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Impact of a Programme for Water Affordability on Residential Consumption: Implementation of the “Programa Mínimo Vital de Agua Potable” in Bogotá, Colombia Full text
2018
Laura Vargas | Sueli Aparecida Mingoti | Léo Heller
Impact of a Programme for Water Affordability on Residential Consumption: Implementation of the “Programa Mínimo Vital de Agua Potable” in Bogotá, Colombia Full text
2018
Laura Vargas | Sueli Aparecida Mingoti | Léo Heller
Affordability of services is a determinant for people’s level of access to water. In this study, we analyse the effect of a programme aimed at improving the affordability of water services on users’ water consumption. The programme was implemented in 2012 by the local government of the city of Bogotá, Colombia, intending to provide an essential “lifeline” volume of water to poor households free of charge. Our assessment was carried out with secondary data and used difference-in-difference estimators in a panel data analysis of a two-period sample: 2011 and 2014. The unit of analysis was defined based on the city’s administrative divisions and the socio-economic stratification of residences. Over the period analysed, beneficiaries’ household consumption increased, reaching per capita consumption levels closer to those of the upper strata of users. Results suggest that the programme contributes to increased consumption and equity among users.
Show more [+] Less [-]Impact of a Programme for Water Affordability on Residential Consumption: Implementation of the “Programa Mínimo Vital de Agua Potable” in Bogotá, Colombia Full text
2018
Laura Vargas | Sueli Mingoti | Léo Heller
Affordability of services is a determinant for people’s level of access to water. In this study, we analyse the effect of a programme aimed at improving the affordability of water services on users’ water consumption. The programme was implemented in 2012 by the local government of the city of Bogotá, Colombia, intending to provide an essential “lifeline” volume of water to poor households free of charge. Our assessment was carried out with secondary data and used difference-in-difference estimators in a panel data analysis of a two-period sample: 2011 and 2014. The unit of analysis was defined based on the city’s administrative divisions and the socio-economic stratification of residences. Over the period analysed, beneficiaries’ household consumption increased, reaching per capita consumption levels closer to those of the upper strata of users. Results suggest that the programme contributes to increased consumption and equity among users.
Show more [+] Less [-]Impact of a Programme for Water Affordability on Residential Consumption: Implementation of the <em>“Programa Mínimo Vital de Agua Potable”</em> in Bogotá, Colombia Full text
2018
Vargas, Laura | Mingoti, Sueli Aparecida | Heller, Léo
Affordability of services is a determinant for people’s level of access to water. In this study, we analyse the effect of a programme aimed at improving the affordability of water services on users’ water consumption. The programme was implemented in 2012 by the local government of the city of Bogotá, Colombia, intending to provide an essential “lifeline” volume of water to poor households free of charge. Our assessment was carried out with secondary data and used difference-in-difference estimators in a panel data analysis of a two-period sample: 2011 and 2014. The unit of analysis was defined based on the city’s administrative divisions and the socio-economic stratification of residences. Over the period analysed, beneficiaries’ household consumption increased, reaching per capita consumption levels closer to those of the upper strata of users. Results suggest that the programme contributes to increased consumption and equity among users.
