Debido a la dificultad que presentan algunas zonas rurales de Cundinamarca para el acceso al agua, dependiendo únicamente de la lluvia y algunos carrotanques del Estado, se ha encontrado una oportunidad debido a su contexto y condiciones climáticas, la presencia de neblina en estas zonas brinda una posibilidad para desarrollar estructuras capaces de condensar el agua y almacenarla de tal forma que las comunidades aprovechen este fenómeno climático, como una alternativa económica y sostenible; Aunque están diseñadas para que el agua recolectada no sea de consumo alimenticio, suple necesidades para las huertas, animales, lavado de ropa, loza, aseo y demás actividades que no requieren que el agua sea potable. | Diseñador Industrial | Pregrado | Due to the difficulty that some rural areas of Cundinamarca present for access to water, depending only on rain and some State tank trucks, an opportunity has been found due to its context and climatic conditions, the presence of fog in these areas provides an possibility to develop structures capable of condensing water and storing it in such a way that communities take advantage of this climatic phenomenon, as an economic and sustainable alternative; Although they are designed so that the water collected is not for food consumption, it supplies needs for gardens, animals, washing clothes, dishes, cleaning and other activities that do not require the water to be drinkable.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of irrigation on ethanol productivity, water yield and economic productivity of water for ethanol production from corn and grain sorghum crops. The experimental design used a two-factor arrangement, in strips with randomized blocks and four replications. ​Being evaluated in factor “A”, three irrigation depths: 0%, 50% and 100% of the reference evapotranspiration, and in factor “D”, corn and grain sorghum cultivars. Irrigation management was determined using the water balance method and calculating evapotranspiration using the Penman-Monteith method. For the determination of the productivity of the cultures, the plants of a useful area of 5 m² were collected. The ethanol yield of each treatment was obtained by the product of grain yield and average ethanol yield. Water productivity and water economic productivity were determined. The highest ethanol yields were obtained with 100% irrigation for corn. Water productivity and water economic productivity showed the best results for the 50% water replacement depth. | RENDIMENTO DE ETANOL, PRODUTIVIDADE DA ÁGUA E PRODUTIVIDADE ECONÔMICA DA ÁGUA PARA MILHO E SORGO     MIGUEL CHAIBEN NETO1; ADROALDO DIAS ROBAINA 2; MARCIA XAVIER PEITER 3; JHOSEFE BRUNING4; YESICA RAMIREZ FLORES5 E SILVANA ANTUNES RODRIGUES6   1 Eng. Agrícola, doutor em Eng. Agrícola, Departamento de Engenharia Rural (DER), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected], 2 Eng. Agrônoma, doutor, Professora do Departamento de Engenharia Rural (DER), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. E-mail [email protected], 3 Eng. Agrônomo, doutora, Professor do Departamento de Engenharia Rural (DER), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. E-mail [email protected], 4 Eng. Agrícola, doutor em Eng. Agrícola, Departamento de Engenharia Rural (DER), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. E-mail:  [email protected], 5 Tecnóloga em Geoprocessamento, Mestra em Eng. Agrícola, Departamento de Engenharia Rural (DER), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected], 6 Eng. Agrícola, Doutora em Eng. Agrícola, Departamento de Engenharia Rural (DER), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected]     1 RESUMO   O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da irrigação na produtividade de etanol (PE), produtividade da água (PA) e produtividade econômica da água (PEA) para produção de etanol a partir das culturas de milho e sorgo granífero. O estudo foi realizado em duas safras na área experimental do Colégio Politécnico da UFSM. O delineamento experimental foi