Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tuottaa kansainvälisesti vertailtavaa tietoa suomalaisten viljelymaiden hivenalkuaineista. Aineistona käytettiin maanäytteitä, jotka oli kerätty kansallisen seurantaohjelman viimeisimmässä näytteiden keruussa vuonna 1998. Kyseisestä aineistosta valittiin 338 maanäytettä, jotka edustivat tasaisesti koko Suomen viljeltyä aluetta. Kukin näyte oli otettu neljänä osanäytteenä pellon muokkauskerroksesta. Näytteistä analysoitiin arseeni (As), kadmium (Cd), kromi (Cr), kupari (Cu), lyijy (Pb), elohopea (Hg), nikkeli (Ni), seleeni (Se), vanadiini (V) ja sinkki (Zn). Analyysi tehtiin kansainvälisen standardimenetelmän ISO 11466:n mukaisesti käyttäen kuningasvesiuuttoa (aqua regia). Tuloksista laskettiin tärkeimmät tilastolliset parametrit maalajiryhmittäin ja kasvinviljelyvyöhykkeittäin. Hivenalkuaineiden jakautumisesta pitoisuusluokkiin muotoiltiin graafiset esitykset ja pitoisuuksien maantieteellisestä jakaumasta teemakartat. Tutkimus oli osa vuosina 2004 2007 toteutettua, Maa- ja metsätalousministeriön rahoittamaa yhteistutkimushanketta Raskasmetallikuormitusten arviointi ja vähentäminen Suomen maatalousekosysteemeissä . Hankkeen tavoitteena oli ensinnäkin selvittää viljelymaiden raskasmetallipitoisuuksia valtakunnallisesti käyttäen kuningasvesiuuttoa. Toiseksi tutkittiin kasvinviljely- ja maidontuotantotilojen viljelymaan raskasmetallipitoisuuksia kuningasvesiuutteesta ja hapan (pH 4,65) ammoniumasetaatti-EDTA -uutteesta siten, että näytteet otettiin muokkauskerroksesta ja jankosta. Kolmanneksi hankkeessa analysoitiin raskasmetallien tilakohtaisia peltotaseita kasvinviljely- ja maidontuotantotiloilla. | This study was part of a three-year (2004-2007) project entitled Assessment and reduction of heavy metal inputs into Finnish agro-ecosystems that was funded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Finland. The aims of the project were to clarify: 1) aqua regia extractable trace elements in Finnish cultivated soils with the international standard method at a national level; 2) aqua regia and AAAc-EDTA extractable trace elements in the top- and subsoil of Finnish arable land at selected crop and dairy farms; and 3) field mass balances of trace elements on the selected crop and dairy farms at the farm level. The main aim of this study was to produce internationally comparable knowledge on the status of cultivated soils in Finland. From the soil material collected during the latest sampling process under the national monitoring programme in 1998, 338 samples were selected for this investigation. The sampling sites were situated evenly over the whole cultivated area in Finland. Samples taken as four sub-samples from the plough layer were analysed for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn) using aqua regia extraction according to an international standard method (ISO 11466). General statistical indicators of the analytical results of trace element concentrations are presented by soil type groups and by plant cultivation zones. Distributions of the results into the concentration classes are shown graphically and geographical distributions of the trace element concentrations are presented on the thematic maps. | v | ok | Myynti MTT, Tietopalvelut 31600 Jokioinen. Yksikön huom.: MAA, MPL | MPL | Viljelymaiden seurantaohjelma Suomessa Hivenalkuaineiden kokonaispitoisuudet peltomaissa : vuonna 1998

Esta pesquisa foi conduzida em área experimental da Fazenda Capim II, localizada no Município de Capim - PB, com o intuito de determinar a eficiência no uso da água (EUA) pela cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.), cultivar SP 79-1011. O delineamento experimental consistiu em blocos casualizados, com três repetições, em esquema fatorial 5 x 5. Os tratamentos referentes à lâmina de irrigação foram: sequeiro; 25; 50; 75 e 100% da ETc (1.026,57 mm) com as respectivas precipitações efetivas de 780,06; 713,31; 487,54; 243,71 e 194,51 mm; os níveis de zinco estudados foram 0; 1; 2; 3 e 4 kg ha-1. O equipamento de irrigação utilizado foi do tipo pivô central, com turno de rega de nove dias. A eficiência no uso da água (EUA) na produção de colmos e de açúcar aumenta à medida que se eleva a lâmina total de água aplicada à cultura. Para a região norte-paraibana dos tabuleiros costeiros, a EUA na produção de colmo e de açúcar, de forma maximizada, é 7,12 e 0,67 kg m-3, respectivamente.<br>The study was conducted in an experimental area of the Capim II Farm, located in the municipality of Capim - PB, Brazil, with the objective of determining the efficiency in the use of the water (WUE) for the sugarcane crop (Saccharum officinarum L.), cultivar SP 79-1011. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, with three replications in a 5 x 5 factorial design. The irrigation treatments were: rainfed; 25; 50; 75 and 100% of the ETc (1,026.57 mm) with the respective effective precipitations of 780.06; 713.31; 487.54; 243.71 and 194.51 mm. The levels of zinc studied were 0; 1; 2; 3 and 4 kg ha-1. The irrigation equipment used in the study was a central pivot with irrigation frequency of nine days. The water use efficiency (WUE) of sugarcane crop in terms of cane production and of sugar increased with the depth of water applied. For the Coastal Table Lands of northern Paraiba, the maximized WUE for sugarcane and sugar production is 7.12 and 0.67 kg m-3, respectively.