Show more [+] Less [-]Diseño de sistemas de captación del agua de lluvia: alternativa de abastecimiento hídrico | Rainwater harvesting systems design: an alternative for water supply Full text
2017
López-Hernández, Nuria Aide | Palacios-Vélez, Oscar Luis | Anaya-Garduño, Manuel | Chávez-Morales, Jesús | Rubiños-Panta, Juan Enrique | García-Carrillo, Mauricio
Resumen Los sistemas de captación del agua de lluvia constituyen una alternativa para reducir la explotación de los acuíferos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue diseñar tres sistemas, para destinar el agua a uso doméstico de un hogar de cuatro integrantes, a consumo humano en una institución educativa de mil personas y al riego de Stevia rebaudiana en un invernadero de media hectárea; y comparar, el costo de la captación del agua de lluvia con el de extracción del subsuelo. Los tres sistemas fueron propuestos para el municipio de Calpulalpan, Tlaxcala. El desarrollo del trabajo consistió en generar una metodología de diseño considerando la estimación de la precipitación con una probabilidad 75% de ocurrencia y el dimensionamiento del sistema de almacenamiento, empleando el método de balance de masas. Adicionalmente se comparó el costo por metro cúbico del agua de lluvia captada contra el agua subterránea. Los resultados sugieren que el agua lluvia puede ser económicamente mas viable que la extracción del agua subterránea cuando la demanda es baja, además representa una contribución al desarrollo sostenible del municipio. | Abstract Rainwater harvesting systems are an alternative to reduce aquifers exploitation. The aim of this research was to design three systems to allocate water for domestic use of a household of four, for human consumption in an educational institution of thousand people and irrigation of Stevia rebaudiana in a greenhouse of half a hectare; and to compare the cost of rainwater harvesting with that of subsoil extraction. The three systems were proposed for the municipality of Calpulalpan, Tlaxcala. The development of the research consisted in generating a design methodology considering the rainfall estimation from a 75% occurrence probability and the sizing of the storage system using the mass balance method. In addition, the cost per cubic meter of rainwater captured against that of groundwater was compared. The results suggest that the use of rainwater may become economically more viable than groundwater extraction when water demand is low, besides representing a contribution to sustainable development of the municipality.
Show more [+] Less [-]Água (Cabo Verde)/resíduos (Maputo): as perspetivas de dois documentários ambientais | Water (Cape Verde)/waste (Maputo): the perspectives of two environmental documentaries Full text
2015
Ferreira, Francisco | Campos, Sara | Luíz Azevedo, João
[Resumo] “Água por um fio” e “Dar a volta ao lixo”, realizados em Cabo Verde e em Maputo, Moçambique, respetivamente, são dois documentários filmados em 2012 e emitidos na RTP África em 2014. ‘Água por um Fio’ mostra, pela voz de especialistas, governantes e agricultores, como Cabo Verde tenta caminhar para uma gestão sustentável da água nas esferas do consumo público, agricultura e indústria. Os efeitos das alterações climáticas, associados a uma maior pressão sobre os recursos naturais devido ao aumento da procura turística, obrigam o país a novas soluções de modo a garantir a preservação deste recurso essencial para as gerações futuras. ‘Dar a volta ao lixo’ oferece o testemunho de vários intervenientes em todo o ciclo da gestão de resíduos na cidade de Maputo, Moçambique. A lixeira de Hulene, praticamente rodeada pela malha urbana, é a principal fonte de rendimento para centenas de catadores, que, num ambiente de queima a céu aberto, resgatam os resíduos com potencial de reciclagem. A solução poderá passar por reajustar a sua posição no ciclo, tornando-os intermediários dos processos de recolha seletiva. | [Abstract] “A trickle of water” in Cape Verde and “Turn around the trash” in Maputo, Mozambique, are two documentaries flmed in 2012 and presented in RTP Africa in 2014. Through the voice of experts, government leaders, and farmers, “A trickle of water” shows the attempts by Cape Verde to move towards a sustainable water management in public consumption, agriculture and industry. The efects of climate change associated with increased pressure on natural resources due to increased tourist demand have forced the country to new solutions to ensure the preservation of this essential resource for future generations. “Turn around the trash” ofers the testimony of various stakeholders across the waste management cycle in Maputo, Mozambique. The Hulene dump is almost entirely surrounded by an urban area. It is the main source of income for hundreds of collectors who, in an open-burning environment, recover waste with recycling potential. A future solution could readjust the position of people in the waste cycle, making them intermediates of a separate waste collection process.