um arranjo bifatorial em faixas com blocos ao acaso e quatro repetições. Sendo avaliadas no fator “A”, três lâminas de irrigação por aspersão: 0%, 50% e 100% da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo), e no fator “D”, cultivares de milho e sorgo granífero. Para a determinação da produtividade das culturas, foram coletadas as plantas de cinco metros lineares. A PE de cada tratamento foi obtida pelo produto da produtividade de grãos pelo rendimento médio de etanol. O milho apresentou  incremento de 60,23% e 27,37% na PE quando comparado ao sorgo nas duas safras. O uso da irrigação apresentou diferença significativa, a lâmina de 100% resultou em um incremento de 48,25% e 10,08% para a PE quando comparada com a testemunha e a lâmina de 50% da ETo, respectivamente. A PA e a PEA apresentaram os melhores resultados na lâmina de 50% de reposição hídrica.   Palavras-chave: irrigação, eficiência do uso da água, biocombustível.   CHAIBEN NETO, M.; ROBAINA, A. D.; PEITER, M. X.; BRUNING, J.; FLORES, Y. R. E RODRIGUES, S. A. ETHANOL YIELD, WATER PRODUCTIVITY, AND ECONOMIC WATER PRODUCTIVITY FOR CORN AND SORGHUM         2 ABSTRACT   The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of irrigation on ethanol yield (EY), water productivity (WP) and economic water for ethanol production from corn and grain sorghum crops. The study was carried out in two growing seasons in the experimental area of ​​Colégio Politécnico da UFSM. The experimental design was a two-factor arrangement in strips with randomized blocks and four replications. In the “A” factor, three sprinkler irrigation levels were evaluated: 0%, 50%, and 100% of the reference evapotranspiration (ETo), and in the “D” factor, maize and grain sorghum cultivars. For the determination of the crop’s productivity, the plants of five linear meters were collected. The EY of each treatment was obtained by the product of grain yield by average ethanol yield. Corn presented an increase of 60.23% and 27.37% in EY when compared to sorghum in both growing seasons. The use of irrigation showed a significant difference, the water depth of 100% resulted in an increase of 48.25% and 10.08% for EY when compared to the control and the water depth of 50% of the ETo, respectively. The WP and EWP presented the best results in the 50% water replacement depth.   Keywords: irrigation, water use efficiency, biofuel

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo básico o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para a quantificação do acúmulo de água na superfície do solo, em função da intensidade de precipitação dos emissores de um infiltrômetro de aspersores (IAS). Em condições de intensidade de precipitação abaixo da velocidade básica do solo (VIB) o microrrelevo superficial comportou-se de maneira estável, apresentando uma superfície espelhada crescente (acúmulo de água) sobre o solo, ao longo dos primeiros 120 min de ensaio e, em condições de intensidade de precipitação acima da velocidade básica (VIB) observou-se que a superfície espelhada estabilizava-se em menos de 30 min, apresentando, posteriormente, a formação de canais preferenciais de escoamento de água sobre o solo (erosão laminar).<br>This paper aims at the development of a new methodology for quantification of water over a soil surface, as a function of the precipitation intensity from a sprinkler irrigation system. The research was carried out at the experimental station belonging to Rural Engineering Department of the University of São Paulo (ESALQ), on a soil often used for traditional agricultural practices. The results obtained showed the existence of a relationship between the precipitation intensity over the area and the microrelief of the soil. Under conditions of low intensity, the microrelief stayed stable throughout the formation of puddles on the soil surface. Under conditions of high intensity, runoff was observed over the area, with the formation of small preferential water flow channels among the puddles, starting the laminar erosion process of the soil.

