Deficit irrigation is an optimum technique for producing products under drought stress conditions. The superabsorbent hydrogel is a hydrophilic polymer with cross-linked 3-D hydrophilic nets that can absorb and retain effective amounts of water and aquatic liquids. The objective of this study was to assess the superabsorbent polymer effect on water use efficiency (WUE) and grain yield of Vigna unguiculata L. under drought stress conditions. The experimental treatments included: Treatment I1S0, including 100% ETc demand as irrigation amount and with 0.0 g SAP (I1:100%; S0: without SAP); treatment I2S1, including 75% ETc demand as irrigation amount and with 7.0 g Super-AB-A300 polymer for plant (I2: 75%; S1: 7 g SAP); treatment I3S2, including 55% ETc demand as irrigation amount and with 14.0 g Super-AB-A300 polymer for plant (I3: 55%; S2: 14 g SAP). A drip irrigation system performed irrigation. According to the results, the soil treated with superabsorbent polymer, in mild deficit irrigation treatment (I2S1), made it possible to obtain the same grain yield as the complete irrigation treatment (I1S0) and there was no significant difference between them. Besides, IWUE was conversely depended on the entire water requirement all along the growing cycle, and for higher IWUE, the water would be decreased under the irrigation demand for the maximum grain yield. Thus, the mix of mild deficit irrigation and superabsorbent polymer (I2S1), that leads to increase the plant water productivity (AWP), was an acceptable policy to optimize cowpea grain yield and water utilization.

El "status" hidrico en eco-agrosistemas es de gran importancia para un manejo sustentable. Entre las tecnologias para monitorear el agua del suelo las basadas en procesos nucleares juegan un papel importante, debido principalmente a la propiedad de penetrar en el material bajo estudio sin causar interferencia importante. Se discute el uso de sondas de neutrones y de rayos gamma para la determinacion de la propiedad del suelo de retener y transmitir agua, y lograr establecer balances hidricos del suelo, y para la caracterizacion de las particulas del suelo y su arreglo como un medio poroso. Esto se hace principalmente analizando la investigacion llevada a cabo en Latinoamerica

This study has been motivated by attempts to manage optimally the root zone of agricultural soils as well as by concerns about soil and groundwater pollution. A finite difference model to solve the one-dimensional water transfer equation is presented. The results obtained with this numerical model were compared with those calculated using an analytical solution, which considers a constant flow at the soil surface, and with those obtained using an optimum solution proposed in this study, in which a constant soil water content is considered to occur at the soil surface. Furthermore, a numerical scheme to solve the convection-dispersion equation is presented so as to simulate the transport of solute that does not interact with the soil particles. The numerical solution used to describe water and solute transport is also compared with experimental results reported by others authors. It was found that the simulate results obtained by the numerical solution generally are in good agreement with those using the approaches referred in this study, and with the experimental data utilized. Therefore, this numerical solution can be used for practical purposes. | El presente estudio fue motivado por la importancia que revisten las transferencias de agua y de sustancias quimicas en las capas superficiales del suelo en relacion con el manejo de los suelos agricolas y la contaminacion del suelo y del agua subterranea. Se presenta un modelo en diferencias finitas para la solucion de la ecuacion unidimensional de transferencia de agua en el suelo. Los resultados de la simulacion numerica se comparan con los de una solucion analitica para el caso de un flujo constante en la superficie del suelo y con los de una solucion optimal propuesta en este trabajo para el caso de una humedad constante en la superficie del suelo. Se presenta tambien una solucion numerica de la ecuacion de conveccion-dispersion para describir el transporte de los solutos que no interactuan con las particulas del suelo. Los resultados de la simulacion numerica para el transporte de agua y solutos se comparan con resultados experimentales de otros autores. En general, los resultados obtenidos con la simulacion numerica estan en buen acuerdo con los obtenidos mediante las soluciones referidas y con los resultados experimentales utilizados. Por lo tanto, esta solucion numerica puede ser usada para propositos practicos.

Capacitance methods and Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) rely on the permittivity differences of water compared to that of the solid phase of soil (75 vs. 5), in order to estimate the water content in the vadose zone. Water in soil is stored in pores of variable geometry (cylindrical, spherical, ellipsoidal, etc.) or it is adsorbed on the surface of mineral particles of different shape and rugosity. The geometrical effects that a saturated porous medium exerts on the permittivity of the liquid phase are known, but these have been poorly studied in soil. In this paper a simple method, based on weighted averages of the permittivity, is presented, that allows including geometrical effects on the computation of the dielectric constant of water. The model permits taking into account regular geometries such as spheres or cylinders. It is shown, for example, that the permittivity of water adsorbed in spherical pores is reduced 25% compared to the theoretical value obtained assuming a planar disposition (55 vs. 73). The model is generalized to ellipsoidal geometries, which would allow us the inclusion of complex geometrical effects in the estimation of the water content in the soil. | Métodos capacitivos y de reflectometría (TDR) hacen uso de las diferencias en permitividad del agua con respecto a la fase sólida del suelo (75 frente a 5) para estimar el contenido de humedad en la zona no saturada. El agua en el suelo se encuentra alojada en poros de geometría diversa (cilíndrica, esférica, elipsoidal, etc.) o adsorbida sobre la superficie de partículas minerales de formas y rugosidad variadas. Los efectos que la geometría de un medio poroso saturado infringe sobre la permitividad de la fase líquida son conocidos, aunque poco estudiados en el caso del suelo. En este trabajo se presenta un método sencillo, basado en medias ponderadas de la permitividad, que permite incluir efectos geométricos en el cálculo de la constante dieléctrica del agua. El modelo permite dar cuenta de geometrías regulares tales como esferas y cilindros. Se demuestra, por ejemplo, que la permitividad del agua adsorbida en poros esféricos se ve reducida en un 25% comparada con el valor teórico que se obtiene suponiendo una disposición plana (55 frente a 73). El modelo se generaliza a geometrías elipsoidales, que permitirían por tanto incluir efectos geométricos complejos en la estimación del contenido de humedad en el suelo.