7 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables. | [EN] Sixteen days after the Prestige tanker sank in the Northeast Atlantic (42º11′ N, 12º02′ W), a sampling campaign in the neighbouring water column was carried out in order to evaluate the posibility of zinc contamination due to the oil spill. Samples were taken in the water column (0–190 m) and in bottom waters –in the vicinity of the bow and stern– where the tanker lies (3520–3820 m). Total zinc concentrations found ranged from 14 to 571 nM, which are from one to two orders of magnitude higher than typical concentrations in these waters (0.2–3.2 nM). Therefore, a contamination by this metal, contained in the oil spilt from the tanks of the sunken ship, was detected. Zinc was also found to be a good tracer to detect the presence of fuel in those areas free of patches. | [ES] Dieciséis días después del hundimiento del petrolero Prestige en el Atlántico Noreste (zona 42º11′ N, 12º02′ W) se llevó a cabo una campaña de muestreo en la columna de agua adyacente para evaluar la posible contaminación de zinc debido al fuel derramado al agua. Para ello se tomaron muestras en la columna de agua (0–190 m) y en el fondo marino –en las proximidades de la proa y popa– donde yace el petrolero (3530–3820 m). Las concentraciones totales de zinc obtenidas oscilaron entre 14 y 571 nM, esto es, de uno a dos órdenes de magnitud superiores a las normales en esas aguas (0.2–3.2 nM). Se detecta, pues, una contaminación por este metal contenido en el fuel vertido procedente de los tanques del buque hundido. El zinc resulta, además, un buen trazador para detectar la presencia de fuel en zonas limpias de manchas. | The second author would like to thank the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology for the financial support (FPI grant). | Peer reviewed

Esta pesquisa foi conduzida em área experimental da Fazenda Capim II, localizada no Município de Capim - PB, com o intuito de determinar a eficiência no uso da água (EUA) pela cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum L.), cultivar SP 79-1011. O delineamento experimental consistiu em blocos casualizados, com três repetições, em esquema fatorial 5 x 5. Os tratamentos referentes à lâmina de irrigação foram: sequeiro; 25; 50; 75 e 100% da ETc (1.026,57 mm) com as respectivas precipitações efetivas de 780,06; 713,31; 487,54; 243,71 e 194,51 mm; os níveis de zinco estudados foram 0; 1; 2; 3 e 4 kg ha-1. O equipamento de irrigação utilizado foi do tipo pivô central, com turno de rega de nove dias. A eficiência no uso da água (EUA) na produção de colmos e de açúcar aumenta à medida que se eleva a lâmina total de água aplicada à cultura. Para a região norte-paraibana dos tabuleiros costeiros, a EUA na produção de colmo e de açúcar, de forma maximizada, é 7,12 e 0,67 kg m-3, respectivamente. | The study was conducted in an experimental area of the Capim II Farm, located in the municipality of Capim - PB, Brazil, with the objective of determining the efficiency in the use of the water (WUE) for the sugarcane crop (Saccharum officinarum L.), cultivar SP 79-1011. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, with three replications in a 5 x 5 factorial design. The irrigation treatments were: rainfed; 25; 50; 75 and 100% of the ETc (1,026.57 mm) with the respective effective precipitations of 780.06; 713.31; 487.54; 243.71 and 194.51 mm. The levels of zinc studied were 0; 1; 2; 3 and 4 kg ha-1. The irrigation equipment used in the study was a central pivot with irrigation frequency of nine days. The water use efficiency (WUE) of sugarcane crop in terms of cane production and of sugar increased with the depth of water applied. For the Coastal Table Lands of northern Paraiba, the maximized WUE for sugarcane and sugar production is 7.12 and 0.67 kg m-3, respectively.

