A persistência do herbicida clomazone aplicado diretamente na lâmina d'água de arroz irrigado foi avaliada em três experimentos conduzidos em um solo do tipo argilo-siltoso, na Estação Experimental da EPAGRI em Itajaí-SC, a partir de duas formulações do herbicida clomazone, 500 CE (concentrado emulsionável) e 360 CS (concentrado solúvel), na mesma dose do ingrediente ativo. Os experimentos com arroz irrigado em sistema pré-germinado foram conduzidos, durante três anos consecutivos, nas safras de 1996/97 a 98/99; o herbicida foi quantificado em solo e água, antes e após a aplicação, sendo após a aplicação retiradas diversas amostras de solo e água para análise até a colheita da cultura do arroz. As amostras foram analisadas através de cromatografia gasosa. No ano de 1996/97 foi avaliado o herbicida clomazone na formulação 500 CE, o qual foi detectado no solo até oito dias após a aplicação (DAA) e, na água, até 32 DAA. Na safra 1996/97 os teores de herbicida na água aos 16 dias foram em torno de 3% da quantidade aplicada. O clomazone, na formulação CS, foi detectado na água e no solo até 24 DAA, sendo o período residual desta formulação superior ao da formulação CE. Esses resultados sugerem que até três a quatro semanas após a aplicação do herbicida, nas formulações CE e CS, a água deve ser mantida dentro dos quadros, a fim de minimizar os riscos de arrastamento do produto para fora da lavoura e a conseqüente contaminação das águas superficiais.<br>Three field studies were carried out on a silty clay soil - Haplaquoll (Molic Gleysol), during the 1996/99 season, at Epagri/Itajaí Experimental Station in southern Brazil, 26(0) 56' 35s S and 48(0) 45' 37s W, to evaluate clomazone persistence in soil and water. Clomazone 500 EC (1996/97) and 360 CS (1997/98 and 1998/99) was applied in the water in post emergence of pre-germinated seed in flooded rice area. Herbicide concentration in the soil and water was quantified before and after spraying, through several samples of water and soil taken up to rice harvesting time and analyzed with gas chromatography. In the first year, clomazone formulation 500 CE was not detected either in soil or water after 8 and 32 days after application (DAA), respectively. In 1996/97, about 3% of the amount applied remained in the paddy water by 16 DAA. In the following years, clomazone residue was detected in water up to 24 DAA. Clomazone residue levels in soil were below detectable levels after 4 and 16 DAA, in 1997/98 and 98/99, respectively. The results show that after applying clomazone (formulations EC and CS) in the water, growers should hold the water in the fields during 3 to 4 weeks, without any outflow of the pesticide treated water to waterways, otherwise superficial water could be contaminated.

The use of saline water has adverse effects on crop productivity. The objective of this study was to quantify how plant cover (mulching) can modify the adverse effects of saline water on lettuce cultivation in two characteristic soils of the Pampas Semiarid Region. The statistical design was completely randomized a sandy soil and a sandy loam soil were analyzed. The treatments were with plant cover (CCV) and without it (SCV). Irrigation was carried out with water with an electrical conductivity of 1.0 (low salinity); 1.5 and 2.0 (high salinity) dS m-1. A dose of 100 kg N ha-1 was applied using a combination of urea and organic fertilizer (40:60). The lettuce crop was evaluated during four consecutive cycles during the years 2020 and 2021, with five repetitions in each cycle. Productivity was determined: total dry matter (MST), aboveground (MSA) and root (MSR). Accumulated MST (MSTAC), the MSA/MSR ratio, water use efficiency (EUA) and growth rate (TC) were