Water storage capacity by the vegetation is useful for understanding hydrological processes in aridsemiarid ecosystems. The aim of this study was to determine the capacity of shrub canopy water storage based on structural characteristics and biomass of Chuquiraga erinacea, Larrea divaricate and Condalia microphylla, three dominant shrub species of Caldenal y Monte Occidental, Argentina. The study was conducted in Chacharramendi, La Pampa, located on the semiarid central area of Argentina. Predictive models to estimating the aboveground biomass of the species from measurements of diameter and height of plant in the field were determined. Water storage capacity was measured on whole plants from immersion method. Water storage capacity, expressed in percentage of biomass was determined by difference wet weight (PM) fresh weight (PF). The average canopy diameter as the independent variable provided the best fit for predicting aboveground biomass in the three species studied. Chuquiraga erinacea was the species that showed higher water storage capacity with 38%, followed in decreasing order Larrea divaricata and Condalia microphylla with 26% and 23% respectively. The results show that a significant fraction of rainfall is retained by the dense shrub communities that dominate the site, and returns to the atmosphere by evaporation. The water interception by vegetation is key in the hydrological dynamics of arid environments, where the increase of shrub density is a dynamic and progressive process that affects the productivity of the ecosystems of the region. | La retención de agua de lluvia por la vegetación resulta fundamental para entender procesos hidrológicos en ambientes áridos y semiáridos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la capacidad de retención de agua en función de las características estructurales y biomasa de Chuquiraga erinacea, Larrea divaricata y Condalia microphylla, especies arbustivas características del Caldenal y Monte Occidental, Argentina. El estudio se realizó en el Campo Anexo del INTA en Chacharramendi, La Pampa, sobre la franja áridasemiárida de Argentina. Se determinaron modelos predictivos de biomasa a partir de mediciones de diámetro y altura de individuos en campo. La capacidad máxima de retención de agua sobre plantas enteras se determinó mediante inmersión por diferencia peso mojado (PM) – peso fresco (PF) y se expresó en porcentaje respecto de la biomasa. El diámetro resultó la variable de mejor ajuste para la predicción de biomasa en las tres especies. Chuquiraga erinacea presentó mayor capacidad de retención con 38%, Larrea divaricata y Condalia microphylla con 26% y 23% respectivamente. Una importante fracción de lluvia es retenida por los densos arbustales y retorna a la atmósfera por evaporación. La retención de agua de lluvia por la cubierta vegetal es clave en la dinámica hidrológica en ambientes secos, donde la arbustización es un proceso dinámico y progresivo que afecta la productividad de los ecosistemas de la región.

Know that knowledge the watershed and your disponibility hydric is insdispensable for sustainable planning, this work assessed of characteristic morphometry and disponibility the water of watershed in Ribeirão Reserva, Triangulo Mineiro, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The study morphometry of watershed was made as from image the satellite and water disponibility was assessed of regionalization hydrological. Can concluded the use of occupation the ground associeted of a topography that watershed in Ribeirão Reserva, represented low danger the erosion and silting, but is inapproprieted of relation, the saving the vegetation native in area the saving permanent. A analysis morphometry assert one favorable bacin for disponibility hydric, in function of capacity that infiltraction the water in good network the draining, and with low touchiness for flood. Too, for study hydrological apresented the demand of relation a disponibilty hydric is little, keep a bacin in situation in confortable and the sustainability that hydric resources. For improve the hydric resources, recommend for restoration the vegetation native in areas that saving permanent and reserve legal, the form that the hydrographic reach one gauge half note 20% in your area occupied for native kill. | Sabendo-se que o conhecimento das bacias hidrográficas e de sua disponibilidade hídrica é imprescindível para o planejamento sustentável, este trabalho avaliou as características morfométricas, o uso e ocupação do solo e a disponibilidade de água na bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão Reserva, no Triângulo Mineiro - MG. O estudo morfométrico da bacia foi realizado a partir de imagens de satélite e a disponibilidade de água foi avaliada por regionalização hidrológica. Pode-se concluir que o uso e ocupação do solo associado à topografia da bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão Reserva, representa baixo risco de erosão e assoreamento, embora esteja inadequado com relação a preservação da vegetação nativa em áreas de preservação permanente. A análise morfométrica evidencia uma bacia favorável a disponibilidade hídrica,<br />em função da capacidade de infiltração de água e boa rede de drenagem, e com baixa suscetibilidade a enchentes. Também, o estudo hidrológico demonstrou que a demanda em relação a disponibilidade hídrica é pequena, mantendo a bacia em situação confortável e a sustentabilidade dos recursos hídricos. Para melhorar a situação dos recursos hídricos, recomenda-se a restauração da vegetação nativa nas áreas de preservação permanente e reserva<br />legal, de tal forma que a bacia hidrográfica atinja um percentual mínimo de 20% de sua área ocupada por matas nativas.

