Viscoelasticidad lineal de la fase líquido-cristalina laminar de un sistema tensioactivo no iónico/hidrocarburo/agua. En este estudio se ha caracterizado la respuesta viscoelástica lineal, en cizalla oscilatoria, de la fase líquido-cristalina laminar de sistemas alcohol polietoxilado/heptano/agua, estableciendo las influencias de los distintos componentes en la evolución de las funciones viscoelásticas dinámicas. De los resultados obtenidos puede concluirse que la fase líquido-cristalina laminar se caracteriza por presentar un pequeño intervalo viscoelástico lineal; su espectro de relajación muestra, fundamentalmente, dos regiones, la región de transición y la región plateau, siendo esta última característica de sistemas altamente estructurados; el módulo plateau presenta valores máximos para sistemas con concentraciones intermedias de tensioactivo y heptano dentro del intervalo de existencia de la fase laminar. | Linear viscoelasticity of the lamellar liquid crystalline phase for a heptane/nonionic surfactant/water system. A linear viscoelastic characterization by small amplitude oscillatory shear tests was carried out for heptane/polyoxyethylene glycol nonylphenyl ether (E0 =1O)/water system exhibiting a lamellar liquid crystalline structure. The influence of composition on the dynamic functions was considered. The lamellar liquid crystalline phase shows a small linear viscoelastic range. The relaxation spectrum of the lamellar liquid crystalline phase presents two regions: the transition region and the plateau region, characteristic of highly structured systems. The maximum values of the plateau modulus correspond to the systems of intermediate compositions within the realm of existence of the lamellar mesophase. | CICYT (España) proyec­to PB92-0664

This research aimed to delineate the contamination plume, coming from a leak in the fuel station dealer, penetrating crystalline aquifer in the Rio Grande do Sul state southern Brazil. Determined with the use of a steam THERMO GASTECH Analyzer, model Innova SV, were measured in situ concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in soils. For the identification of hydrocarbons in free phase (portion of supernatant contaminants in groundwater). Was employed a digital level meter model HSIFD-30, which allowed the detection of fluids (contaminants) in free phase using probe that measures the water and oily fluid interface. The heterotrophic bacteria count and identification of the groundwater, to verify the existence of autochthonous microbiota with ability to degrade hydrocarbons derived from oil. As a result, were mapped and determined the concentrations of TPH plume contamination in form of VOCs every 0.5 m deep, reaching up to 3.5 m in deep. The largest concentrations of VOCs, occurred in the depths of 2.5; 3.0 and 3.5 m, where concentrations were above 10.000 ppm, even to register 100% LEL, limit of detection equipment. As the free phase, mapped a plume of contamination supernatant in groundwater with thicknesses ranging from 2 to 5 mm. Both vapour and free phase plumes, already surpassed the physical limits of the enterprise reaching existing residential and commercial areas to the North direction. The existence of microorganisms were identified species-degrading Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus sp., Burkholderia glandioli, Pseudomonas sp. and Acinetobacter sp. both species considered by several authors such as hydrocarbon degrading. The identification of the contaminated area and the study of the interactions of these compounds with the medium are of the utmost importance to the development of strategies and technologies aimed at their recovery. | Esta pesquisa teve como finalidade delimitar uma pluma de contaminação, oriunda de um vazamento em posto revendedor de combustível, penetrando aquífero cristalino no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Determinaram-se com o emprego de um analisador de vapor THERMO GASTECH, modelo Innova SV, as concentrações in situ de Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis (COV) existentes no solo. Para a identificação de hidrocarbonetos em fase livre, (porção de contaminantes sobrenadante na água subterrânea), empregou-se um medidor de nível digital modelo HSIFD-30, que permitiu a detecção de fluidos (contaminantes) em fase livre usando-se sonda, que mede a interface água e fluidos oleosos. Realizou-se a contagem e identificação de bactérias heterotróficas na água subterrânea, isso para verificar a existência ou não de microbiota autóctone com capacidade para degradar hidrocarbonetos derivados de petróleo. Como resultado, conseguiu-se mapear e determinar as concentrações das plumas de TPH em forma de COV a cada 0,5 m de profundidade, atingindo-se até 3,5 m. As maiores concentrações de COV, ocorreram nas profundidades de 2,5; 3,0 e 3,5 m, onde se registraram concentrações acima de 10.000 ppm, chegando inclusive a se registrar 100% LEL, limite máximo de detecção do equipamento. Quanto à fase livre, mapeou-se uma pluma de contaminação sobrenadante na água subterrânea com espessuras que variaram de 2 a 5 mm. Ambas as plumas, fase vapor e fase livre, já ultrapassaram os limites físicos do empreendimento atingindo áreas residenciais e comerciais existentes ao norte. Quanto à existência de microrganismos degradadores, foram identificadas as espécies Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus sp., Burkholderia glandioli, Pseudomonas sp. e Acinetobacter sp. ambas espécies consideradas por vários autores como degradadoras de hidrocarbonetos. A identificação da área contaminada e o estudo das interações destes compostos com o meio é de extrema importância para a definição de estratégias e tecnologias visando sua recuperação.

