SUMMARY Chemical elements that affect the quality of water for agricultural use. Water is considered as the "vehicle" that transports the chemical inputs to the plant, therefore its quality is important in order to guarantee, in large part, the success of the applications. The parameters that determine the water quality can be physical, chemical and biological. The chemical properties are related to the content of salts in water and derived parameters, such as electrical conductivity, pH, total dissolved solids, sodium absorption, alkalinity and water hardness. It should be noted that the quality of the crop depends on the type of water used, so it is necessary to perform a water analysis before selecting the site and crop to be developed. In conclusion there are factors that negatively affect the quality of water for agricultural use, therefore we must avoid using contaminated water to irrigate the crops as that affects the crops and also affects human health by consuming the products. In areas where there is soil erosion, water should be used with caution since contamination problems occur. Therefore, it is recommended to raise awareness among the population so as not to contaminate the waters by throwing pollutants into rivers, lakes, and seas. In turn, it is necessary to promote research to deeply study the metals that contaminate water for agricultural use and how it can reduce its presence in bodies of water destined for irrigation. Abstract: Water, Chemical Elements, Cultivation. | RESUMEN Elementos químicos que afectan la calidad del agua para uso agrícola. El agua está considerada como el “vehículo” que transporta los insumos químicos hacia la planta, por lo tanto su calidad es importante a fin de garantizar en gran parte, el éxito de las aplicaciones. Los parámetros que determinan la calidad del agua pueden ser físicos, químicos y biológicos. Las propiedades químicas están referidas al contenido de sales en el agua y parámetros derivados, como la conductibilidad eléctrica, pH, solidos totales disueltos, absorción de sodio, alcalinidad y dureza del agua. Hay que destacar que la calidad del cultivo depende del tipo de agua utilizar, por tanto es necesario realizar un análisis de agua antes de seleccionar el sitio y cultivo a desarrollar. En conclusión existen factores que afectan negativamente en la calidad del agua para uso agrícola, por tanto hay que evitar utilizar agua contaminada para regar los cultivos ya que aquello repercute en las cosechas y además afecta la salud humana al consumir los productos. En los sectores donde hay erosión de suelos, se debe utilizar el agua con precaución ya que se presentan problemas de contaminación. Por lo que se recomienda concientizar a la población para no contaminar las aguas arrojando contaminantes en los ríos, lagos, mares a su vez hay que promover investigaciones para estudiar profundamente los metales que contaminan el agua para uso agrícola y de qué forma se puede disminuir su presencia en cuerpos de agua destinados para el riego. Palabras clave:Agua, Elementos Químicos, Cultivo.

Fil: Wolfenson, Alex. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Hídricas. Santa Fe, Argentina. | Fil: Lanza, Verónica. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Hídricas. Santa Fe, Argentina. | Fil: Palman, Lucas. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Hídricas. Santa Fe, Argentina. | Fil: Imhoff, Matias. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Hídricas. Santa Fe, Argentina. | Fil: Alvarez, Ana. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Hídricas. Santa Fe, Argentina. | Fil: Trento, Alfredo. Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Hídricas. Santa Fe, Argentina.

"El artículo tiene como objetivo cuantificar la cantidad de agua consumida en hoteles de México en el período 2002-215. Se partió de la consideración que el volumen consumido es una función: del número de establecimientos, el total de llegadas de turistas, el tiempo promedio de estadía y las noches de ocupación. Para el cálculo se utilizó la información oficial disponible para dichas variables y se supuso un consumo promedio de 300 litros per cápita por día. Se concluye que el estado de Quintana Roo es la entidad donde se hace un mayor uso consuntivo (23%) del volumen anual, dicha entidad en conjunto con otras cuatro explica el 44.92% del volumen total de agua consumida y el 55.08% es atribuible a los 27 estados restantes."

