisture cake during frozen storage. The results showed that cryoprotectants had a positive impact on water state and properties of products. Compared with the control group, the intermediate-moisture cake with better water-holding capacity had better texture characteristics and flavor than the others had, including alleviating the decrement of hardness and chewiness and promoting the augment of sensory evaluation. This study provided more comprehensive theories for the effects of cryoprotectants on intermediate-moisture cake quality from the perspective of water state.

The City of Manson, Iowa (USA), lies near the center of the Manson Impact Structure (MIS), a 37-km diameter impact crater that formed about 74 million years ago. The MIS is present at the bedrock surface, but it is completely buried by 20–90 m (70–300 ft) of glacial till and displays no surface expression. Groundwater samples were collected from Manson’s municipal well and nearby domestic wells to assess the sustainability of unusually soft water that typifies the central peak of the Manson Impact Structure. Groundwater quality indices from the various aquifer sources were distinctly different, with groundwater from the central peak of the crater exhibiting low Ca (<22 mg/L) and alkalinity (<127 mg/L as CaCO₃), and high concentrations of fluoride (>3.7 mg/L; max = 10.0 mg/L) and certain trace elements (e.g. Li, Mo, W). In contrast, groundwater collected from wells in overlying Quaternary aquifers was very hard (high Ca and Mg), with high alkalinity (>261 mg/L as CaCO₃), sulfate (58–485 mg/L) and occasionally nitrate-N (up to 6 mg/L). Age-dating techniques using³H,¹⁴C, and³⁶Cl suggested water older than 35,000 years to possibly as old as 1,000,000 years within the central peak aquifer, but indicated recent water in overlying aquifers. Pumping of the Manson municipal wells appears to be mining old water of the central peak aquifer and drawing modern water containing elevated hardness and nitrate-N down into the aquifer. The Manson example illustrates a source-water challenge of balancing aquifer quality with sustainability.

Shallow groundwater is the main source for drinking water in Kabul, Afghanistan. It comes from a multitude of shallow hand-pumped wells spread over the whole city area. The groundwater is characterised by slightly oxic redox conditions. Interactions with aquifer carbonates lead to near-neutral pH and high degrees of hardness. The mostly negative water budget of the Kabul Basin is the result of strong evaporation which leads to an increase in salt and also of some undesirable constituents, e.g. borate. Several years of drought have aggravated this problem. The shallow groundwater in the city has received tremendous amounts of pollution due to a lack of proper waste disposal and sewage treatment. Common indicators are elevated concentrations of nutrients such as nitrate and faecal bacteria. The high infant mortality can at least partially be attributed to the insufficient water hygiene. Acid generated during the mineralisation of the wastewater is hidden due to the strong pH buffering capacity of the groundwater system. Redox and pH conditions preclude significant mobilisation of trace metals and metalloids.