RESUMEN: El agua es un factor indispensable y su calidad es poco tomada en cuenta por las producciones de lechería especializada. El objetivo es caracterizar la calidad microbiológica del agua, considerando las normas legales vigentes de la calidad del agua potable, utilizada en las fincas proveedoras de leche del Norte antioqueño. Los parámetros de calidad microbiológica del agua fueron analizados estadísticamente utilizando modelos generalizados aditivos suavizados con un efecto tensor semi-paramétrico entre coordenadas geográficas y un efecto fijo de lugar de toma de muestra. Se evidencia una baja calidad del agua porque únicamente el 5.9% de los predios cumplieron con los parámetros de potabilidad del agua. Se concluye que se deben establecer planes más rigurosos de protección de las fuentes hídricas, tratamiento del agua e investigar sobre los efectos negativos del consumo de aguas contaminadas en esta región. | ABSTRACT: Water is an indispensable factor and its quality is little taken into account in the specialized dairy production. The objective was to characterize the microbiological quality of the water, considering the current legal norms of the quality of the drinking water, used in the farms supplying milk from northern of Antioquia. The microbiological quality parameters of the water were statistically analyzed using generalized additive smoothing models with a semi-parametrictensor effect between geographical coordinates and a fixed effect of sampling location. Low water quality is evidenced because only 5.9% of the farms complied with the potability parameters of the water. It is concluded that more rigorous plans for the protection of water sources, water treatment and research on the negative effects of the consumption of contaminated water in this región should be established. | Secretaria de Agricultura y Desarrollo Rural del Departamento de Antioquia

&nbsp; Abundance of the benthic macroinvertebrates occurring in a high Andean river (Pachanlica microbasin), Province of Tungurahua, Ecuador, was determined during two sampling periods (April-December 2010 and January-June 2011). Six samplings were carried out along each period and the collected specimens were identified up to order and family levels. Two indices were calculated: the BMWP index (Biological Monitoring Working Party) and the EPT index (Ephereoptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) to figure out the water quality in the Pachanlica micro-basin. A total of 3 023 macroinvertebrates were collected, being 1669 specimens collected during April-December 2010 and 1354 from January-June 2011. The observed BMWP index values (ranging from 2 to 34 or from 0 to 36) during the first and second periods, respectively, allowed to classify water quality as a very critical and critical condition. On the other hand, based on EPT index values which varied from 0 to 4.82 % (first period) or 0 to 16.81 % (second period), water in Pachanlica basin could be classified as poor quality. Relative low macroinvertebrates abundance could be related to the water’s physic-chemical parameters, mainly to ammonia concentration; however more detailed study are required. | &nbsp; Se determinó la abundancia de los macroinvertebrados bentónicos presentes en un río altoandino (microcuenca del Pachanlica), en la Provincia de Tungurahua, Ecuador, durante dos períodos de muestreo (abril-diciembre del 2010 y enero-junio del 2011). Durante cada período se realizaron seis muestreos y los especímenes recolectados fueron identificados hasta nivel de orden y familia. Fueron calculados dos índices: el índice BMWP (Biological Monitoring Working Party) y el índice EPT (Ephereoptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) para conocer la calidad del agua en la microcuenca del Pachanlica. Se recolectó un total de 3 023 especímenes de macroinvertebrados, de los cuales 1 669 especímenes fueron recolectados durante abril-diciembre 2010 y 1 354 en enero-junio 2011. Los valores del índice BMWP observados (variaron entre 2 y 34 y desde 0 y 36) durante el primer y segundo períodos, respectivamente permiten considerar las aguas en condición muy crítica y crítica. Por otra parte, basados en los valores del índice EPT, los cuales variaron desde 0 a 4,82 (primer período) y desde 0 a 16,81 % (segundo período), el agua de la cuenca Pachanlica podría categorizada como de mala calidad. La relativa poca abundancia de los macroinvertebrados podría tener relación con los parámetros físico-químicos del agua, principalmente con la concentración de amonio, sin embargo, se requieren estudios más detallados.

