This research evaluated trajectories of agrarian change following liberalization and deregulation of the coffee commodity chain, assessing the transformation of agrarian class structures and livelihoods between 2000 and 2009 among landed coffee farmers from Agua Buena, Costa Rica. Simultaneous processes of differentiation, deagrarianization, and repeasantization are documented. Deagrarianization is identified as the result of either adaptive or maladaptive processes of livelihood diversification out of agriculture. Repeasantization is characterized by the widespread adoption of low external‐input agriculture driven by cultural norms of self‐sufficiency and labour flexibility within farm households. In order to ensure equitability and the continued viability of rural households in communities ravaged by commodity deregulation, aid and training need to be targeted towards resource‐poor households in two principal areas: first, to transition off‐farm livelihoods into stable and high return activities and, second, to provide the agroecological knowledge and resources for farming households to self‐provision and distantiate themselves from the market.

La criopreservación de semen es una importante biotecnología reproductiva, que busca promover la conservación del germoplasma masculino por tiempo indeterminado, El tipo de diluyente es algo fundamental para el estudio de esta técnica, y una de sus dificultades es elegir el adecuado por los diferentes componentes que estos poseen, ya que estos pueden afectar la composición del medio espermático, el principal objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar el efecto de dos diluyentes sobre la crioconservación del semen de reproductores bovinos, se utilizó dos tipos de diluyentes, uno es a base de agua de coco y el otro se adquiere comercialmente con el nombre de Andromed®, se realizaron dos eyaculados a un semental de la raza Gyr x Montbéliarde de 4 años de edad , cada eyaculado se fracciono en dos para la incorporación de los tratamientos, como resultado se tiene que el tratamiento con el diluyente Andromed® obtuvo una mejor respuesta a la crioconservacion teniendo en promedio un 57% de motilidad grupal o supervivencia espermática, en cambio el diluyente a base de agua de coco no obtiene resultados satisfactorios con tan solo un 10% en promedio de supervivencia espermática, pero hay que tener en cuenta que el diluyente a base de agua de coco mostro buenos resultados en la fase de refrigeración, por lo tanto este sería una buena opción para los ganaderos que quieran implementar esta tecnología en sus hatos ganaderos sin mayores gastos. | The cryopreservation of semen is an important reproductive biotechnology, which seeks to promote the conservation of male germplasm for an indeterminate period of time. The type of diluent is fundamental for the study of this technique, and one of its difficulties is to choose the adequate one for the different components that these have, since these can affect the composition of the sperm medium, the main objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of two diluents on the cryopreservation of bovine semen, two types of diluents were used, one is water based. coconut and the other one is commercially acquired with the name of Andromed®, two ejaculates were made to a stallion of the race Gyr x Montbéliarde of 4 years of age, each ejaculate was divided in two for the incorporation of the treatments, as a result that the treatment with the Andromed® diluent obtained a better response to cryopreservation having in average or 57% of group motility or sperm survival, on the other hand the diluent based on coconut water does not obtain satisfactory results with only 10% on average sperm survival, but it must be taken into account that the water-based diluent Coconut showed good results in the refrigeration phase, therefore this would be a good option for farmers who want to implement this technology in their herds without major expenses | reyna.arizaf@campusucc.edu.co

El presente documento está basado en metodologías y estrategias de las buenas practicas del PMBOK, donde se parametriza la manera más eficaz de desarrollar proyectos. A su vez es un documento que contiene información académica para dar soporte y documentación técnica a un proceso en el cual la Alcaldía Municipal de Guateque, busca desarrollar para vigencias futuras un proyecto de optimización de infraestructura y redes de servicios públicos esenciales con la construcción de un tanque de almacenamiento de agua potable para ampliar la cobertura del servicio y contribuir con el mejoramiento de las condiciones de calidad de vida de los habitantes. | Alcaldía Municipal de Guateque Boyaca | Corporación Autónoma Regional de Chivor - Corpochivor | Especialista en Gerencia de Proyectos | Especialización | This document is based on methodologies and strategies of the good practices of PMBOK, where the most effective way of developing projects is parameterized. At the same time, it is a document that contains academic information to provide support and technical documentation to a process in which the Municipal Municipality of Guateque seeks to develop for future use a project to optimize infrastructure and essential public service networks with the construction of a drinking water storage tank to expand service coverage and contribute to the improvement of the quality of life conditions of the inhabitants.

The effect of two diluents; coconut water and Brackett-Oliphant Medium (MBO) at 1:1 (v/v) on sperm motility, viability and reproductive parameters in rabbits artificially inseminated was studied. The motility and viability were assessed before and after dilution, and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 min after refrigeration at 4 ºC. The motility and viability showed no significant differences neither at the time of dilution nor during refrigerating period. The fertility observed during artificial insemination was 88 % for coconut water and 80 % for MBO. The number of born rabbits showed statistic differences (p<0.05), it was greater (8.89) when using coconut water than with the MBO (7.44). | Se estudió el efecto de dos diluyentes, agua de coco y Medio Brackett-Oliphant (MBO), en dilución 1:1 (v/v) sobre la motilidad y viabilidad espermática y parámetros reproductivos en conejas inseminadas artificialmente. La motilidad y viabilidad fueron evaluadas antes y después de la dilución, y a los 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 y 240 min de refrigeración a 4 ºC. La motilidad y la viabilidad no mostraron diferencias significativas al hacer la dilución con los diluyentes evaluados ni durante la refrigeración. La fertilidad observada utilizando semen fresco en la inseminación artificial fue 88 % para el agua de coco y 80 % para el MBO. El número de gazapos obtenidos fue de 8,89 cuando se utilizó el agua de coco y 7,44 con el MBO (p<0,05).

