Alrededor del mundo se han generado muchas investigaciones con el principio de ayudar a la descontaminación de las aguas residuales segregadas por las industrias de curtiembres de una manera eficiente y económica. Eichhornia crassipes es una planta acuática que tiene una gran problemática debido a que se encuentra en la lista de las 100 especies más exóticas e invasoras del mundo, pero sus cualidades fisiológicas de absorción de metales pesados, hace que sea altamente utilizada por algunos países como fitorremediador. Con este proyecto se quiso analizar la remoción de Cromo por Eichhornia crassipes inoculado con Azospirillum brasiliense. La planta fue inoculada en la zona radicular, a la que posteriormente se le realizo un seguimiento a diario tomando medidas morfométricas, y cambios físicos que tuviera la planta. Para evaluar la remoción de Cromo, E. crassipes fue sembrada en un sistema hidropónico, en dos concentraciones diferentes, 100 y 1000 ppm de dicromato de potasio, la medición se tomó diariamente, mediante un espectrofotómetro en una longitud de onda de 470 nm durante las 96 horas del experimento. E. crassipes tuvo una mayor absorción de Cromo a una concentración de 1000 ppm teniendo un porcentaje de remoción de 26%, en comparación del control qué fue del 20%; para la concentración de 100 ppm de Cromo se pudo evidenciar que el control fue mejor que el tratamiento, teniendo un mayor porcentaje de absorción durante las 24 horas el cual se estimó en 48%. Se estimó que la máxima concentración que puede tolerar E. crassipes, antes que empiecen su proceso de marchitamiento, es de 1000 ppm Cromo a un máximo de 96 horas. | Biólogo | Pregrado | Around the world, a lot of research has been generated with the principle of helping to decontaminate wastewater from tannery industries in an efficient and economical way. Eichhornia crassipes is an aquatic plant that has a great problem because it is on the list of the 100 most exotic and invasive species in the world, but its physiological qualities of absorption of heavy metals, makes it highly used by some countries as a phytoremediator. The aim of this project was to analyze the removal of chromium by Eichhornia crassipes inoculated with Azospirillum brasiliense. The plant was inoculated in the root zone, which was subsequently monitored daily by taking morphometric measurements and physical changes in the plant. To evaluate the removal of chromium, E. crassipes was planted in a hydroponic system, in two different concentrations, 100 and 1000 ppm of potassium dichromate, the measurement was taken daily, using a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 470 nm during the 96 hours of the experiment. E. crassipes had a higher absorption of chromium at a concentration of 1000 ppm having a removal percentage of 26%, compared to the control which was 20%; for the concentration of 100 ppm of chromium it was evident that the control was better than the treatment, having a higher percentage of absorption during the 24 hours which was estimated at 48%. It was estimated that the maximum concentration that E. crassipes can tolerate before the wilting process begins is 1000 ppm Chromium for a maximum of 96 hours.

The objective was to evaluate the percentage of water absorption and wetting in three soil types. It was used as experimental material to Acrylamide Polymer Potassium (PAP) and three floors of sand, loam and clay type. The amount of water (mL) and time (minutes) which absorbs 1g of PAP was measured. In addition, the wetting of PAP for each soil type by placing 1 g dry soil was evaluated previously soil moisture was measured before and after placing the PAP. The results indicate that the hydrogel absorbed per gram PAP about 103 mL, this absorption is increasing function of time reached, after this time turning point at 60 min the increase is not significant. It wetting had a variable increase depending on the type of soil, being 14.7, 17.4 and 14.5% for sand, loam and clay soils respectively. This wetting is obtained after about an hour. In saturated soil gels remain unchanged. However in a dry soil, the gels gives the contained water to the ground becoming part of the soil`s water. | El objetivo fue evaluar el porcentaje de absorción de agua y su humedecimiento en tres tipos de suelo. Se utilizó como material experimental al Polímero de Acrilamina de Potasio (PAP) y tres suelos de tipo arenoso, limoso y arcilloso. Se midió la cantidad de agua (mL) y el tiempo (minutos) que absorbe 1 g de PAP. Además, se evaluó el humedecimiento de PAP para cada tipo de suelo colocando 1 g en suelo seco, previamente se midió la humedad del suelo antes y después de colocar el PAP. Los resultados indican que el hidrogel PAP absorbe por cada gramo alrededor de 103 mL, dicha absorción va en aumenta en función del tiempo llegado a un punto de inflexión a los 60 min, posterior a este tiempo el aumento no es significativo. El humedecimiento tuvo un aumento variable en función del tipo de suelo, siendo 14,7, 17,4 y 14,5% para los suelos arenoso, limoso y arcilloso respectivamente. Este humedecimiento se obtiene después de alrededor de una hora. En suelo saturado los geles permanecen sin modificaciones. En cambio en un suelo seco, los geles ceden el agua contenida al suelo, pasando a ser parte del contenido de agua del suelo.