CARACTERIZAÇÃO MORFOMÉTRICA DA MICROBACIA HIDROGRÁFICA CÓRREGO ÁGUA DO BREJÃO – ANHEMBI, SP   LETÍCIA DURON CURY¹; AMANDA APARECIDA DE LIMA²; ANA CLARA DE BARROS³; THYELLENN LOPES DE SOUZA4; SÉRGIO CAMPOS⁵   Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas (Unesp/FCA), Av. Universitária, nº 3780 - Altos do Paraíso, Botucatu - SP, 18610-034, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]   RESUMO: A análise morfométrica possui como característica diagnosticar mudanças, por meio de parâmetros morfológicos e seus processos, que ocorrem com ou sem interferência das atividades humanas. Com isso, o trabalho teve como objetivo realizar a caracterização morfométrica da microbacia hidrográfica do Córrego Água do Brejão, no município de Anhembi-SP, por meio do levantamento de alguns parâmetros relacionados à dimensão, forma, relevo e drenagem, com a utilização do Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) IDRISI 17.0 Selva, do software CartaLinx e da carta planialtimétrica do IBGE de nome Anhembi, datada de 1991. A partir dos resultados obtidos, foi possível constatar que a microbacia possui área (A) de 1.929 ha e perímetro (P) de 18,60 km. As características relacionadas à forma da microbacia, apontaram um formato ovalado e redondo, o que proporciona uma tendência a enchentes de média à alta. As características do relevo indicaram uma declividade média (D), considerada suave ondulado, proporcionando um menor risco de erosão, pois apresenta baixa velocidade de escoamento superficial. O coeficiente de rugosidade (RN) identificou solos apropriados para agricultura. Para as características relacionadas à drenagem, os valores da densidade de drenagem (Dd), confirmaram o baixo escoamento superficial da microbacia. Dessa forma, a atual situação da microbacia induz em um melhor planejamento em relação à conservação ambiental por meio de um plano de monitoramento.   Palavras-chaves: Morfometria, sistemas de informação geográfica, geoprocessamento, conservação ambiental.    MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF CÓRREGO ÁGUA DO BREJÃO WATERSHED – ANHEMBI/SP   ABSTRACT: Morphometric analysis has the characteristic of diagnosing changes, through morphological parameters and their processes, which occur with or without human activities interferences. The aim of this study was to perform the morphometric characterization of Água do Brejão stream watershed, Anhembi-SP, evaluating some parameters related to size, shape, relief and drainage, using the Geographical Information System (GIS) - IDRISI 17.0 Selva, the CartaLinx software and the IBGE planialtimetric chart named Anhembi, dated 1991. It was possible to verify in the results that the watershed has area (A) of 1,929 ha and perimeter (P) of 18.60 km. Related to the shape of the watershed, indicated an oval and round shape, providing a tendency to medium to high flood. The relief characteristics indicated a medium slope (D), considered smooth undulating, providing a lower risk of erosion, because a lower runoff velocity. The roughness coefficient (RN) identified suitable agriculture soils. For the drainage, values of drainage density (Dd) confirmed the low watershed surface runoff. Thus, the current microbasin situation leads to better planning in relation to environmental conservation through a monitoring plan.   Keywords: Morphometry, geographic information systems, geoprocessing, environmental conservation.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente apresentada à Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro | No cenário atual de grande escassez de água potável, com as alterações climáticas acentuadas e as secas severas que vimos vivendo, é de grande importância a procura de alternativas à forma como obtemos este recurso essencial à vida. Este trabalho visou estudar a viabilidade da reutilização da água residual tratada para rega paisagística, concretamente na rega de campos de golfe. Como caso de estudo, foi analisada a qualidade do efluente da ETAR de Vidago com vista a esta utilização. Os resultados iniciais demonstraram que não seria possível efetuar uma utilização direta dessa água para irrigação com base nos resultados das análises microbiológicas. Procedeu-se então a estudos sobre diferentes metodologias que poderiam melhorar os resultados obtidos, tendo-se posteriormente, efetuado ensaios de ultrafiltração, através da tecnologia membranar CMEM® , obtendo-se um efluente de melhor qualidade, especialmente a nível microbiológico. Este tratamento revelou-se muito interessante, na medida em que apresenta algumas vantagens, relativamente a outros processos e demonstrou ser favorável para atingir os objetivos propostos. Será necessário um programa de ensaios mais extensivo e intensivo a integrar no quadro de um estudo de viabilidade técnico-económica mais completo, por forma a melhor se avaliar a performance desta tipologia de membranas em distintos regimes de caudal e composição do efluente tratado. No entanto os resultados apontam que esta pode ser uma boa alternativa ao uso de água de rede para a rega paisagística. Atualmente, este projeto piloto de ultrafiltração através das tecnologias membranares está em fase de estudo para ser dimensionado ao caudal de afluente da ETAR de Vidago. | In the current scenario of great shortage of drinking water, with the severe climate changes and severe droughts we have seen, it is of great importance to find alternatives to how we obtain this essential resource for life. This work aimed to study the feasibility of reuse of treated wastewater for landscape irrigation, specifically in the irrigation of golf courses. As a case study, the effluent quality of the Vidago WWTP was analyzed with a view to this use. The initial results demonstrated that it would not be possible to make a direct use of this water for irrigation based on the results of microbiological analyzes. We proceeded to study different methodologies that could improve the results obtained, and subsequently carried out ultrafiltration tests through CMEM® membrane technology, obtaining a better-quality effluent, especially at the microbiological level. This treatment has proved to be very interesting in that it has some advantages compared to other processes and has proved to be favorable to achieve the proposed objectives. A more extensive and intensive testing program will be required to be integrated in the framework of a more complete technical-economic feasibility study, in order to better evaluate the performance of this membrane typology at different flow rates and treated effluent composition. However, the results indicate that this can be a good alternative to the use of network water for landscape irrigation. Currently, this pilot project of ultrafiltration through membrane technologies is under study to be dimensioned to the tributary flow of the Vidago WWTP

A graph theory based methodology for design of water network partitioning is proposed. Both multiple and single source networks are considered. In the first case the partition refers to the definition of isolated sectors, each of them supplied by its own sources. The shortest paths from each water source to each network node are found and each network node is assigned to be supplied exclusively by the source with the shortest path distance to it. The pipes to be closed are the edge separators of such partition. In the second case the partitioning problem refers to a division of the network in relatively small district metering areas (DMAs) each of them fed by a single pipe. A hierarchical tree for the graph is constructed using a breadth-first search. A recursive approach is applied on this tree to find the design flow rates in each pipe summing the demand of descendant nodes. Based on these flow rates the nodes belonging to each DMA are found. The pipes to be closed are defined as the chords between branches of the hierarchical tree lying below the feeding pipe. The procedure has been tested on a real medium city all-pipe water distribution network model.