El presente trabajo planteó realizar una revisión al proceso de inversión obligatoria de acuerdo con lo establecido en el Decreto 1900 de 2006 que reglamenta el parágrafo del artículo 43 de la ley 99 del 93, el cual establece que todo proyecto que involucre en su ejecución el uso del agua, tomada directamente de fuentes naturales, para consumo humano, recreación, riego o cualquier otra actividad industrial o agropecuaria, deberá destinar no menos de un 1% del total de la inversión para la recuperación, preservación y vigilancia de la cuenca hidrográfica de la cual se abastece para el desarrollo de la actividad productiva. Se seleccionaron actividades del sector de hidrocarburos desarrolladas en una cuenca hidrográfica de la Orinoquia Colombiana, considerando el impacto ambiental generado durante las etapas de exploración y explotación de hidrocarburos, la dinámica creciente de la industria petrolera en esta región y las cantidades de agua requeridas para el desarrollo de estas actividades. La selección del área de estudio incluyó criterios que permitieran identificar una zona suficientemente representativa de la región y que ofreciera las características necesarias para adelantar la evaluación: tiempo de existencia de la actividad en la zona, número de empresas operadoras en la cuenca y tipo de actividad desarrollada, entre otros, de manera que se pudiera contar con suficiente información para realizar los análisis relacionados con el proceso de implementación de la inversión obligatoria en la cuenca y el aporte de esta a la preservación y conservación de las fuentes hídricas que abastecen el proyecto extractivo. | The current research aimed at making an assessment of the investment process referred to in Decree 1900 of 2006 which regulates the article 43 of Law 99 of 1993, that establishes that any project using water taken directly from its natural source for human, recreational, industrial and/or agricultural consumption should invest mandatorily 1% of the cost of the project in activities conducted to the recovery, preservation and surveillance of the hydrographic basin where the productive activity takes place. In this work, there were selected only activities related to the oil sector developed in the Orinoco river basin of Colombia. This as a matter of (1) the environmental impact generated by the activity during the stages of exploration and exploitation, (2) the growing dynamics of the oil industry in this region and (3) the huge amount of water requested to its development. The study area selection, included a few criteria that allowed the identification of an area representative enough of the Orinoco region, and that it could offer the characteristics needed to develop this assessment, such as, longevity of the extractive activity in the region, number of companies or operators present in the basin, and the type of activity developed, among others. In this way it was able to collect enough information to conduct the analyses related to the mandatory investment and its input in freshwater conservation estretagies. | Magíster en Gestión Ambiental | Maestría

La industria petrolera a partir de su proceso extractivo produce grandes cantidades de aguas residuales petroleras, el pozo Caño Lima genera aproximadamente 143.133 b/d, no obstante, dichos procesos generan altas presiones ambientales debido al inadecuado manejo del tratamiento utilizado actualmente y la carencia de alternativas sustentables, haciendo que dichas aguas se conviertan en vertimientos. Es por ello por lo que este proyecto tiene como finalidad, analizar el desempeño de un biofiltro a base de adsorbentes convencionales y no convencionales para el tratamiento de aguas de producción petroleras ubicadas en el sector de Caño Lima, Arauca. Para lograr cumplir el objetivo, se desarrolló una investigación con enfoque mixto, un método analítico-deductivo y técnicas experimentales para la caracterización de la muestra y el análisis preliminar del tratamiento de adsorbentes, para lograr el diseñó un biofiltro con los lechos: plumas, piedra pómez y arena, bajo una configuración del sistema a diferentes cargas con y sin agitación para un desempeño promedio de remoción de hidrocarburos del 98,50% y del 98,23% respectivamente, se denoto que los desempeños fueron altos, pero debido a su significancia no se requiere de agitación y la carga media fue la más estable con un porcentaje de remoción del 98,66%. Se concluye que los biofiltros son una alternativa sostenible para las aguas de producción debido al buen desempeño, retención de HT, y disminución de otros parámetros, llegando a disminuir el impacto al río Lipa y generando la posibilidad de procesos de aprovechamiento del agua y simbiosis industrial, por ende se deben continuar estudios que abarquen el tema. | Ingeniero Ambiental | Pregrado | The oil industry from its extraction process produces large amounts of oil wastewater, the Caño Lima well generates approximately 143,133 b / d, without problems, such processes that have high environmental pressures due to the management of the treatment currently used and the lack of alternatives sustainable, making various waters become discharges. That is why this project aims to analyze the performance of a biofilter based on specific and non-specific adsorbents for the treatment of oil production waters located in the Caño Lima sector, Arauca. To achieve the objective, is development a research with a mixed approach, an analytical-deductive method and experimental techniques for the characterization of the sample and the preliminary analysis of the treatment of adsorbents, to achieve the design of a biofilter with the beds: feathers, stone pumice and sand, under a system configuration at different loads with and without agitation for an average hydrocarbon removal yield of 98.50% and 98.23% respectively, it was noted that the performances were high, but due to their significance agitation is not required and the average load was the most stable with a removal rate of 98.66%. It is concluded that biofilters are a sustainable alternative for production waters due to the good performance, HT retention, and decrease in other parameters, reducing the impact on the Lipa river and generating the possibility of water use processes and industrial symbiosis. therefore, studies that cover the subject should be continued.