El PROBICID® seco, producido en la planta Cuba10 del Instituto Cubano de Investigaciones de los Derivados de la Caña de Azúcar (ICIDCA), se obtiene mediante un proceso en el que se pierde el 99% de la viabilidad celular en la operación de secado por aspersión. Con el objetivo de eliminar esta etapa y minimizar las pérdidas, en el estudio se obtuvieron formulaciones de un preparado probiótico utilizando represores químicos de la actividad de agua, con la aplicación de un diseño de experimentos 3². Se determinaron las isotermas de adsorción de los formulados, a partir del ajuste de modelos a los datos experimentales. Se analizó la influencia de la actividad de agua de los formulados sobre las variables dependientes viabilidad y estabilidad, obteniéndose que no existen diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el valor que toman las variables respuesta para los niveles del factor analizado. | The dry PROBICID® is obtained in Cuba10 plant of the Cuban Research Institute of Sugarcane By-products (ICIDCA), by a process that lost 99% of cell viability in the drying operation spray. In order to eliminate this stage and minimize losses, in the study was obtained probiotics formulations using chemicals repressors of water activity, with the application of a design of experiments 3². The adsorption isotherms of the formulations were determined by fitting models to experimental data. The influence of water activity over viability and stability as dependent variables was studied, yielding no statistically significant difference between the values taken by the response variables for levels of the analyzed factor.

The Hydrograph model (a distributed process-based model) was applied to the simulation of soil freeze-thaw and runoff processes, to assess the viability of the model approach and the influence of specific environmental factors in a permafrost environment. Three mountainous permafrost watersheds were studied, at the Kolyma Water Balance Station in north-eastern Russia. The watersheds include rocky talus, mountainous tundra and moist larch-forest landscape regimes, and they were modelled at daily time-steps for the period 1971–1984. Simulated results of soil freeze-thaw depth and runoff showed reasonable agreement with observed values. This study reveals and mathematically describes the dependence of surface and subsurface flow on thawing depth and landscape characteristics. Process analysis and modelling in permafrost regions, including ungauged basins, is suggested, with observable properties of landscapes being used as model parameters, combined with an appropriate level of physically based conceptualization.

Aquifers provide water, nutrients and energy with various patterns for many aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) are increasingly recognized for their ecological and socio-economic values. The current knowledge of the processes governing the ecohydrological functioning of inland GDEs is reviewed, in order to assess the key drivers constraining their viability. These processes occur both at the watershed and emergence scale. Recharge patterns, geomorphology, internal geometry and geochemistry of aquifers control water availability and nutritive status of groundwater. The interface structure between the groundwater system and the biocenoses may modify the groundwater features by physicochemical or biological processes, for which biocenoses need to adapt. Four major types of aquifer-GDE interface have been described: springs, surface waters, peatlands and terrestrial ecosystems. The ecological roles of groundwater are conditioned by morphological characteristics for spring GDEs, by the hyporheic zone structure for surface waters, by the organic soil structure and volume for peatland GDEs, and by water-table fluctuation and surface floods in terrestrial GDEs. Based on these considerations, an ecohydrological classification system for GDEs is proposed and applied to Central and Western-Central Europe, as a basis for modeling approaches for GDEs and as a tool for groundwater and landscape management.

Weathered crystalline bedrock aquifers sustain water supplies across the tropics, including East Africa. Although well yields are commonly <1 L s⁻¹, more intensive abstraction occurs and provides vital urban and agricultural water supplies. The hydrogeological conditions that sustain such high abstraction from crystalline bedrock aquifers remain, however, poorly characterised. Five sites of intensive groundwater abstraction (multiple boreholes yielding several L s⁻¹ or more) were investigated in Uganda and Tanzania. Analysis of aquifer properties data indicates that the sites have transmissivities of 10–1,000 m² day⁻¹, which is higher than generally observed in deeply weathered crystalline bedrock aquifers. At four of the five sites, weathered bedrock (saprolite) is overlain by younger superficial sediments, which provide additional storage and raise the water table within the underlying aquifer. Residence-time indicators suggest that: (1) abstracted water derives, in part, from modern recharge (within the last 10–60 years); and (2) intensive abstraction is sustained by recharge occurring over several decades. This range of encountered residence times indicates a degree of resilience to contemporary climate variability (e.g. short-term droughts), although the long-term sustainability of intensive abstractions remains uncertain. Evidence from one site in Tanzania (Makutapora) highlights the value of multi-decadal groundwater-level records in establishing the long-term viability of intensive groundwater abstraction, and demonstrates the influence of intra-decadal climate variability in determining the magnitude and frequency of recharge.