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito da granulometria e da embalagem na sorção de água pelo café torrado e moído. Foram utilizados grãos de café arábica com teor de água inicial de 0,1234 kga kgms -1, torrados no ponto de torra médio, com perda de massa de 17%, tendo sido estabelecido quatro níveis granulométricos: grão inteiro, grossa, média e fina. Para a obtenção das isotermas de sorção da água e das propriedades termodinâmicas, foram analisadas diferentes condições de temperatura e umidade relativa, variando entre 25 e 30 °C e de 0,3 a 0,8 (decimal), respectivamente. Para a etapa de armazenamento, o café torrado e moído, nos diferentes níveis granulométricos especificados a cima, foram acondicionados em embalagens de dois diferentes tipos de filmes: PEBD/PP (embalagem 1) e PET/BOPP metalizado (embalagem 2) e armazenados em câmara tipo BOD a 25 °C. A cada 30 dias eram feitas as seguintes análises: teor de água, atividade de água, massa específica unitária, avaliação da cor e análise sensorial. O modelo de Copace foi o que melhor representou o equilíbrio higroscópico para a sorção do café torrado, nos diferentes níveis granulométricos; o teor de água de equilíbrio do café torrado é diretamente proporcional à umidade relativa do ar ambiente e decresce com o aumento de temperatura para um valor de umidade relativa; com a redução do teor de água, ocorre aumento da energia liberada pela sorção da água no produto, representada pelos valores do calor isostérico integral de sorção; com a redução do teor de água, ocorre aumento dos valores da entropia diferencial de sorção, sendo que, para um mesmo teor de água, a entropia diferencial do café torrado no nível granulométrico fina foi maior que do no nível média e grossa, respectivamente, devido à maior superfície específica; a teoria da compensação entalpia-entropia pode ser satisfatoriamente aplicada ao fenômeno de sorção, sendo controlado pela entalpia; os tipos de filmes utilizado na composição do material das embalagens não afetaram a qualidade final do café torrado nos diferentes níveis granulométricos; o teor de água do café torrado nos diferentes níveis granulométricos e dois tipos de embalagens não ultrapassou os limites estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira; a atividade de água do café torrado nos diferentes níveis granulométricos aumentou ao longo do armazenamento na embalagem 1, e na embalagem 2, ela diminuiu pela presença de válvula; a massa específica unitária não foi sensível ao aumento do teor de água do café torrado; o café torrado escureceu ao longo do armazenamento; o café torrado e moído nos diferentes níveis granulométricos e armazenado em dois tipos de embalagens enquadra-se na categoria gourmet, mantendo as características positivas de acidez, doçura e corpo. | The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of granulometry and types of packaging on the water sorption by roasted and ground coffee. Arabica coffee grains were utilized with an initial water content of 0.1234 kgw kgdm -1, roasted until the medium roast point, with a weight loss of 17%, in wich four granulometric levels were established: whole grains and thick, medium and thin granulometries. To obtain the water sorption isotherms and the thermodynamic properties, different conditions of temperature and relative humidity were analyzed, ranging between 25 to 30 °C and 0,3 to 0,8 (decimal), respectively. In the storage stage, roasted and ground coffee in the above specified granulometries were packaged with two different types of films: LDPE/PP (Package 1) and PET/metalized BOPP (Package 2), and stored in a BOD chamber at 25 °C. Every 30 days, were performed the following analysis: moisture content, water activity, unitary density, color evaluation and sensorial analysis. Copace model was the one that better represented the hygroscopic equilibrium for sorption in roasted coffee, for all granulometric levels; the equilibrium moisture content of roasted coffee is directly proportional to the relative humidity of ambient air and decreases when increasing the temperature for a relative humidity value; with the reduction in moisture content, the energy released by product water adsorption increases, represented by integral isosteric heat of sorption values; by reducing the moisture content, values of differential entropy of adsorption increase, and for the same moisture content, the differential entropy for roasted coffee in thin granulometry was higher than for the coffee in medium and thick granulometry, due to a higher specific surface; the theory of enthalpy-entropy compensation can be satisfactorily applied to the sorption phenomenon, being controlled by enthalpy. The types of films used in the composition of packaging material did not affect the final quality of roasted coffee for all granulometric levels; the moisture content of roasted coffee did not exceed the limits established by Brazilian legislation for all granulometric levels and both types of packaging; the water activity for roasted coffee in all granulometric levels increased during storage in package 1, and in the package 2 it decreased due to the presence of a valve; the unitary density was not sensitive to the increase in roasted coffee moisture content; the roasted coffee became darker during storage; the roasted and ground coffee stored in two types of packaging with different granulometries fits into gourmet category, keeping the positive characteristics of acidity, sweetness and body. | Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

This study was conducted to produce water-soluble polysaccharide extracts (WSP) from perilla seed meal (PSM), a by-product of perilla seed oil extraction, using enzymatic hydrolysis. The aim was to confirm the potential of this method to obtain functional materials from PSM. The cellulose and hemicellulose fractions from PSM were hydrolyzed using Celluclast 1.5 L and Viscozyme L, respectively. The yield of WSP from both fractions increased with an increase in hydrolysis time. Physical properties of WSP, including solubility, oil-holding capacity, and emulsification properties, were increased by enzymatic hydrolysis. WSP produced by hydrolysis had greater antioxidant activity than WSP obtained without hydrolysis; the highest activity was observed after a hydrolysis reaction of 24 h. WSP retarded glucose and bile acid absorption. The data indicate that WSP from PSM have potentially valuable functional and biological activities.