Esta investigación presenta un análisis del impacto que ha tenido la Política Nacional de Gestión Integral sobre el Recurso Hídrico, sintetiza el estado, presión, respuesta e impacto que ha tenido sobre la cuenca alta del río Bogotá. Inicialmente se establece un marco de referencia en cuanto a la calidad del agua del río, realizando un análisis multi-temporal 2008-2017 a partir del índice de calidad del agua ICA establecido para Colombia por el Ideam, posteriormente se determina y jerarquiza los problemas ambientales asociados a la calidad del agua, finalmente a partir de una matriz de compatibilidad se identifican los posibles conflictos entre los objetivos de la política y los problemas del río Bogotá. Se concluye de forma general que, con el fin de dar solución a los problemas ambientales, se han visto involucradas todas las ramas del poder público del estado colombiano, quienes en marco de sus obligaciones legales, desde las diferentes instancias han desarrollado una serie de instrumentos velando por la mejora de la calidad del agua y con ello en garantizar la oferta de agua dulce para los ciudadanos, a pesar de ello, aun está presente una desarticulación institucional que permita el cumplimiento de los objetivos planteados en las políticas promulgadas. | This research presents an analysis of the impact that the National Policy of Integral Management has had on the Water Resource, synthesizes the state, pressure, response and impact that it has had on the upper basin of the Bogotá river. Initially, a frame of reference was established regarding the quality of the river water, performing a multi-temporal analysis 2008-2017 based on the ICA water quality index established for Colombia by Ideam, later environmental problems were identified and prioritized Associated with water quality, finally, from a compatibility matrix, possible conflicts between the objectives of the policy and the problems of the Bogotá River are identified. It is generally concluded that, in order to solve environmental problems, all the branches of public power of the colombian state have been involved, which in the framework of their legal obligations, from the different instances have developed a series of instruments ensuring the improvement of water quality and thus ensuring the supply of fresh water for citizens, despite this, there is still an institutional disarticulation that allows the fulfillment of the objectives stated in the promulgated policies.

Precision farming has been gaining more and more space over the years for the many benefits it has provided to its users. The objective of this study was to perform the manipulation of the altimetric data with the purpose of facilitating the conservation practices of soil and water in no tillage system. For this, altimetry points were collected in an area of 46 hectares, cultivated under no-tillage system, located in the municipality of São Miguel das Missões, RS. Altimetry points were collected from three methods. The first method consisted of collecting the points from the implementation map of the application in three different agricultural operations. The second method was based on a specific application for altimetric data collection, which is part of a set of embedded technology, in three agricultural operations; and the third method of altimetric data collection was from georeferenced satellite image, with spatial resolution of 30 meters. Subsequently, the data were submitted to geostatistical analysis, where the semivariogram was used by the likelihood method. The points collected in all agricultural methods and practices presented better fit for the Gaussian model. However, data collected from satellite imagery to create routing lines for autopilot can compromise the efficiency of this service, since the collections are performed with a very low resolution, and a high distance between the parallelism, making with which there are distortions and no identification of micro reliefs within the collection area, being able to mask them. For the semivariographic adjustment, all methods can be used to strategically plan the automation of some practices such as: design of automatic routing lines for agricultural machinery close to the level created in SIGs for sowing, harvesting, spraying, scarification and subsoiling, traffic controlled agricultural machinery among others, which do not require high accuracy and accuracy of altimetric data. In order to create slope and water accumulation maps, it will depend on the purpose to be used, such as for the identification of water accumulation and subsequent generation of drains, high accuracy and accuracy of altimetry are required. Thus, it is suggested to collect with the specific application method during the execution of the sowing. Technologies are an efficient alternative for use in agricultural operations that aim at soil and water conservation and are economically viable for this purpose because they are available on almost all modern agricultural machinery | A agricultura de precisão vem ganhando cada vez mais espaço no decorrer dos anos pelos vários benefícios que tem proporcionado aos seus usuários. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a manipulação dos dados altimétricos com a finalidade de facilitar as práticas conservacionistas do solo e da água em sistema de plantio direto. Para isso realizou-se a coleta de pontos de altimetria em uma área com 46 hectares, cultivada em sistema de plantio direto, localizada no município de São Miguel das Missões, RS. Foram coletados pontos de altimetria a partir de três métodos. O primeiro método consistiu da coleta dos pontos a partir de mapa de execução da aplicação em três operações agrícolas diferentes. O segundo método foi a partir de um aplicativo específico para a coleta de dados altimétricos, que faz parte de um conjunto de tecnologia embarcada, em três operações agrícolas; e o terceiro método de coleta de dados altimétricos foi a partir de imagem de satélite georreferenciada, com resolução espacial de 30 metros. Posteriormente, os dados foram submetidos a análises geoestatísticas, onde foi utilizado o semivariograma pelo método da verossimilhança. Os pontos coletados em todos métodos e práticas agrícolas apresentaram melhor ajuste para o modelo Gaussiano. No entanto, os dados coletados a partir de imagens de satélite para criação de linhas de direcionamento para piloto automático pode comprometer a eficiência deste serviço, uma vez que as coletas são realizadas com uma resolução muito baixa, e uma elevada distância entre o paralelismo, fazendo com que haja distorções e não identificação de micro relevos dentro da área de coleta, podendo mascará-los. Pelo ajuste semivariográfico, todos os métodos são passíveis de serem utilizados para o planejamento estratégico da automatização de algumas práticas como: projeto de linhas de direcionamento automático para máquinas agrícolas próximo do nível criados em SIGs para semeadura, colheita, pulverização, escarificação e subsolagem, tráfego controlado de máquinas agrícolas dentre outras, que não exigem alta precisão e acurácia dos dados altimétricos. Já para a criação de mapas de declividade e de acúmulo de água, vai depender de qual finalidade será utilizado como, por exemplo, para a identificação do acúmulo de água e posteriormente geração de drenos, é exigido alta acurácia e precisão da altimetria. Dessa forma, sugere-se a coleta com o método do aplicativo específico durante a execução da semeadura. As tecnologias são uma alternativa eficiente para utilização em operações agrícolas que visam a conservação do solo e da água, além de serem economicamente viáveis para este fim, por estarem disponíveis em quase todas as máquinas agrícolas modernas.

&nbsp;The evaluation of the water quality of fluvial sources through the study of physical, chemical and microbiological variables is considered as a tool that allows to know the status of contamination. One of the forms to evaluate these systems is through of the integration of environmental variables in indexes as the ICA-NSF. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical quality of the lower part of the Córdoba River through the ICA-NSF index and analyze of the most common pesticides. Six sampling stations were defined, in each station, physical, chemical and microbiological parameters were measured. In addition, the level of concentration of the main pollutants was determined, considering the impact they cause on the river and the water quality was established through the water quality index (ICA-NSF) during the dry and rainy periods between the 2010 and 2011. The ICA-NSF varied between 52.6 during the rains in the “Muelle carbonifero” and 72.4 in the dry period in "Paso de los anillos" indicate that the water quality was classified between regular&nbsp;and good, respectively. From the evaluated variables, the fecal coliforms showed high values in the six stations (between 2974 and 4940 NMP / 100 ml), records that exceed the limits accepted for human consumption and the protection of flora and fauna by legislation Colombian. The results showed a temporal variation (between climatic periods) and a high spatial uniformity of the river samples site. During the samples no were recorded organochlorine pesticides. The results shows that the temporal variation (rainy vs. dry seasons) was the better descriptor that reflect the water quality of the lower part of the Córdoba River. | La evaluación de la calidad del agua de fuentes fluviales a través del estudio de variables físicas, químicas y microbiológicas es considerada como una herramienta que permite conocer el estado de contaminación. Una de las formas de evaluar estos sistemas a través de la integración de variables ambientales mediante índices como el ICA-NSF. Por tanto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la calidad fisicoquímica de las aguas en del río Córdoba en su parte baja a través ICA-NSF y analizar los plaguicidas organoclorados más comunes. Se definieron seis sitios se muestreo, en cada una de ellas se midieron parámetros físicos, químicos y microbiológicos. Además, se determinó el nivel de concentración de los principales contaminantes, considerando el impacto que causan en el río y se estableció la calidad del agua por medio del ICA-NSF durante los periodos de sequía y lluvias entre el 2010 y el 2011. El ICA-NSF varió entre 52,6 durante las lluvias en “Muelle carbonífero” y 72,4 en el periodo seco en “Paso de los anillos” indican que la calidad del agua categorizó entre regular y buena, respectivamente. De las variables evaluadas, los coliformes fecales mostraron altos valores en los seis sitios (entre 2974 y 4940 NMP/100 ml), registros que sobrepasaron los límites permisibles para el consumo humano y la protección de flora y la fauna por la legislación colombiana. Los resultados mostraron una variación temporal (entre periodos climáticos) y una alta uniformidad espacial del río en los sitios de muestreo. En ninguno de los muestreos se encontraron residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados. Los resultados evidenciaron que la variación temporal (periodos de lluvias vs. sequías) reflejó de mejor manera los cambios en la calidad del agua del río Córdoba en su parte baja.

