Aquaculture is a important activity for the global supply of animal protein, which has growing in recent years. Even with favorable conditions for the development of this activity, Brazil is not among the main producers countries. In Rio Grande do Sul, fish farming is not among the main productive activities. Thus, this study aimed to present the profile of fish farmers in the studied counties, characterize the activity of the fish farming production, technical assistance and management carried out by fish farmers, to point out the types of marketing channels used by fish farmers to commercialize fish in the region and to identify the strategies used by fish farmers in the question of commercialization. The research was carried out in the Northwest Mesoregion of the state, as this is the most prominent in the activity, and where the main fish producing counties of the state are located. Data collection took place from January to March 2020, were used data from 64 fish farmers, for convenience and using an interview script. The results showed that fish farming in the region has been developed mainly in small properties as an alternative income, the production systems have been varied, with carp being the main specie produced. The main marketing channels identified were intermediaries and slaughterhouses, with local marketing being little used and the main difficulty faced was related to the payment of production. Thus, it is concluded that in this region the activity of fish farming has been developed as a source of alternative income in small rural properties. In addition, intermediaries and slaughterhouses play a fundamental role in the production flow. | A aquicultura é uma atividade importante para o suprimento global de proteína animal, que vem crescendo nos últimos anos. Mesmo com condições favoráveis para o desenvolvimento desta atividade, o Brasil não se encontra entre os principais países produtores. No Rio Grande do Sul, a piscicultura não está entre as principais atividades produtivas. Desta forma, neste trabalho objetivou-se apresentar o perfil dos piscicultores dos municípios estudados, caracterizar a atividade da piscicultura quanto a produção, assistência técnica e gestão realizada pelo piscicultor, apontar os tipos de canais de comercialização utilizados pelos piscicultores para a comercialização do pescado na região e identificar as estratégias utilizados pelos piscicultores na questão da comercialização. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Mesorregião Noroeste do estado, por ser esta a de maior destaque na atividade, e onde estão localizados os principais municípios produtores de peixes do estado. A coleta de dados ocorreu de Janeiro a Março de 2020, foram utilizados dados de 64 propriedades, por conveniência e com a utilização de um roteiro de entrevista. Os resultados demonstraram que a piscicultura na região tem sido desenvolvida principalmente nas pequenas propriedades como renda alternativa, os sistemas produtivos têm sido variados, sendo as carpas as principais espécies produzidas. Os principais canais de comercialização identificados foram os intermediários e os frigoríficos, sendo a comercialização local pouco utilizada e a principal dificuldade enfrentada estava relacionada ao pagamento da produção. Assim, conclui-se que nesta região a atividade da piscicultura tem sido desenvolvida como fonte de renda alternativa em pequenas propriedades rurais. Além disso, os intermediários e os frigoríficos tem papel fundamental no escoamento da produção.

Overexploitation of groundwater resources in Sana’a Basin, Yemen, is causing severe water shortages associated water quality degradation. Groundwater abstraction is five times higher than natural recharge and the water-level decline is about 4–8 m/year. About 90 % of the groundwater resource is used for agricultural activities. The situation is further aggravated by the absence of a proper water-management approach for the Basin. Water scarcity in the Wadi As-Ssirr catchment, the study area, is the most severe and this area has the highest well density (average 6.8 wells/km²) compared with other wadi catchments. A local scheme of groundwater abstraction redistribution is proposed, involving the retirement of a substantial number of wells. The scheme encourages participation of the local community via collective actions to reduce the groundwater overexploitation, and ultimately leads to a locally acceptable, manageable groundwater abstraction pattern. The proposed method suggests using 587 wells rather than 1,359, thus reducing the well density to 2.9 wells/km². Three scenarios are suggested, involving different reductions to the well yields and/or the number of pumping hours for both dry and wet seasons. The third scenario is selected as a first trial for the communities to action; the resulting predicted reduction, by 2,371,999 m³, is about 6 % of the estimated annual demand. Initially, the groundwater abstraction volume should not be changed significantly until there are protective measures in place, such as improved irrigation efficiency, with the aim of increasing the income of farmers and reducing water use.

