Table olive processing water (TOPW) contains many complex substances, such as phenols, which could be valorized as a substrate for microalgae biomass culture. The aim of this study was to assess the capability of Nannochloropsis gaditana to grow in TOPW at different concentrations (10- 80%) in order to valorize this processing water. Within this range, the highest increment of biomass was determined at percentage of 40% of TOPW, reaching an increment of 0.36 ± 0.05 mg volatile suspended solids (VSS)/L. Components of algal biomass were similar for the experiments at 10-40% of TOPW, where proteins were the major compounds (56-74%). Total phenols were retained in the microalgae biomass (0.020 ± 0.002 g of total phenols/g VSS). Experiments for 80% of TOPW resulted in a low production of microalgae biomass. High organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and phenol removal were achieved in all TOPW concentrations. Although high-value products, such as proteins, were obtained and high removal efficiencies of nutrients were determined, microalgae biomass culture should be enhanced to become a suitable integral processing water treatment. | El agua resultante del proceso de elaboración de la aceituna de mesa (TOPW) presenta un elevado contenido en sustancias complejas, como fenoles, que podría permitir su uso como sustrato para el cultivo de microalgas. El objetivo de este estudio se centra en evaluar la capacidad de crecimiento de Nannochloropsis gaditana en TOPW a distintas concentraciones (10-80%) con vistas a la valorización de estas aguas. El mayor incremento de biomasa se obtuvo para un porcentaje del 40% de TOPW, alcanzando un aumento de 0.36 ± 0.50 mg sólidos en suspensión volátiles (SSV)/L. Los componentes presentes en la biomasa han sido similares para los experimentos con 10-40% de TOPW, siendo las proteínas los compuestos mayoritarios en todos los casos (56-74%). Los fenoles totales quedaron retenidos en las microalgas, alcanzando una concentración media de 0.020 ± 0.002 g fenoles totales/g SSV. En los experimentos con 80% de TOPW se obtuvieron producciones bajas de microalgas. Las eficiencias de eliminación de materia orgánica, nitrógeno, fósforo y fenoles fueron elevadas para las diferentes concentraciones estudiadas de TOPW. Aunque se ha obtenido una elevada producción de compuestos de interés y altas eficiencias de eliminación de nutrientes, el cultivo de microalgas debería mejorarse para llegar a ser un sistema integral válido para el tratamiento de TOPW.

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El salvado de trigo es un residuo valorizable debido a que presenta un alto contenido en compuestos fenólicos y una fracción proteica rica en albúminas, prolaminas y glutelinas. El objetivo del trabajo fue estudiar la recuperación de las fracciones polifenólica y proteica del salvado de trigo utilizando como agentes de extracción distintos biocatalizadores enzimáticos y diferentes mezclas etanol-agua, así como analizar el efecto de la temperatura y del contacto ultrasónico en su liberación a la fase extracto. Finalmente, se realizó un estudio comparativo de identificación y cuantificación de los principales tipos de compuestos polifenólicos extraídos y del perfil de aminoácidos de la fracción proteica recuperada en las diferentes condiciones de extracción utilizadas. | This final degree project shows the experimental results of the recovery of bioactive substances from wheat bran using enzyme biocatalysts and ethanol-water mixtures as extraction agents. Wheat bran (WB) was selected because it is an abundant by-product of wheat flour processing, containing 13-19% high quality proteins with a wide variety of biological functions and 4-8% polyphenolic compounds with antioxidant and anti-tumour activity. Ultrasound-assisted extraction and bath extraction were employed as the extraction techniques. The enzyme biocatalyst was cellulose and a binary mixture of xylanase (40%) and protease (60%). Ethanol-water solutions were mixtures from 0 wt.% to 100 wt.% ethanol. Different extraction tests were carried out in order to analyse the effect of extraction agent and extraction technique on the recovery degree of the polyphenolic and protein fractions from leaf WB, granulated WB and powdered WB. The extraction results were quite similar, with minor differences, for the three types of WB examined. A faster recovery of polyphenols was obtained by ultrasonic-assisted extraction, compared to bath extraction for all WB and extraction agents. The best recovery of the polyphenolic and protein fractions was obtained by using the xylanase-protease mixture. Gallic acid and ferulic acid have been identified as the main phenolic compounds in WB extracts, with the identification of vanillinic acid and syringic aldehyde in all extracts from powdered WB. In addition, the protein recovery was similar in the three WB types, with high proportion of essential amino acids. This amino acid results have confirmed the high food quality of recovered proteins. It can be concluded that the effect of cellulase enzyme and ethanol did not improve the recovery of the polyphenolic and protein fractions in either case. However, ethyl ferulate was the main polyphenolic compound in all ethanol-water WB extracts.