Show more [+] Less [-]Cuantificación microlisimétrica del consumo de agua en la nochebuena (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.) | Microlysimetric quantification of water consumption in poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.) Full text
2014
Pacheco-Hernández, Pedro | Sainz-Aispuro, Manuel de Jesús | Alia-Tejacal, Irán | Arteaga-Ramírez, Ramón | Villegas-Torres, Oscar Gabriel | Unland-Weiss, Helene Emmi Karin
Se acondicionó un invernadero experimental en Jiutepec, Morelos, México, para llevar a cabo la producción de un cultivo de nochebuena bajo condiciones de ambiente protegido de agosto a noviembre de 2012. Se dio un seguimiento preciso tanto a las condiciones climáticas como al desarrollo fenológico del cultivo. Los siguientes parámetros meteorológicos se registraron en intervalos de 15 min, al interior y al exterior del invernadero: velocidad y dirección del viento, radiación solar, temperatura y humedad relativa. Como referencia, se midió también la precipitación fuera del invernadero. El requerimiento de riego o evapotranspiración (ET) real (ETr) de la nochebuena se midió con ocho microlisímetros de balance en macetas de polietileno de 15 cm de diámetro con sustrato hoja/tezontle/fibra de coco en proporción 60:20:20, resultando en 40, 70, 150 y 122 mL día-1 en las semanas 1, 4, 10 y 13 después del trasplante (DDT), respectivamente. Con base en los datos de los sensores meteorológicos se estimó la ET de referencia (ETo) usando el algoritmo de Penman Monteith (PM) dentro y fuera del invernadero. Se calculó el coeficiente de cultivo (Kc), semanal y mensual de la nochebuena en invernadero, a partir de información climática dentro, resultando en Kc de 0.22, 0.44, 0.54 y 0.43 en las semanas 1, 5, 11 y 13 DDT y de 0.21, 0.36, 0.39 y 0.3 en los meses 1, 2, 3 y 4 DDT, respectivamente. | An experimental greenhouse was conditioned in Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico, to carry out the production of poinsettia crop under protected ambient conditions, from August to November 2012. Giving an accurately follow for both, the climatic conditions and the phenological development of the crop. The following meteorological parameters were recorded every 15 min, inside and outside the greenhouse: Wind speed and direction, solar radiation, temperature and relative humidity. For reference, the precipitation was also measured outside the greenhouse. The irrigation requirement or evapotranspiration (ET) Real (ETr) of the poinsettia was measured with eight weighing microlysimeters in polyethylene pots 15 cm in diameter with leaf/tezontle/coir substrate in proportion of 60:20:20, resulting at 40, 70, 150 and 122 mL day-1 at the weeks 1, 4, 10 and 13 after transplanting (DAT), respectively. Based on data from weather sensors reference ET (ETo) is estimated using the algorithm of Penman Monteith (PM) in and out of the greenhouse. The poinsettia crop coefficient (Kc) was weekly and monthly measured in the greenhouse based in the inside climate information, resulting in Kc of 0.22, 0.44, 0.54 and 0.43 at the weeks 1, 5, 11 and 13 DDT and 0.21, 0.36, 0.39 and 0.3 at months 1, 2, 3 and 4 DDT, respectively.