This report presents the World Bank Group's experience in climate and disaster resilient development and contends that it is essential to eliminate extreme poverty and achieve shared prosperity by 2030. The report argues for closer collaboration between the climate resilience and disaster risk management communities through the incorporation of climate and disaster resilience into broader development processes. Selected case studies are used to illustrate promising approaches, lessons learned, and remaining challenges all in contribution to the loss and damage discussions under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The introduction provides an overview of the UNFCCC and also introduces key concepts and definitions relevant to climate and disaster resilient development. Section two describes the impacts of globally increasing weather-related disasters in recent decades. Section three summarizes how the World Bank Group's goals to end extreme poverty and boost shared prosperity are expected to be affected by rising disaster losses in a changing climate. Section four discusses the issue of attribution in weather-related disasters, and the additional start-up costs involved in climate and disaster resilient development. Section five builds upon the processes and instruments developed by the climate resilience and the disaster risk management communities of practice to provide some early lessons learned in this increasingly merging field. Section six highlights case studies and emerging good practices in climate and disaster resilient development. Section seven concludes the report, summarizing key lessons learned and identifying potential gaps and avenues for future work. | En el informe “Crear resiliencia mediante la integración de los riesgos climáticos y de desastre en el proceso de desarrollo” se muestra por qué es esencial desarrollar la resiliencia al clima para poder alcanzar los objetivos del Grupo del Banco Mundial de poner fin a la pobreza extrema y promover la prosperidad compartida. En este resumen ejecutivo se hace un llamado a la comunidad internacional del desarrollo a trabajar en diversas disciplinas y sectores con el propósito de generar una mayor resiliencia de largo plazo, reducir los riesgos y evitar mayores costos en el futuro. Se hace hincapié en la necesidad de crear instituciones y dotarlas de los medios para emprender la continua labor que se requiere para lograr un desarrollo en que se tenga en cuenta la resiliencia al clima y a los desastres. Al destacar las mejores prácticas, el informe muestra cómo los instrumentos financieros y los programas de intervención, sumados a la experiencia y conocimientos especializados en preparación para casos de desastre adquiridos durante décadas, están ayudando a las naciones a prepararse para un mundo más expuesto a los cambios. Asimismo, en el informe se reconoce que un desarrollo con tales características tiene costos iniciales adicionales, que se amortizan en el largo plazo si se actúa correctamente. En este contexto, el informe propugna una colaboración más estrecha entre las comunidades responsables de crear resiliencia al clima y las encargadas de administrar los riesgos de desastre, y la incorporación de la resiliencia al clima y a los desastres en los procesos de desarrollo en sentido más amplio. Presenta estudios de casos seleccionados para mostrar algunos enfoques promisorios, las lecciones aprendidas y los desafíos que aún existen. | Le présent rapport explique pourquoi le renforcement de la résistance aux chocs climatiques est une condition essentielle à la réalisation des objectifs du Groupe de la Banque mondiale — mettre fin à la pauvreté extrême et promouvoir une prospérité partagée — et pourquoi il devrait constituer la clé de voûte du programme mondial de développement. À défaut d’aider les pays, les régions et les villes pauvres et vulnérables à se préparer et à s’adapter aux risques climatiques actuels et futurs, nous risquons de mettre en péril des décennies d’acquis du développement. Nous espérons que ce rapport, en s’appuyant sur l’expérience de la Banque mondiale en matière de résistance aux chocs climatiques et de préparation aux catastrophes naturelles, contribuera utilement au débat international en cours sur les moyens de lutte contre les pertes et les dommages occasionnés par le changement climatique. Le rapport reconnaît cependant qu’un tel développement exige au départ des financements supplémentaires qui s’avéreront rentables à long terme si les choses sont faites correctement. Dans ce contexte, le rapport préconise un renforcement de la collaboration entre les collectivités engagées dans l’application de mesures de résistance aux chocs climatiques et de gestion des risques de catastrophe, ainsi que l’intégration de ces mesures dans le cadre plus large de leurs processus de développement. Le rapport s’appuie sur diverses études de cas pour illustrer les démarches prometteuses, les enseignements tirés de l’expérience et les difficultés qui restent à surmonter. Le rapport entend contribuer au débat engagé dans le cadre de la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques au sujet des pertes et des préjudices liés aux effets néfastes des changements climatiques. Il s’adresse principalement aux professionnels du développement et aux décideurs nationaux qui doivent composer avec le défi posé par une aggravation possible des catastrophes causées par l’évolution graduelle des conditions climatiques moyennes et extrêmes.