Se estudió el efecto de la adición de sal, disulfito de sodio y el b-mercaptoetanol sobre el proceso de fraccionamiento húmedo de las proteínas del buchón de agua. Los resultados muestran que la coagulación de las proteínas en forma de un concentrado protéico se logra mediante una acción conjunta del efecto salino y reductor que ejercen los compuestos adicionados al agua que se utiliza como medio de extracción. Los mejores valores de extracción y coagulación se obtuvieron mezclando el material vegetal y el agua con 0.2 g/l (0.001 M) de disulfito de sodio en una relación de 1:1 y adicionando ácido clorhídrico hasta pH 3.0 al extracto obtenido. La metodología final para la preparación del CPI (concentrado protéico integral) de buchón de agua incluye el lavado del producto final con agua acidificada.

Orientador : Prof. Dr. Júlio Cesar de Carvalho | Coorientador : Prof. Dr. Carlos Ricardo Soccol | Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Tecnologia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Bioprocessos e Biotecnologia. Defesa: Curitiba, 28/08/2017 | Inclui referências : f.76-85 | Resumo: Como parte da bioprospecção de microalgas com potencial biotecnológico, foram isoladas 31 culturas unialgais, das quais 20 linhagens (consideradas com maior crescimento) foram avaliadas, quanto as características físicas (tamanho, biovolume, eficiência de sedimentação em 4 horas, facilidade de rompimento de 50% das células), químicas (teor lipídico, proteico, carboidratos, carotenoides e cinzas) e parâmetros de crescimento (velocidade especifica de crescimento, produtividade, produção de biomassa). Adicionalmente, para estimular a produção de lipídeos as microalgas foram submetidas a estresse por intensidade luminosa O A (87,5 gmolm s ) , estresse salino (3% NaCl p/v) e limitação de nitrogênio (10% do nitrato presente no cultivo sem estresse). Os resultados mostram que as microalgas isoladas, quando submetidas a condições de aumento de intensidade luminosa e limitação de nitrogênio, alem de apresentar teor lipídico superior a 20%, aumentaram sua velocidade de crescimento. As linhagens MPF02, BPF01, DLMN01, FPA01 e JPF01, apresentaram características promissoras como linhagens lipídicas. Todas as linhagens isoladas apresentaram potencial como microalgas proteicas, porem, a linhagem NPA01 apresentou 63,8% de proteína, seguida por BPF05 e BPF03 como cepas promissoras proteicas. Microalgas alto conteúdo de carboidratos foram JPF01 e MPF01 com 33,6 e 31,0%. As linhagens destacadas por seu conteúdo de carotenoides são FPA01 e JPF01. As condições de estresse por intensidade luminosa e limitação de nitrogênio testadas não representam estresse celular para as linhagens testadas, e sim, uma estimulação para o crescimento. As microalgas FPA01, JPF01, BPF03 apresentaram versatilidade por que apresentaram potencial em vários parâmetros químicos avaliados e os mais altos parâmetros de crescimento. Já o isolado NPA01 foi promissor para a produção de proteínas comparável com cepas comerciais usadas para este fim. Os parâmetros físicos das linhagens permitem direcionar a procura de linhagens de interesse biotecnológico. | Abstract: As a part of the bioprospection of microalgae with biotechnological potential, 31 unialgal cultures were isolated, 20 of which (considered to present the highest growth) were evaluated for physical characteristics (size, biovolume, sedimentation efficiency at 4 hours, pressure for disruption of 50% of the cells), chemical (lipid content, protein, carbohydrates, carotenoids ash) and growth parameters (specific growth rate, productivity, biomass production). In addition, to stimulate lipid oy production, microalgae were subjected to stress by light intensity (87.5 ^molm sA '), saline stress (3% NaCl w/v) and nitrogen limitation (10% of the nitrate used in the stress-free culture). The results show that when subjected to increased light intensity and nitrogen limitation, the isolates presented a lipid content higher tha 20% and increased growth rate. The MPF02, BPF01, DLMN01, FPA01 and JPF01 strains showed promising characteristics as lipidic strains. All isolated strains showed potential as proteic microalgae, however, the strain NPA01 was best with 63.8% protein, followed by BPF05 and BPF03, also promising proteic strains. Microalgae with high carbohydrate contents were JPF01 and MPF01 with 33.6 and 31.0%, respectively. The strains highlighted by their carotenoid content are FPA01 and JPF01. The stress conditions tested - higher light intensity and nitrogen limitation - did not stressed the tested strains, but rather stimulated the growth and production of lipids. The microalgae FPA01, JPF01, BPF03 are versatile because they presented potential in several parameters evaluated and the highest growth rates. The strain NPA01 may be promising for the production of proteins, comparable to commercial strains used for this purpose. The physical parameters of the strains allow to direct the choice of strains of biotechnological interest.