Show more [+] Less [-]Modelo para estimativa da infiltração de água e perfil de umidade do solo Model to predict water infiltration and soil moisture profile Full text
2013
Roberto Avelino Cecílio | Mauro Aparecido Martinez | Fernando Falco Pruski | Demetrius David da Silva
A adequada modelagem da infiltração de água no solo é fundamental para estimação do movimento de água, erosão hídrica, recarga e contaminação de aquíferos. Este trabalho apresenta um modelo para estimativa da infiltração de água no solo (GAML-c), com base no modelo de Green-Ampt-Mein-Larson, que provê descrição da geometria e do deslocamento da frente de umedecimento no solo. Testes experimentais foram conduzidos em Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo para avaliar o GAML-c, usando-se quatro diferentes cenários: considerando a condutividade hidráulica do solo igual à taxa de infiltração estável (Tie) e a umidade máxima do solo igual ao teor de água na zona de transmissão (θw) (TW); condutividade hidráulica do solo igual à do solo saturado (K0) e a umidade máxima do solo igual θw (KW); condutividade hidráulica do solo igual à Tie e a umidade máxima do solo igual ao teor de água na saturação (θs) (TS); e condutividade hidráulica do solo igual a K0 e a umidade máxima do solo igual θs (KS). Verificou-se que o GAML-c no cenário TW foi o melhor estimador do perfil de umidade do solo, resultando em aceitáveis estimativas da infiltração de água.<br>Soil water infiltration modeling is an important tool to predict soil water redistribution, soil erosion, aquifer recharge and aquifer contamination. This paper presents a model to simulate soil water infiltration (GAML-c), based on the Green-Ampt-Mein-Larson (GAML) model that provides a description of the geometry and advance of the wetting front in the soil. Experimental infiltration tests were performed in Red-Yellow Oxisol (LVA). GAML-c was evaluated in four scenarios: considering hydraulic conductivity (K0) equal to the stable infiltration rate (Tie) and the maximum soil moisture equal to θw (TW); considering the K0 value determined by constant-head permeameter method and the maximum soil moisture equal to θw (KW); considering K0 equal to Tie and the maximum soil moisture equal to θs (TS); and considering the K0 value determined by the constant-head permeameter method and the maximum soil moisture equal to θs (KS). It was verified that for the scenario TW, the GAML-c model was able to simulate the soil water profile and provide satisfactory predictions of infiltration.
Show more [+] Less [-]Broccoli production irrigated with dripping, under soil water tension | Produção de brócolis irrigado por gotejamento, sob diferentes tensões de água no solo
2012
Tangune, B.F.
Development of capacitive sensor for measuring soil water content Desenvolvimento de sensor capacitivo para a medição do teor de água do solo Full text
2011
Alan K. Rêgo Segundo | José H. Martins | Paulo M. de B. Monteiro | Rrubens A. de Oliveira | Delly Oliveira Filho
The irrigation management based on the monitoring of the soil water content allows for the minimization of the amount of water applied, making its use more efficient. Taking into account these aspects, in this work, a sensor for measuring the soil water content was developed to allow real time automation of irrigation systems. This way, problems affecting crop yielding such as irregularities in the time to turn on or turn off the pump, and excess or deficit of water can be solved. To develop the sensors were used stainless steel rods, resin, and insulating varnish. The sensors measuring circuit was based on a microcontroller, which gives its output signal in the digital format. The sensors were calibrated using soil of the type “Quartzarenic Neosoil”. A third order polynomial model was fitted to the experimental data between the values of water content corresponding to the field capacity and the wilting point to correlate the soil water content obtained by the oven standard method with those measured by the electronic circuit, with a coefficient of determination of 93.17%, and an accuracy in the measures of ±0.010 kg kg-1. Based on the results, it was concluded that the sensor and its implemented measuring circuit can be used in the automation process of irrigation systems.<br>O manejo da irrigação, com base no monitoramento do teor de água do solo, permite racionalizar a quantidade de água aplicada, tornando o seu uso mais eficiente. Levando-se em conta esses aspectos, foi desenvolvido um sensor capacitivo de teor de água do solo e seu circuito de medição para que sistemas de irrigação possam ser automatizados. Desta forma, problemas que afetam a produtividade, tais como irregularidades no acionamento e aplicação de água de maneira excessiva ou deficiente, podem ser contornados. No desenvolvimento dos sensores, foram utilizadas hastes de aço inoxidável, resina e verniz isolante. O circuito de medição foi baseado em um microcontrolador, que disponibiliza um sinal de saída no formato digital. Os sensores foram calibrados, utilizando-se de solo do tipo neossolo quartzarênico. Um polinômio de terceira ordem foi ajustado aos dados experimentais, para correlacionar o teor de água do solo, obtido pelo método-padrão de estufa, com os sinais digitais correspondentes, medidos pelo circuito. Obtiveram-se um coeficiente de determinação de 93,17% e uma precisão nas medidas de ±0,010 kg kg-1. Com base nos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que o sensor desenvolvido e o circuito de medição implementado podem ser utilizados no processo de automação de sistemas de irrigação.
