A vigilância da Qualidade da Água para Consumo Humano(VQACH) é um componente determinante na prevenção e diminuição dos riscos à saúde humana, ocasionadas por doenças associadas à falta da qualidade da água. A implementação dos programas de VQACH pode contribuir com a melhoria progressiva de qualidade água e consequentemente da saúde. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a implementação do Sistema de VQACH na Colômbia. O estudo foi realizado mediante a metodologia de avaliação da implementação, que integrou na sua análises, uma avaliação normativa e um pesquisa de avaliação. A avaliação permitiu estimas o grau de implementação da VQACH nos diferentes territórios da Colômbia e estudar as características do contextuais que podem influi no grau de implementação nos territórios. Para esta avaliação foi desenvolvida a metodologia Delphi que permitiu a definição de uma matriz avaliativa, composta por 14 atributos e 62 critérios, e a construção de um sistema escores e parâmetros que possibilitaram a avaliação de cada um dos critérios definidos. Além disso, realizou-se um analises dos resultados da qualidade da água que involucrou, a verificação do cumprimento do plano de amostragem, atendimento ao padrão de potabilidade, estadísticas descritivas dos resultados dos parâmetros anualizados e um analises de correlação entre a qualidade da água e indicadores epidemiológicos e de saúde. Finamente, estes indicadores foram associados com a implementação da VQACH para determinar sim a implementação tem algum efeito nos resultados da qualidade de água. A avaliação foi desenvolvida mediante a aplicação de entrevistas semiestruturadas a 39 unidades territoriais e a coleta de dados secundários sobre a qualidade da água, eventos em saúde e informações territoriais sobre sobre indicadores em saúde, sociais e administrativos. A avaliação mostrou que o sistema de VQACH em Colômbia encontrou-se parcialmente implementado, com diferentes estados de implementação nas unidades territoriais. O sistema de VQACH presentou uma implementação relevante nos componentes de monitoramento da qualidade da água , analises e investigação atuação em conjunto com os responsáveis pelas fontes de distribuição , ao mesmo tempo o sistema de informação e rede de laboratórios mostraram-se fortalecido, fornecendo um apoio para o desenvolvimento das ações. Estes resultados evidencias as fortaleças do sistema na produção de dados, no entanto, identifica.se a ausência de acoes que permitam o aproveitamento desse dados para o melhoramento da qualidade de água. Foram observadas limitações conceituas no legislações que afeitam a universalidade das ações de VQACH, relacionado com a definição pessoa prestadora e da falta de diretrizes sobre as diferentes formas de abastecimentos que devem ser vigiado, o que impede uma abordagem ampla da VQACH. A falta de recursos humanos e recursos materiais e de infraestrutura foi um aspecto fragilizado, os territórios não contam com os recursos suficientes para execução da VQACH, devido a flexibilização dos contratos, instabilidade laboral, precarização do emprego, clientelismo e a falta de compromissos administrativos e políticos para o desenvolvimento das ações. Ademais, foram identificadas debilidades nas ações de universalidade , intersetorialidade , educação e participação comunitárias disponibilidades de informação , o que indica a pouca ação da VQACH numa perspectiva de promoção de saúde, que promove o empoderamento da população e notas possibilidade em saúde pública para o melhoramento da qualidade de água. O estudo mostrou a importância das característica contextuas para o desenvolvimento de VQACH. A descentralização , realizada mediante a delimitação, planejamento desenvolvimento, execução das ações entre os três níveis e suporte técnico; e a coordenação desenvolvida mediante a supervisão e avaliação das ações, mostraram apoiar a implementação. A aceitabilidade não se mostrou influente na VQACH, no entanto, evidenciou problemas na aplicação das ferramentas de analises de risco, principalmente nos sistemas de abastecimento convencionais e de pequeno porte. Outros indicadores como a cobertura de aqueduto geral, índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM) e o Índice de Risco Relacionado com a qualidade da Agua (IRCA), mostraram uma relação com a VCACH. O análises de dados da qualidade da água, revelou ausência, irregularidades e descontinuidade do monitoramento em alguns municípios e a falta de cumprimento do plano de amostragem, o qual mostrou as fragilizades dos territórios para dar cumprimento com as ações estabelecidas. A diversas configurações do monitoramento adoptadas pelos territoriais, podem produzir diferenças nas práticas de VQACH, que podem influir em diagnósticos diferencias da qualidade da água e na dificuldades para realizar análises comparativas entre os territórios. Também foram detectada inconsistências na construção do IRCA, caudadas pela incompatibilidade com o plano de amostragem, o qual restringe o número de parâmetros, amostras e frequências realizadas pelos municípios. A qualidade da água mostrou problemas de potabilidade principalmente em relação aos parâmetros microbiológicos e de turbidez, o que indica a falta de sistemas de tratamento eficazes no pais. Não foi observada uma melhoria da qualidade da água nos anos estudados. A qualidade da água não mostrou uma associação com as Doenças Diarreicas Agudas (DDAs) entretanto, foi observada uma associação estatisticamente significativa com a mortalidade infantil, sendo este um possível indicador para compreender a relação entre a qualidade da água e a saúde. | Surveillance of the Quality of Water for Human Consumption (VCACH) is a determining factor for the prevention and reduction of risks to human health, caused by the diseases related to the lack of water quality. The implementation of VCACH programs can contribute to progressively improve the quality of water, and consequently the health of the population. The present study aims to evaluate the VCACH system implemented in Colombia. The study