This work focuses on the geochemical processes taking place in the acid drainage in the Ribeira da Água Forte, located in the Aljustrel mining area in the Iberian Pyrite Belt. The approach involved water and stream sediment geochemical analyses, as well as other techniques such as sequential extraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Ribeira da Água Forte is a stream that drains the area of the old mine dumps of the Aljustrel mine, which have for decades been a source of acid waters. This stream flows to the north for a little over than 10km, but mixes with a reduced, organic-rich, high pH waste water from the municipal waste water pools of the village. This water input produces two different results in the chemistry of the stream depending upon the season: (i) in the winter season, effective water mixing takes place, and the flux of acid water from the mine dumps is continuous, resulting in the immediate precipitation of the Fe from the acid waters; (ii) during the summer season, acid drainage is interrupted and only the waste water feeds the stream, resulting in the reductive dissolution of Fe hydroxides and hydroxysulfates in the stream sediments, releasing significant quantities of metals into solution. Throughout the year, water pH stays invariably within 4.0–4.5 for several meters downstream of this mixing zone even when the source waters come from the waste water pools, which have a pH around 8.4. The coupled interplay of dissolution and precipitation of the secondary minerals (hydroxides and sulfates), keeps the system pH between 3.9 and 4.5 all along the stream. In particular, evidence suggests that schwertmannite may be precipitating and later decomposing into Fe hydroxides to sustain the stream water pH at those levels. While Fe content decreases by 50% from solution, the most important trace metals are only slightly attenuated before the solution mixes with the Ribeira do Rôxo stream waters. Concentrations of As are the only ones effectively reduced along the flow path. Partitioning of Cu, Zn and Pb in the contaminated sediments also showed different behavior. Specific/non-specific adsorption is relevant for Cu and Zn in the upstream branch of Ribeira da Água Forte with acid drainage conditions, whereas the mixture with the waste water causes that the association of these metals with oxyhydroxide to be more important. Metals bound to oxyhydroxides are on the order of 60–70% for Pb, 50% for Cu and 30–60% for Zn. Organic matter is only marginally important around the waste water input area showing 2–8% Cu bound to this phase. These results also show that, although the mixing process of both acid and organic-rich waters can suppress and briefly mitigate some adverse effects of acid drainage, the continuing discharge of these waste waters into a dry stream promotes the remobilization of metals fixed in the secondary solid phases in the stream bed back into solution, a situation that can hardly be amended back to its original state.

El zinc es un mineral esencial presente de forma natural en la tierra y común en las aguas subterráneas; sin embargo, concentraciones excesivas de zinc pueden ser perjudiciales tanto para la salud humana como para el ecosistema, por lo cual es importante medir los niveles de zinc en el agua para detectar posibles niveles peligrosos y obtener información útil para implementar medidas preventivas. En el presente proyecto de investigación aplicado se generó la adaptación de un método cualitativo de identificación de zinc en aguas a un método cuantitativo mediante una técnica espectrofotométrica, que permitió obtener mediante su validación resultados de aptitud para el uso previsto esto se hace en relación a la necesidad presentada actualmente en el laboratorio Aliscca S.A.S de realizar la implementación de un método analítico para determinar zinc en agua tratada y envasada, se buscó un proceso que sea económico, que genere una mínima cantidad de desechos peligrosos, que sea rápido y que sea confiable, esto con el fin de mejorar y facilitar el proceso y el resultado del análisis apoyado en las múltiples competencias académicas del ingeniero de alimentos egresado de la UNAD, en este tipo de industria que le da la oportunidad de desarrollar la confirmación del método para determinar el zinc en agua, la cual aporta información valiosa para el desarrollo de políticas de gestión de aguas adecuadas, permitiendo salvaguardar a la salud pública y al medio ambiente de los riesgos que trae consigo este metal. Por lo tanto, se procedió a generar un desarrollo del trabajado bajo los objetivos propuestitos en este proyecto aplicado donde se evaluó los costos directos e indirectos de esta metodología, también se abordó el balance de desechos generado por este método frente a los desechos generados por la metodología de referencia con el fin de evaluar aumentos o reducción de desechos. Una vez obtenida esta información mediante un procedimiento de validación definido y orientado según lineamientos del laboratorio Aliscca SAS cuyo sistema de gestión es basado en la norma ISO/IEC 17025 donde mediante el análisis de atributos del método se pudo definir y demostró la aptitud del método para el análisis de zinc cumpliendo los criterios de aceptación o rechazo del método de análisis. | Zinc is an essential mineral naturally present in the earth and commonly found in groundwater. However, excessive concentrations of zinc can be harmful to both human health and the ecosystem. Therefore, it is important to measure zinc levels in water to detect potential dangerous levels and obtain useful information for implementing preventive measures. In this applied research project, the adaptation of a qualitative method for identifying zinc in water to a quantitative method using spectrophotometric techniques was developed. This allowed for the validation of the method's suitability for the intended use. This adaptation was done in response to the current need at Aliscca S.A.S laboratory to implement an analytical method for determining zinc in treated and bottled water. The goal was to find a process that is cost-effective, generates minimal hazardous waste, is fast, and reliable. This aims to improve and facilitate the analysis process and its results, drawing upon the multiple academic competencies of the food engineer graduated from UNAD in this type of industry. The engineer has the opportunity to develop the method confirmation to determine zinc in water, providing valuable information for the development of appropriate water management policies and safeguarding public health and the environment from the risks associated with this metal. Therefore, the development of the work proceeded according to the proposed objectives in this applied project. The direct and indirect costs of this methodology were evaluated, as well as the waste balance generated by this method compared to the waste generated by the reference methodology. This was done to assess increases or reductions in waste. Once this information was obtained through a defined validation procedure, aligned with the guidelines of Aliscca SAS laboratory, whose management system is based on ISO/IEC 17025, the method's aptitude for zinc analysis was defined and demonstrated. The method met the acceptance or rejection criteria for the analysis method by analyzing its attributes.