Show more [+] Less [-][Fertigation design depending on irrigation water, soils and substrates] | Diseño de la fertirrigación en función del agua de riego, suelos y sustratos
2010
Cadahía, C., Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (España). Facultad de Ciencias | Eymar, E., Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (España). Facultad de Ciencias
Tecnologías económicas para la desinfección y descontaminación de agua, avances en Argentina | Economic technologies for water disinfection and decontamination, advances in Argentina Full text
2010
Navntoft, Luis Christian | Araujo, Paula Zulema | Mendive, Cecilia Beatriz | Cicerone, Daniel | Pizarro, R. | Soler Illia, Galo Juan de Avila Arturo | Dawidowski, Laura Elena | Litter, Marta Irene | Blesa, Miguel Angel | Apella, Maria Cristina | Hidalgo, Margarita del Valle | Garcia, Maria Gabriela | Powell, Priscila Ana | Puchulu, María Bernardita | Fernández, D.
El agua es un fluido de proceso de mucha importancia en Tecnología Nuclear. La Unidad de Actividad Química (UAQ) ha dedicado mucho esfuerzo al estudio de sus propiedades fundamentales y de sus aplicaciones, con miras a optimizar el funcionamiento de los sistemas refrigerante, moderador y auxiliares en Centrales Nucleares. Uno de los aspectos fundamentales de estudio ha sido la necesidad de mantener agua muy pura en esos circuitos, para minimizar la corrosión de los materiales estructurales, y la incorporación de radionucleídos al agua. Esta incorporación es responsable de un incremento de las dosis ocupacionales de radiación de los trabajadores. La tecnología del agua como insumo de la industria nuclear requiere poseer capacidades en la producción y mantenimiento de agua extremadamente limpia. Dichas capacidades son las que se usan también para brindar soluciones a la provisión de agua a comunidades rurales aisladas, y a las pequeñas empresas para encontrar alternativas al tratamiento de sus efluentes. Los estudios para estos fines se han canalizado a través de una colaboración con las Universidades Nacionales de San Martín y de Tucumán. | Water is a fluid process of great importance in Nuclear Technology. Chemical Activity Unit (UAQ) has devoted much effort to the study of fundamental properties and applications in order to optimize the operation of cooling systems, and auxiliary moderator in nuclear power plants. One of the fundamental aspects of this study was the need for very pure water in these circuits, to minimize corrosion of structural materials, and the incorporation of radionuclides into the water. This incorporation is responsible for increased radiation dose occupational workers. Water technology as an input of the nuclear industry, for skills, is required in the production and maintenance of water extremely clean. These capabilities are also used to provide solutions to the water supply to isolated rural communities, and small businesses to find alternatives to treat their effluents. Studies for this purpose have been channeled through a partnership with the National Universities of San Martín and Tucumán. Keywords.- Water, Nuclear industry. | Fil: Navntoft, Luis Christian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina | Fil: Araujo, Paula Zulema. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina | Fil: Mendive, Cecilia Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina | Fil: Cicerone, Daniel. No especifica; | Fil: Pizarro, R.. No especifica; | Fil: Soler Illia, Galo Juan de Avila Arturo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina | Fil: Dawidowski, Laura Elena. No especifica; | Fil: Litter, Marta Irene. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina | Fil: Blesa, Miguel Angel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina | Fil: Apella, Maria Cristina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina | Fil: Hidalgo, Margarita del Valle. No especifica; | Fil: Garcia, Maria Gabriela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina | Fil: Powell, Priscila Ana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina | Fil: Puchulu, María Bernardita. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina | Fil: Fernández, D.. No especifica;