In the last decades there have been some deficits in water deliveries that Mexico must make to the United States under the Water Treaty between the two countries. Population growth and the effects of climate change make possible foresee that the difficulties will increase in the future. This text analyzes the observed changes in rainfall in the basin, and a dynamic model is developed to estimate the effects of climate change on the water balance of the Conchos river basin, which contributes 87% of the amount of water established as Mexicans commitments in the Treaty. The results of three scenarios are shown and the effects on water availability in the basin are exposed. A sensitivity analysis is presented, with the Montecarlo method, regarding the main effects of climate change in the basin. To analyze the effects on irrigation, the main use of water in the basin, a adaptive dynamic model and its results are also presented. Finally, the expected effects on future availability are concluded, and general recommendations are made for adaptation to climate change.

RESUMEN: La contaminación del agua se ha convertido en un desafío global que perjudica la salud física y ambiental de millones de personas. Los recursos hídricos están actualmente amenazados debido al incremento de contaminantes emergentes de origen antropogénico procedentes tanto de sectores industriales como de otro tipo de fuentes contaminantes. Entre estos contaminantes, las sustancias poli- y perfluoroalquílicas (PFASs) son compuestos altamente persistentes que han sido liberados al medio ambiente debido a su amplio uso en numerosas aplicaciones industriales y domésticas desde hace más 50 años. La alta resistencia de los PFASs a los tratamientos de agua convencionales hace necesario desarrollar tecnologías avanzadas capaces de tratar las emisiones de PFASs y aguas contaminadas, con bajo costo y alta eficiencia. Las estrategias fotoquímicas y electroquímicas han surgido como tecnologías prometedoras para la eliminación de PFASs, debido a su capacidad de mineralización de la materia orgánica. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo estudiar la aplicación de diferentes tecnologías electroquímicas y fotoquímicas para la remediación de PFAS en agua. | ABSTRACT: Water pollution is a crucial global challenge that harm physical and environmental health of millions of people. Water resources are currently threatened due to the increased presence of anthropogenic emerging contaminants from industrial and non-industrial sectors. Among these contaminants, poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are persistent compounds that have been extensively released to the environment due to their use in a wide variety of industrial and household applications for more than 50 years. The inherent resistance of PFASs to conventional water treatments makes necessary to develop advanced technologies to deal with PFASs emissions and polluted water, with low-cost and high efficiency. Electrochemical and photochemical strategies have become promising technologies for PFAS removal due to the capability to mineralize organic matter. This thesis aims at the study on the application of different electrochemical and photochemical technologies for the remediation of PFAS in water. | The research described in this thesis was conducted at the Environmental and Bioprocess Technologies (EBT) Research Group in the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Cantabria. This research was financially supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness and the European Regional Development Fund through the projects: CTM2013-44081-R (RETOS-FEDER, UE), “Development of innovative technologies for the treatment of perfluorinated contaminants in water”; and, CTM2016-75509-R (RETOSFEDER, UE), “Advanced strategies for the integration of membranes and electrocatalytic and photocatalytic processes for the elimination of persistent pollutants”. The author of the thesis would also like to express her gratitude to the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness for the FPI postgraduate research grant (BES-2014-071045) and a predoctoral mobility grant for conducting short stays in R&D Centers (EEBB-I-17- 12384). This research stay was developed in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Colorado School of Mines (United States of America) over the period June-September 2017, under the supervision of Professor Timothy J. Strathmann. Due to all of these, a warm thanks towards these institutions is extended.

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo general evaluar de los parámetros de operación de un módulo de ultrafiltración en la obtención de agua potable a partir de agua de rechazo que proviene de un sistema de osmosis inversa. Se ha construido un módulo de ultrafiltración a nivel piloto utilizando un tanque de almacenamiento de 250 L, membrana de ultrafiltración en espiral SpiraSep BM-90 de 0,05 µm de porosidad, lámpara de rayos ultravioleta de 235,7 nm de 30 W para asegurar la desinfección microbiológica y evaluado los parámetros de operación como presión, flujo y concentración de agua de rechazo. Así mismo, se ha cuantificado la turbidez, pH, conductividad, solidos totales disueltos, cloruros, dureza total, bacterias coliformes totales, echerichia coli y bacterias coliformes termotolerantes en el agua producida. Los parámetros de operación más adecuados son: la presión de 3 psi, flujo de 5 L/min. Obteniendo agua producto cuyas características físico químicas se encuentren por debajo de los LMP establecidos según D.S 031-2010 SA y la desinfección de los parámetros microbiológicos fueron excelentes, ya que se eliminó el 100% de los microorganismos presentes al inicio del trabajo de investigación.