calculated. Data from the fourth crop cycle are presented. The study confirms the negative effect of water with high salinity on MST in both soils, with significant losses in lettuce productivity. In the sandy soil with 1.0 dS m-1 water and CCV the yield was 1416 kg ha-1 with losses of 17 % compared to the treatments irrigated with 2.0 dS m-1 water, while SCV was 420 kg ha-1 with losses of 100 %. The effect of salinity and mulch on lettuce cultivation depends on soil texture, with the greatest effect on sandy loam soil. The use of residue cover improved EUA by 90 % in sandy soil and by 56 % in sandy loam soil. | El uso de agua salina tiene efectos adversos sobre la productividad de los cultivos. El objetivo de este estudio fue cuantificar cómo la cobertura vegetal (mulching) puede modificar los efectos adversos del agua salina sobre el cultivo de lechuga en dos suelos característicos de la Región Semiárida Pampeana. El diseño estadístico fue completamente aleatorizado, se analizó un suelo arenoso y otro franco arenoso. Los tratamientos fueron con cobertura vegetal (CCV) y sin ella (SCV). Se regó con agua con conductividad eléctrica de 1,0 (baja salinidad); 1,5 y 2,0 (alta salinidad) dS m-1. Se aplicó una dosis de 100 kg N ha-1 usando una combinación de urea y abono orgánico (40:60). Se evaluó el cultivo de lechuga en macetas durante cuatro ciclos consecutivos en los años 2020 y 2021, con cinco repeticiones en cada ciclo. Se determinó la productividad: materia seca total (MST), aérea (MSA) y de raíces (MSR). Se calculó la MSt acumulada (MSTAC), la relación MSA/MSR, la eficiencia de uso del agua (EUA) y la tasa de crecimiento (TC). Se presentan los datos del cuarto ciclo de cultivo. El estudio confirma el efecto negativo del agua con alta salinidad sobre la MSt en ambos suelos, con pérdidas significativas en la productividad de lechuga. En el suelo arenoso con agua de 1,0 dS m-1 y CCV el rendimiento fue de 1416 kg ha-1 con pérdidas del 17 % respecto a los tratamientos regados con agua de 2,0 dS m-1, mientras que SCV fue de 420 kg ha-1 con pérdidas del 100 %. El efecto de la salinidad y de la cobertura vegetal en el cultivo de lechuga depende de la textura del suelo siendo su efecto mayor en el suelo franco arenoso. El uso de cobertura vegetal mejoró la EUA, en un 90 % en el suelo arenoso y en un 56 % en el suelo franco arenoso.

El propósito de este estudio es establecer las bases para el reconocimiento de la calidad del agua mediante el uso de imágenes seleccionadas. En esencia, se trata de determinar cuáles son esas imágenes características que se asocian a 'muestras tipo', con el objeto de que, dada una base de datos o banco de imágenes, se pueda estimar a priori, el origen, la composición y calidad aproximada, de una determinada muestra problema. Se ensayan inicialmente, el espectro UV / VIS, la imagen del residuo generado por filtración en membrana y una imagen estereoscópica de una columna de agua, a un centímetro de espesor, proveniente de la muestra problema homogenizada. Dichas imágenes se correlacionan con algunos análisis fisicoquímicos específicos. | The purpose of this study is to establish the basis for water quality recognition using selected images. In essence, the aim is to determine which are those characteristic images that are associated with 'type samples', so that, given a database or image bank, it is possible to estimate a priori the origin, composition and approximate quality of a given problem sample. The UV / VIS spectrum, the image of the residue generated by membrane filtration and a stereoscopic image of a water column are initially tested, to one centimeter thick, from the homogenized test sample. Such images correlate with some specific physicochemical analyses.

