In the southwestern United States, precipitation in the high mountains is a primary source of groundwater recharge. Precipitation patterns, soil properties and vegetation largely control the rate and timing of groundwater recharge. The interactions between climate, soil and mountain vegetation thus have important implications for the groundwater supply. This study took place in the Sacramento Mountains, which is the recharge area for multiple regional aquifers in southern New Mexico. The stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen were used to determine whether infiltration of precipitation is homogeneously distributed in the soil or whether it is partitioned among soil-water ‘compartments’, from which trees extract water for transpiration as a function of the season. The results indicate that “immobile” or “slow” soil water, which is derived primarily from snowmelt, infiltrates soils in a relatively uniform fashion, filling small pores in the shallow soils. “Mobile” or “fast” soil water, which is mostly associated with summer thunderstorms, infiltrates very quickly through macropores and along preferential flow paths, evading evaporative loss. It was found that throughout the entire year, trees principally use immobile water derived from snowmelt mixed to differing degrees with seasonally available mobile-water sources. The replenishment of these different water pools in soils appears to depend on initial soil-water content, the manner in which the water was introduced to the soil (snowmelt versus intense thunderstorms), and the seasonal variability of the precipitation and evapotranspiration. These results have important implications for the effect of climate change on recharge mechanisms in the Sacramento Mountains.

El hidrógeno, es un combustible limpio que, cuando se consume en una celda de combustible para obtener energía, solo produce agua. Actualmente, puede producirse por distintos métodos, siendo uno de ellos la electrólisis de agua, la cual permite obtener hidrógeno de alta pureza. Además, esta tecnología puede utilizarse como almacenamiento del excedente energético procedente de fuentes renovables. En la actualidad, un componente clave de los electrolizadores, dispositivos generadores de hidrógeno a partir de agua, son las membranas de intercambio aniónico. Las mismas permiten la conductividad de aniones entre ánodo y cátodo. El objetivo del trabajo fue desarrollar una nueva membrana y evaluar su desempeño en un electrolizador de escala laboratorio. Los resultados obtenidos son promisorios cuando se los compara con membranas de intercambio aniónico comercialmente disponibles. Por esta razón, la membrana descripta en este trabajo puede ser considerada como un posible material alternativo y económico para su uso en electrolizadores. | Hydrogen gas, considered one of the energy sources of the future, is a clean fuel whose consumption in a fuel cell to obtain energy generates only water as product. Currently, it can be produced by different methods, being water electrolysis the one that allow to obtain it with the highest purity. Besides, this technology can be used as a way of storage energy excess from renewable sources. A key component in electrolysis cells, water-fueled hydrogen generating devices, are the ionic exchange membranes. These membranes allow the ionic conduction between cathode and anode. The objective of this work is to develop a new AEM membrane and to measure its performance in a laboratory scale electrolysis cell. Promising results were obtained, with competitive performance compared with commercially available membranes. For this reason, this membrane can be considered as a good candidate for water electrolysis systems. | Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES)

El proyecto Ecovía se desprende de una de las líneas de investigación del macroproyecto de la UNAM: "La Ciudad Universitaria y la Energía", cuyo objetivo central es transformar a la Ciudad Universitaria (CU) en un modelo de uso eficiente de energía. El Ecovía es un automóvil híbrido, el primero en el ámbito nacional que funciona con baterías y celda de combustible de hidrógeno (H2). La celda de combustible consume 10.6587 gH2/min, que se traducen en diez millones de pesos al año. Para la producción del hidrógeno existe una tecnología innovadora llamada fermentación oscura de desechos orgánicos; por ello se propone una planta semi-industrial aplicando esta tecnología. Los lodos de desecho de la planta de tratamiento de aguas residuales de CU se estiman en 45 ton/día, que sumadas a los residuos orgánicos de una granja porcina y restaurantes de CU, alcanzan 46.18 ton/día, lo cual generará 14.2678 kgH2 sin purificar, o bien 9.98746 kgH2 a 99.999% de pureza, tal como lo exige la celda de combustible del Ecovía. La propuesta de la planta de hidrógeno, factible en términos técnicos, financieros y económicos, se estimó que requeriría cerca de 4.5 millones de pesos como inversión inicial, los cuales se recuperarían en el primer año de funcionamiento de la planta. Asimismo, se disminuirían los costos derivados de la recolección y el transporte de los residuos ($1 540 080 pesos/año). La contribución ambiental del proyecto es la reducción de emisiones en 131.901 ton métricas de CO2 equivalentes al día y la minimización de desechos sin tratamiento al medio ambiente. | ECOVIA is a project from one of the lines of research of the UNAM's macro-project "La Ciudad Universitaria y la Energía" (University City and Energy). Its main objective is to transform University City (UC) into a model of efficient energy use. ECOVIA is a hybrid car - the first nationally - which operates with batteries and a hydrogen fuel cell (H2). This fuel cell consumes 10.6587 gH2/minute which translate into 10 million pesos per year. Since dark-fermentation is an innovative technology for the production of hydrogen, a semi-industrial plant to apply this technology is proposed. Sludge from the wastes from the UC wastewater treatment plant is estimated to be 45 tons/day, which added to organic wastes from a pig farm and restaurants in CU, results in a total of 46.18 ton/day. This generates 14.2678 kgH2 without purification or 9.98746 kgH2 with a purity of 99.999%, as required by the ECOVIA fuel cell. The proposal for the hydrogen plant - which is technically, economically, and financially feasible - estimates the need for an initial investment of 4.5 million pesos, which can be recovered in the first year of the plant's operations. At the same time, costs of waste collection and transportation would decrease ($1 540 080 pesos/year). The environmental impact of the project is a reduction in emissions of 131.901 CO2 metric tons/day and minimization of the release of untreated wastes into the environment.

Stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope signatures of waters within Church and Inkwell blue holes are measured on San Salvador Island (Bahamas) to identify the origin of their fresh and saline waters. Stable isotope data, paired with a suite of physicochemical water parameters measured throughout the blue holes, as a function of both time and depth, provide a detailed understanding of the tidally influenced groundwater interactions on the island. Blue holes are prominent karst features in carbonate environments which serve as windows into subterranean hydrologic processes. Carbonate island hydrology is often complicated by complex interactions between the marine and meteoric water systems, as tidal pumping and water mixing result in diagenetic alteration of the bedrock, that in turn influence dissolution rates and preferential flow paths. Although the blue holes on the island are physically influenced by tidal forcing, the stable isotope data indicate that both their fresh and saline waters are of a meteoric origin rather than seawater, where the meteoric water is likely becoming saline through enrichment by aerosol-derived sea salts. Additionally, the physical profiles of each blue hole indicate differences in mixing processes driven by wind and tidal forcing, where stronger mixing can result in a disruption of the freshwater lens. The implications of this study are important for assessing mixing corrosion processes and dissolution effects, but more research and longer data sets are needed to show whether these results are applicable to other coastal carbonate environments.

Dissolved methane concentrations in shallow groundwater are known to vary both spatially and temporally. The extent of these variations is poorly documented although this knowledge is critical for distinguishing natural fluctuations from anthropogenic impacts stemming from oil and gas activities. This issue was addressed as part of a groundwater research project aiming to assess the risk of shale gas development for groundwater quality over a 500-km² area in the St. Lawrence Lowlands (Quebec, Canada). A specific study was carried out to define the natural variability of methane concentrations and carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios in groundwater, as dissolved methane is naturally ubiquitous in aquifers of this area. Monitoring was carried out over a period of up to 2.5 years in seven monitoring wells. Results showed that for a given well, using the same sampling depth and technique, methane concentrations can vary over time from 2.5 to 6 times relative to the lowest recorded value. Methane isotopic composition, which is a useful tool to distinguish gas origin, was found to be stable for most wells, but varied significantly over time in the two wells where methane concentrations are the lowest. The use of concentration ratios, as well as isotopic composition of methane and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), helped unravel the processes responsible for these variations. This study indicates that both methane concentrations and isotopic composition, as well as DIC isotopes, should be regularly monitored over at least 1 year to establish their potential natural variations prior to hydrocarbon development.

The continuous abstraction of groundwater from Arusha aquifers in northern Tanzania has resulted in a decline in water levels and subsequent yield reduction in most production wells. The situation is threatening sustainability of the aquifers and concise knowledge on the existing groundwater challenge is of utmost importance. To gain such knowledge, stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen, and radiocarbon dating on dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), were employed to establish groundwater mean residence time and recharge mechanism.¹⁴C activity of DIC was measured in groundwater samples and corrected using a δ¹³C mixing method prior to groundwater age dating. The results indicated that groundwater ranging from 1,400 years BP to modern is being abstracted from deeper aquifers that are under intensive development. This implies that the groundwater system is continuously depleted due to over-pumping, as most of the sampled wells and springs revealed recently recharged groundwater. High ¹⁴C activities observed in spring water (98.1 ± 7.9 pMC) correspond with modern groundwater in the study area. The presence of modern groundwater suggests that shallow aquifers are actively recharged and respond positively to seasonal variations.

Groundwater movement through the slope area of Mt. Fuji to the coastal area of Suruga Bay (central Japan) was investigated using spatially dense geochemical data, as a case study for elucidating the groundwater flow system in a stratovolcano adjacent to the coast. Spatial distributions of the hydrogen stable isotope ratio, vanadium concentration, and water temperature in the groundwater showed anomalies at the coastal area of Suruga Bay. The anomalies were characterized as depleted isotope ratio, high vanadium concentration, and low water temperature relative to surroundings. This can be explained as a regional deep groundwater flow from the slope of Mr. Fuji to the coastal area of Suruga Bay because groundwater recharged at higher elevation has a depleted isotope ratio caused by the altitude effect and high vanadium concentration as a result of dissolution from the basaltic aquifer. These characteristics also imply a hierarchical flow system, which is incorporated into a hydrogeological model of the coastal aquifer.

The Caohai Wetland serves as an important ecosystem on the Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau and as a nationally important nature reserve for migratory birds in China. In this study, surface water, groundwater and wetland water were collected for the measurement of environmental isotopes to reveal the seasonal variability of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes (δ¹⁸O, δD), sources of water, and groundwater inflow fluxes. Results showed that surface water and groundwater are of meteoric origin. The isotopes in samples of wetland water were well mixed vertically in seasons of both high-flow (September) and low-flow (April); however, marked seasonal and spatial variations were observed. During the high-flow season, the isotopic composition in surface wetland water varied from −97.13 to −41.73‰ for δD and from −13.17 to −4.70‰ for δ¹⁸O. The composition of stable isotopes in the eastern region of this wetland was lower than in the western region. These may have been influenced by uneven evaporation caused by the distribution of aquatic vegetation. During the low-flow season, δD and δ¹⁸O in the more open water with dead aquatic vegetation ranged from −37.11 to −11.77‰, and from −4.25 to −0.08‰, respectively. This may result from high evaporation rates in this season with the lowest atmospheric humidity. Groundwater fluxes were calculated by mass transfer and isotope mass balance approaches, suggesting that the water sources of the Caohai Wetland were mainly from groundwater in the high-flow season, while the groundwater has a smaller contribution to wetland water during the low-flow season.