La creciente demanda de agua para los distintos usos, junto con la variabilidad en la disponibilidad de este recurso debido a los cada vez más frecuentes periodos de sequía, hacen necesario llevar a cabo un conjunto de acciones estructurales y coyunturales para poder hacer frente a las situaciones de escasez temporal o permanente que se producen. Dentro de la búsqueda de soluciones a la situación cada vez más generalizada de limitada disponibilidad de agua para la agricultura, el presente trabajo pretende incidir en el papel que puede jugar la ingeniería a la hora de hacer frente a esta situación de déficit, teniendo en cuenta los aspectos sociales, económicos y ambientales del agua y sus prioridades de uso. Las medidas estructurales pueden contribuir a: 1) aumentar los recursos (aumento o flexibilidad de la oferta mediante embalses, trasvases, centros de intercambio de derechos de agua, desalinización, reutilización, recarga de acuíferos, o el uso conjunto de aguas superficiales y subterráneas), o 2) racionalizar los consumos (mejorando la gestión de la demanda, incluyendo la mejora de la gestión del regadío y la mejora de la eficiencia del riego en parcela). Además de estas medidas puede llevarse a cabo otras de carácter social como la concienciación y educación ciudadana, el fomento de políticas económicas adecuadas, la adecuación de la legislación, o la asistencia técnica a municipios y comunidades de regantes. En definitiva, para poder hacer frente a la escasez de agua en una región es necesario identificar las diversas fuentes de agua, incluidas las fuentes alternativas como la desalación y la reutilización, y disponer de un modelo adecuado de gestión, así como de las infraestructuras necesarias para su almacenamiento y regulación. | The increasing demand of water for different uses, together with the variable availability of this resource, which is due to the increasingly frequent periods of drought, make necessary to undertake a set of structural and contextual actions to cope with the permanent or temporary scarcity situations. Within the search for solutions to the progressively more widespread situation of limited water availability for agriculture, this paper aims to state the role that engineering can play to face up this deficit, taking into account the social, economic, and environmental issues of water, together with the priority of uses. Structural measures can help to: 1) increase the water availability (increased or more flexible supply through reservoirs, water transfers, water rights interchange centres, desalination, reuse, aquifer recovery, and conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater), and 2) rationalize water consumption by improving demand management, including the irrigation management improvement, as well as maximizing the efficiency of irrigation systems. In addition to these measures, other social issues can be implemented through public awareness and education, adequate economic policies, legislative adaptation, and technical support to municipalities and water use associations. Thus, to face up water scarcity in a region it is necessary to identify the different water sources, including alternative sources such as desalination and reuse, and develop an appropriate model of management as well as infrastructure for water storage and regulation.

Aims: characterize the territory of the Antinaco-Los Colorados Central Valley based on the water-energy-food nexus; problematize the nexus by linking the evolution of groundwater resources and energy consumption for irrigation; and identify actors to conform a Political and Technical Council. Methodology: the territorial characterization was developed from the analysis of secondary information considering the three pillars of the nexus and its problematization was carried out by articulating the piezometric; the loss of reserves and electricity consumption data for irrigation; The identification of actors was carried out using a participatory sociogram technique. Results: piezometric levels decrease annually with a depletion of groundwater reserves, therefore, energy for irrigation increases. This situation accounts for the (un)sustainability of the system in the strong term. The analysis of actors shows the possibility of forming a Technical and Political Council for the prospective development of the valley from the nexus approach. Limitations: analyse the economic scarcity of water, propose trend scenarios and deepen the understanding of the rationalities of groups of producers to know the logic in the use of resources. Conclusions: the current uses and modes of resource management demand changes around the physical limits of natural resources. | Objetivos: caracterizar el territorio del Valle Central Antinaco-Los Colorados en función del nexo agua energía y alimentos; problematizar el nexo al vincular la evolución del recurso hídrico subterráneo y el consumo de energía para riego agrícola; e identificar actores para conformar un Consejo Político y Técnico. Metodología: la caracterización territorial se elaboró a partir del análisis de información secundaria considerando los tres pilares del nexo y su problematización se efectuó a partir de articular la piezométrica; la pérdida de reservas y los datos de consumo de energía eléctrica para riego; la identificación de actores se realizó bajo técnica participativa de sociograma. Resultados: los niveles piezométricos descienden anualmente con una pérdida constante de reservas de agua subterránea, por lo tanto, la energía para riego se incrementa. Esta situación da cuenta de la (in)sustentabilidad del sistema en el sentido fuerte del término. El análisis de actores evidencia la posibilidad de conformar un Consejo Técnico y Político para el desarrollo prospectivo del valle desde el enfoque del nexo. Limitaciones: analizar la escasez económica del agua, plantear escenarios tendenciales y profundizar el entendimiento de las racionalidades de grupos de productores para comprender las lógicas en el uso de recursos. Conclusiones: los actuales usos y modos de gestión de los recursos demandan de cambios en torno a los límites físicos de los recursos naturales.