The aim of this study was to assess the performance of four power transmission models operated by human propulsion for field irrigation. A bicycle was directly connected to a pump in three of the models designed, while a car alternator was used to supply electric power to the pump in the other model. The performance of the models was evaluated by determining the highest efficiency using characteristic curves, including measurements of pump outlet flow (L min-1), elevation (m), force applied to the pedal (N) and pedaling rate (RPM). The model in which a wheel was placed on the pump rotor (M4) had the highest performance and the lowest construction cost, with a maximum flow of 36.78 L min-1 at 1.02 m and a maximum elevation of 20.04 m with a flow of 12.48 L min-1. The efficiency values fluctuated between 3.90% and 21.17% during the preliminary evaluation. The highest power transmission efficiency rates were around 20%, with flows between 13.35 L min-1 and 30.56 L min-1 at elevations of 5.10 m and 10.20 m.&nbsp; | Este estudio evalúo el rendimiento de cuatro diseños de transmisión de energía a propulsión humana para riego agrícola. En tres diseños se conectó directamente una bicicleta a una bomba de agua, y en uno se utilizó un alternador de automóvil para alimentar de energía eléctrica a la bomba. Se evaluó el desempeño para determinar la eficiencia de transmisión mediante curvas características de la bomba, midiendo caudal de entrega (L min-1), elevación (m), fuerza ejercida sobre el pedal (N) y las revoluciones de pedaleo (RPM). El diseño donde se colocó la rueda sobre el rotor de la bomba (M4) fue el de mejor desempeño y el de menor costo de construcción, con un caudal máximo de 36,78 L min-1 a 1,02 m y una elevación máxima de 20,04 m con un caudal de 12,48 L min-1. Las mayores eficiencias de transmisión de energía fueron del orden de 20%, con caudales entre 13,35 L min-1 y 30,56 L min-1 a elevaciones de 5 y 10 m.&nbsp;

Resumen El área de estudio es de formación fluvio deltaica, con predominio de suelos cambisoles y fluvisoles. Los principales cultivos en la zona son frijol, maíz, sorgo, tabaco y tomatillo. Estos son regados con agua del río San Pedro. El agua superficial, cuando contiene altas concentraciones de sodio o bicarbonato, puede ocasionar efectos adversos en la agricultura. Con el objetivo de evaluar estos efectos, se establecieron nueve sitios de muestreo en el cauce y se realizaron cuatro muestreos en un periodo de dos años, en temporal de lluvia y sequía de cada año. Se determinó el pH, CE, aniones y cationes mayores, se estableció el tipo hidrogeoquímico y se calculó la RAS, RASº, RASaj, PSI, CSR y el índice de saturación. En el tramo del río desde El Rosarito a El Mezcal, el agua es de tipo sódico-cálcico-magnésico bicarbonatada y de Mexcaltitán a Boca de Camichín, ésta fue clorurada-sódica. La RAS en sus diferentes conceptualizaciones para el primer tramo fueron de 0.38 a 1.58, la CE osciló entre 131-367 µS cm-1 y el PSI< 3%; mientras que, para el último tramo, la RAS varío entre 9.06-161.16, la CE entre 2 350-4 3130 µS cm-1 y el PSI entre 6.16-73.14%. Las aguas del río San Pedro de El Rosario a El Mezcal resultaron ser de excelente a buena calidad. Las aguas cloruradas-sódicas no son aptas para uso agrícola. | Abstract The study area is of fluvian delta formation, with a predominance of cambisol and fluvisole soils. The main crops in the area are beans, corn, sorghum, tobacco and tomatillo. These are watered with water from the San Pedro River. Surface water, when it contains high concentrations of sodium or bicarbonate, can cause adverse effects in agriculture. With the objective of evaluating these effects, nine sampling sites were established in the riverbed and four samplings were carried out over a period of two years, in a rainy and dry season each year. The pH, EC, anions and major cations were determined, the hydrogeochemical type was established and the RAS, RASº, RASaj, PSI, CSR and the saturation index were calculated. In the section of the river from El Rosarito to El Mezcal, the water is bicarbonated sodium-calcium-magnesium and from Mexcaltitan to Boca de Camichin, it was chlorinated-sodium. The RAS in its different conceptualizations for the first section were from 0.38 to 1.58, the EC ranged between 131-367 µS cm-1 and the PSI<3%; while, for the last section, the RAS varied between 9.06-161.16, the EC between 2 350-4 3130 µS cm-1 and the PSI between 6.16-73.14%. The waters from the San Pedro de El Rosario to El Mezcal river turned out to be excellent to good quality. Chlorinated-sodium waters are not suitable for agricultural use.

Actualmente, más del cincuenta por ciento de la población mundial vive en las urbes, configuradas éstas como lugar de reunión de una multiculturalidad moderna, innovadora y preocupada con su entorno, que no acepta seguir con el planeamiento urbanístico y de crecimiento de las últimas décadas. Surgen así los movimientos sociales actuales que claman por una nueva planificación urbana y paisajística donde se tengan en cuenta los recursos naturales, cambiando el clásico paradigma de la dominación por otro ecosostenible. En consecuencia, a través de una metodología eminentemente jurídica, se pretende exponer la necesaria relación entre el desarrollo paisajístico y el crecimiento urbano, a través del valor inmaterial que el agua posee en la creación de entornos sociales de calidad. A la vista de los resultados, queda patente el escaso valor de los espacios hidrológicos como configuradores del entorno y su nula inclusión como elementos de ordenación urbana y de calidad de vida en la ciudad. | Currently, more than fifty percent of the world's population lives in cities, configured as a meeting place for a modern multiculturalism, innovative and concerned with its environment, which does not accept to continue with the urban planning and growth of the last decades. This is how the current social movements emerge that call for a new urban and landscape planning where natural resources are taken into account, changing the classic paradigm of domination for another that is eco-sustainable. Consequently, through an eminently legal methodology, it is intended to expose the necessary relationship between landscape development and urban growth, through the immaterial value that water possesses in the creation of quality social environments. In view of the results, the scarce value of hydrological spaces as configurators of the environment and their null inclusion as elements of urban planning and quality of life in the city is evident.