Show more [+] Less [-]Consumo de água do lírio asiático em vaso com diferentes substratos | Water consumption of the asian lily in vase with diferent substrata Full text
2007 | 2006
Mello, Rosmary Panno | König, Osvaldo | http://lattes.cnpq.br/2405746065984064 | Peiter, Márcia Xavier | http://lattes.cnpq.br/4072803412132476 | Lopes, Sidinei José | http://lattes.cnpq.br/7533347017859354
The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the water consumption in eight substrata: rice charred shell (CAC), ash of rice burned shell (CZ), coconut fiber (FC), soil of paradise (TP), TP+CAC, TP+CZ, FC+CAC and FC+CZ of Asian lily Orange Pixie in vase cultivation; to establish the best substrata for commercial production. The experiment was developed in the vegetation house of UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, during the period from May 17 to July 22, 2004. The experimental outlining was entirely casual by using 12 repetitions and three plants in each vase to determine the irrigation frequency and the water consumption for each substratum. In order to evaluate these parameters, limits were stipulated from at least 60% and at most 80% of the water retention capacity for the substratum in each vase being daily verified in digital scale. Due to the vegetative growing one vase of each treatment was destructed in five different periods of the lily development in order to readjust the weights of the vases in relation to the water consumption between the limits stipulated, besides establishing the evolution of the dry fitomass on aerial portion, bulbs and roots. The determinations accomplished on substrata were: the substratum density, the total porosity, the aerial space and the water availability as physics characteristics as well as the hydrogen potential, the total tenor of soluble salts and the capacity of cations exchange as chemical characteristics. In the vegetal were determined the height of the plant and of the first flower insertion, the area of the leaf, the size of the leaf, the number of flowers and leafs, the total consumption of water and the irrigation frequency. The results have showed that the Asian lily Orange Pixie in vase adapts for commercial cultivation by using 50% in volume of CAC in the substrata composition with FC and TP. | Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o consumo de água em oito substratos: casca de arroz carbonizada (CAC), cinza da casca de arroz queimada (CZ), fibra de coco (FC), terra do paraíso (TP), TP+CAC, TP+CZ, FC+CAC e FC+CZ de lírio asiático Orange Pixie® cultivado em vaso; definir os melhores substratos para produção comercial. O experimento foi conduzido na casa de vegetação da UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, no período de 17 de maio a 22 de julho de 2004. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, utilizando-se 12 repetições e três plantas por vaso para determinar a freqüência de irrigação e o consumo de água para cada substrato. Para a avaliação destes parâmetros, estipularam-se limites de no mínimo 60 % e no máximo de 80 % da capacidade de retenção de água pelo substrato em cada vaso, verificado diariamente em balança digital. Em função do crescimento vegetativo, efetuou-se a destruição de um vaso de cada tratamento em cinco períodos distintos do estádio fenológico do lírio, a fim de reajustar os pesos dos vasos quanto ao consumo de água entre os limites estipulados, e também determinar a evolução da fitomassa seca da parte aérea , dos bulbos e raízes. As determinações realizadas nos substratos foram: densidade do substrato, porosidade total, espaço aéreo e água disponível como características físicas e, potencial de hidrogênio, teor total de sais solúveis e capacidade de troca de cátions como características químicas. No vegetal foram determinada altura da planta e da inserção da primeira flor, área da folha, tamanho da flor, número de folhas e flores, consumo total de água e freqüência de irrigação. Os resultados evidenciaram que o lírio asiático Orange Pixie® em vaso se adapta para cultivo comercial, utilizando 50 %, em volume, de CAC na composição de substratos com FC e TP. Essa combinação não é a que mais consome água, mas a que exige maior freqüência de irrigações.
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