There is a growing need to increase agricultural water use efficiency (EUA). Furthermore, when the product market value started to be considered, it was developed the concept of economic water productivity (PEA), defined as the value obtained per unit of water used (U$s/mm). This goal can be achieved through higher EUA or by producing crops with higher unit value. At EEA INTA Anguil, La Pampa, field experiments with several winter crops (wheat with different quality, barley, safflower, and canola) were carried out in order to identify those that have highest EUA and PEA. The results of the 2011 growing season indicated that barley had the highest EUA (14,4 kg/mm) and PEA (2,6 U$s/mm). Wheat showed EUA between 10,9 and 13,6 kg/mm, with highest values for group 3 quality crops, while no differences were found for PEA among qualities (1,5 to 1,8 U$s/mm). Oilseeds showed a good performance with EUA of 4,8 kg/mm in canola and 5,6 kg/mm for the sunfflowers, and PEA of both oilseeds was around 2 U$s/mm. Although these results are preliminary, winter-spring oilseeds appear as interesting alternatives to include in rotations. | El incremento de la eficiencia de uso de agua (EUA) en agricultura se ha convertido en un tema primordial. Asimismo, al comenzar a considerarse el valor económico del producto, se desarrolló el concepto de productividad económica del agua (PEA), definido como el valor recibido por unidad de agua usada (U$s/mm). Dicho objetivo puede alcanzarse ya sea por un incremento en la EUA como por la producción de cultivos de más elevado valor. En la EEA INTA Anguil, La Pampa, se están llevando a cabo ensayos con diversos cultivos invernales (trigos grupo de calidad industrial 1 y 3, cebada, cártamo y colza) con el objetivo de identificar aquellos que brindan la mejor EUA y PEA. Los resultados de la campaña 2011 demostraron que la cebada tuvo la más alta EUA (14,4 kg/mm) y PEA (2,6 U$s/mm). Los trigos presentaron EUA variables entre 10,9-13,6 kg/mm, correspondiendo los valores más altos al grupo 3, en cuanto a PEA no hubo diferencias significativas entre calidades (1,5 a 1,8 U$s/mm). Las oleaginosas demostraron muy buen comportamiento, con EUA de 4,8 kg/mm en colza y 5,6 kg/mm en el caso del cártamo, y la PEA de ambas oleaginosas fue de alrededor de 2 U$s/mm. Si bien los resultados son preliminares, las oleaginosas inverno-primaverales parecen alternativas interesantes para incorporar en las rotaciones.

Rainfall interception is a process scarcely studied in arid and semiarid environments. The aim of this study was comparatively analyze two field techniques to evaluate the water storage capacity in Chuquiraga erinacea Don., characteristic shrub species of the CaldenalMonte Occidental ecotone region, Argentina The study was conducted in the annexed field of INTA in Chacharramendi, La Pampa. Water storage capacity was measured on whole plants from two techniques on field: rainfall simulation and immersion. Water storage capacity, expressed in percentage of biomass was determined by difference wet weight fresh weight. Equality of results from field techniques for whole plants of Chuquiraga erinacea justified the application of immersion method in the study to be more expeditious implementation and more economical in terms of time and costs. | La intercepción de lluvia es un proceso escasamente estudiado en ambientes áridos y semiáridos. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar comparativamente dos técnicas de campo para evaluar la capacidad de retención de agua en Chuquiraga erinacea Don., especie arbustiva característica de la región del ecotono Caldenal Monte Occidental, Argentina. El estudio se realizó en el Campo Anexo de INTA en Chacharramendi, La Pampa, Argentina. Se midió capacidad de retención de agua sobre plantas enteras a partir de dos técnicas: simulación de lluvia e inmersión. La capacidad de retención de agua, expresado en porcentaje respecto de la biomasa verde, se determinó por diferencia peso mojado – peso fresco. A partir de un análisis de ANCOVA se determinó la igualdad de resultados de ambas técnicas, justificando la aplicación de inmersión por ser más expeditiva y económica en términos de tiempo y costos.