En la industria pesquera (INDUPIR) se realizó un estudio referido al consumo de agua que se estaba generando en la línea de acabado, el que se cuantificó en estudios precedentes en 69 m3/d. Se detectó que las pérdidas fueron motivadas fundamentalmente por: 1. Problemas técnicos en las redes hidráulicas, que arrojó ser de 467 m3/mes y que no se corresponden con lo real reportado por la entidad y, 2. Problemas de operación en el proceso, que resultó de 621 m3/mes. Ambas pérdidas alcanzaron un total de 1 088 m3/mes. Los consumos energéticos asociados con estas pérdidas, que contemplaron solamente la energía eléctrica consumida en la propia planta de proceso se elevaron a 138,5 kW-h, pérdida innecesaria que afecta económicamente la organización y al Sistema Electroenergético Nacional. | In the fishing industry (INDUPIR), a study was carried out regarding water consumption that was being generated in the finishing line, which was quantified in previous studies at 69 m3/d. It was detected that the losses were mainly caused by: 1. Technical problems in the hydraulic networks, which resulted in 467 m3/month and that they do not correspond to the real reported by the entity and, 2. Operational problems in the process, which reached 621 m3/month. Both losses reached a total of 1 088 m3/month. The energy consumption associated with these losses, which only included the electricity consumed in the process plant itself, amounted to 138,5 kW-h, an unnecessary loss that economically affects the organization and the National Electric System. | Published | Refereed

Se diseñó e implementó un sistema de lavado de carros con agua lluvia que controla el suministro de agua, este se encuentra ubicado en un concesionario del barrio Normandía de la ciudad de Bogotá. La cantidad de agua suministrada dependerá del tipo de vehículo a lavar, cada uno de los procesos de lavado se almacena en una base de datos que servirá para llevar un historial de agua consumida y vehículos lavados, con esta información, el dueño del concesionario podrá saber detalladamente cuánta agua se ha ahorrado gracias el sistema. Gracias a los sensores y actuadores electrónicos utilizados en la implementación, fue posible llevar el control del agua que ingresa y sale del sistema, cumpliendo así con los objetivos propuestos en el desarrollo del proyecto. | Ingeniero Electrónico | Pregrado | A car wash system was designed and implemented with rainwater that controls the water supply, it is in a dealership in the Normandia neighborhood of the city of Bogotá. The amount of water supplied depends on the type of vehicle to be washed, each of the washing processes is stored in a database that will be used to keep track of water consumed and vehicles washed, with this information, the owner of the dealership will be able to know explicitly how much water has been saved thanks to the system. Thanks to the electronic sensors and actuators used in the implementation, it was possible to carry out the control of the water that entered and the sale of the system, thus fulfilling the objectives proposed in the development of the project.