RESUMEN: En esta investigación experimental se evaluó la influencia de algunas variables fisicoquímicas de sedimentos procedentes del embalse Riogrande II y de la interfase agua-sedimento en la transferencia de Clorpirifos y TCP. El análisis de clorpirifos y TCP en sedimentos y agua se realizó por extracción en fase sólida. Las muestras fueron detectadas por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (Trace GC Ultra MS 2030 - Thermo Scientific). Se evidenció una fuerte adsorción de ambos compuestos en los sedimentos, dado el alto contenido de arcillas y de carbono orgánico, lo cual limitó su movilidad hacia la interfase. La interfase agua-sedimento se caracterizó por una condición de hipoxia durante toda la fase experimental, mientras que la conductividad eléctrica aumento en el tiempo. Se determinó que un pH neutro o ligeramente alcalino favoreció el aumento de la concentración de clorpirifos en la interfase agua-sedimento, lo cual sugiere un incremento de su transferencia desde el sedimento a la interfase, mientras que un pH ligeramente ácido favorece la transformación del compuesto parental en el sedimento | ABSTRACT: By this experimental research influence of some physical-chemical variables of sediments coming from “Riogrande II” Reservoir and water-sediment interface on the transfer of Chlorpyrifos and TCP has been evaluated. The analysis of Chlorpyrifos and TCP in sediments and water was performed by extraction in solid phase. Samples were detected by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (Trace GC Ultra MS 2030-Thermo Scientific). There were evidences of a strong adsorption of both compounds in sediments given the elevated content of clays and organic carbon, which limited their mobility towards the interface. The water-sediment interface was characterized by a condition of hypoxia during the entire experimental phase, while electrical conductivity increased through time. It was determined that a neutral pH or a slightly alkaline pH caused an increase of chlorphyrifos concentration in the water-sediment interface, which suggests a transfer increase from the sediment to the interface, while a slightly acid pH caused the transformation of parental compound in the sediment. | COL0009832

Concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and ultraviolet/visible light absorbance decrease systematically as groundwater moves through the unsaturated zones overlying aquifers and along flowpaths within aquifers. These changes occur over distances of tens of meters (m) implying rapid removal kinetics of the chromophoric DOM that imparts color to groundwater. A one-compartment input-output model was used to derive a differential equation describing the removal of DOM from the dissolved phase due to the combined effects of biodegradation and sorption. The general solution to the equation was parameterized using a 2-year record of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration changes in groundwater at a long-term observation well. Estimated rates of DOC loss were rapid and ranged from 0.093 to 0.21 micromoles per liter per day (μM d⁻¹), and rate constants for DOC removal ranged from 0.0021 to 0.011 per day (d⁻¹). Applying these removal rate constants to an advective-dispersion model illustrates substantial depletion of DOC over flow-path distances of 200 m or less and in timeframes of 2 years or less. These results explain the low to moderate DOC concentrations (20–75 μM; 0.26–1 mg L⁻¹) and ultraviolet absorption coefficient values (a ₂₅₄ < 5 m⁻¹) observed in groundwater produced from 59 wells tapping eight different aquifer systems of the United States. The nearly uniform optical clarity of groundwater, therefore, results from similarly rapid DOM-removal kinetics exhibited by geologically and hydrologically dissimilar aquifers.