A água é elemento indispensável para a vida na Terra. Porém, a má distribuição dos recursos hídricos juntamente com o crescimento da demanda hídrica contribuem para a escassez de água em diversas regiões. Diante destas circunstâncias, torna-se necessário o estudo de fontes complementares de água. A condensação do vapor de água presente no ar atmosférico tem uma grande importância de estudo, uma vez que a atmosfera possui uma quantidade de água comparável com toda a água doce superficial e subterrânea, excluindo geleiras. Cerca de 98% dos 13.000 km 3 de água doce são vapor de água. Assim, essa dissertação estuda os diferentes métodos utilizados para a captação de água do ar atmosférico, assim como apresenta (i) uma revisão do potencial de aproveitamento água da atmosfera como uma fonte suplementar para consumo doméstico e/ou irrigação, (ii) estimativa do rendimento de orvalho e análise do potencial de captação para utilização na agricultura, (iii) mapeamento do potencial captação de orvalho no território brasileiro, (iv) análise do rendimento de orvalho utilizando protótipos com plásticos e chapas metálicas como superfícies condensadoras para captação de orvalho por meio do resfriamento radiativo passivo, bem como o uso de módulos termoelétricos como superfície condensadora para a cidade de Viçosa- MG. Observou-se diferentes tecnologias utilizadas em diversos países do mundo, como: o resfriamento passivo, módulos termoelétricos, sistemas de climatização, uso de materiais porosos, uso de gelo e de refrigeradores como superfícies condensadoras. A estimativa de rendimento anual de orvalho para a cidade de Viçosa com média anual noturna de temperatura e de umidade relativa do ar de cerca de 16,36 °C e 92,73% respectivamente, foi de cerca de 47,18 mm. Comparando-se as estimativas de rendimento de água da atmosfera de todas as microrregiões dos estados do Brasil, observou-se que o estado que apresentou o maior potencial para captação de orvalho foi o estado do Amapá, provavelmente a sua maior quantidade de vapor de água na atmosfera deve ter influenciado neste resultado. Sobre o experimento de rendimento de orvalho por meio do resfriamento radiativo, observou-se uma média diária de orvalho para o plástico padrão OPUR de 0,151 mm/dia, 0,127 mm/dia para o plástico preto, 0,046 mm/dia para o alumínio anodizado, 0,140 mm/dia para a fita adesiva e 0,135 mm/dia para o plástico de polipropileno (celofane). Finalmente para o experimento ativo usando módulos termoelétricos, nota-se que a maior quantidade de água que poderia ser coletada foi de cerca de 2,04 L/m 2 /h com um consumo de cerca de 7,20 kWh. Assim, a captação de água presente na atmosfera se mostrou ser uma fonte viável, que embora seja coletada em pequena quantidade, pode ser essencial para complementar os recursos hídricos durante períodos prolongados de seca, podendo ser utilizada para irrigação, dessedentação animal e/ou consumo humano. | Water is an indispensable element for life on Earth. However, the uneven distribution of water resources and the growth of water demand contribute to water scarcity in several regions. Given these circumstances, it is necessary to study complementary sources of water. The water vapor condensation has a high importance for study since the atmosphere has an amount of water comparable to all surface freshwater and groundwater, excluding glaciers. About 98% of the 13,000 km 3 of freshwater is water vapor. Thus, this dissertation studies the different methods used to harvest water from air. In addition, it presents (i) a review of the water harvesting from atmosphere potential as an additional source for domestic consumption and/or irrigation; (ii) estimation of dew yield and analysis of its potential for use in agriculture; (iii) mapping dew harvesting potential in the Brazilian territory; (iv) analysis of dew yield using prototypes with plastics and metal sheets as condenser surfaces using passive radiative cooling, as well as the use of thermoelectric modules as a condensing surface for the city of Viçosa-MG. It was observed that different technologies were used in several countries of the world, including: passive cooling, thermoelectric modules, air conditioning systems, porous materials, ice and refrigerators as condensing surfaces. The estimated annual dew yield for Viçosa, with annual average temperature and relative humidity of about 16.36 °C and 92.73 %, respectively, was about 47.18 mm. Comparing the atmospheric water yield estimated for the microregions of the Brazilian states, it was observed that the state that presented the greatest potential for dew harvest was the state of Amapá, probably its highest amount of water vapor in the atmosphere should have significantly influenced this result. A dew yield for the OPUR plastic of 0.151 mm, 0.127 for the black plastic, 0.046 mm for the anodized aluminum, 0.140 for the adhesive tape and 0.135 for polypropylene plastic (cellophane) was observed on the radiative cooling experiment. Finally, for the active experiment using thermoelectric imodules, it is noted that the largest amount of water that could be collected was about 2.04 L/m 2 /h with a consumption of about 7.20 kWh. Thus, atmospheric water harvesting proved to be a viable source, and although it is collected in a small quantity, it may be essential to complement the water resources during prolonged periods of drought, and can be used for irrigation, animal watering and / or consumption human.