was conducted using a methodology for assessing the implementation that is integrated in the analysis, a normative assessment and evaluation research. The assessment permitted to estimate the degree of implementation of the VCACH in varied territories of Colombia, and by studying the characteristics of context that can influence the degree of implementation of the territories. This assessment was developed using a Delphi methodology that allowed the definition of an evaluation matrix, composed of 14 attributes and 62 criteria, as well as, the building a score system scores and parameters that allowed the evaluation of each of the defined criteria. In addition, an analysis of the water quality results was carried out which involved the compliance of the sampling plane, the fulfillment pattern of drinking water, descriptive statistics of the results of the parameters analyzed and a correlation analysis between water quality and health events. Finally, these markers were associated to the VCACH implementation in order to determine whether the implementation has some effect of the results of the quality of water. The evaluation was carried out by using semi-structured interviews to 39 territorial units and the collection of secondary data on water quality, health events and territorial information on health, social and administrative indicators. The evaluation showed that the VCACH system in Colombia is partially implemented, with different stages of implementation in territorial units. The VCACH system presented an relevant implementation on the components of monitoring of water quality , analysis and research and 'working together with those responsible for the supply', while the information system and network of laboratories were strengthened, providing support for the development of actions. These results evidence the strengths of the system in the production of data, however, an absence of actions to enable the use of these data to improve water quality was identified. Conceptual limitations were observed in legislation affecting the universality of VCACH actions, these were related to the definition of "providing people" and lack of guidelines about the different forms of supply to be monitored, which prevents a broad approach to VCACH. The lack of "human resources" and "material resources and those of infrastructure" was a weak aspect, the territories do not have the have enough resources to run the VCACH resources due to more flexible contracts, job instability, poor employment conditions, corruption and the lack of political and administrative commitments for the development of actions. Moreover, some weaknesses in the actions of universality , Intersectional education and community participation and availability of information were identified. The latter indicates little action VCACH in the perspective of health promotion that encourage the empowerment of the community and new possibilities for improving in public health for the improvement of the quality of water. This study showed the importance of the context characteristics for the development of VCACH. The decentralization carried out through delimitation, planning and performance, execution of actions among the three levels and technical support; and the developed coordination throughout the supervision and assessment of the actions, showed significant support on the implementation. The acceptability did not show influente on the vcach. However, it showed some difficulties on the application of the risk analysis tools, mainly on the unconventional and small scale supply systems. Water quality and in components monitoring water quality , analysis and research and working together with those responsible for the supply , while the "information system " and the "network of laboratories were strengthened , providing support for the development of actions. Other indicators, such as overall aqueduct coverage, Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and the Index of related Water Quality Risk (IRWQ), showed a relationship with the VCACH. The analysis of water quality data, revealed the absence, irregularity and discontinuity of monitoring in some municipalities and a lack of fulfillment of the sampling plane, which shows the fragility of the territories to comply with the established actions. The various configurations of monitoring adopted by the territories, may yield differences in VCACH practices that could influence on differential diagnosis of water quality and the difficulty to make comparative analysis between territories. In addition, some inconsistencies were also detected in the construction of IRCA, caused by the incompatibility with the sampling plane, which restricts the number of parameters, samples and frequencies carried out by the municipalities. The quality of water showed potability problems mainly related to turbidity and microbiological parameters, indicating the lack of effective treatment systems of water in the country. It was observed an improvement in water quality in the studied years. They were also detected inconsistencies in the construction of IRCA caused by the water quality not showed an association with acute diarrheal diseases (ADDs), meanwhile, was observed a statistically significant association with infant mortality, this being a possible indicator to understand the relationship between water quality and health. Incompatibility with the sampling plane, which restricts the number of parameters, signs and frequencies for by the municipalities. Water quality showed potability problems mainly related to turbidity and microbiological parameters, indicating the lack of effective treatment systems water in the country. It was observed an improvement in water quality in the years studied. Quality of water did not show an association with acute diarrhoeal diseases (ADDs), meanwhile, it was observed a statistically significant association with infant mortality and it was a possible indicator to understand the relationship between water quality and health.

7 páginas, 2 figuras, 1 tabla | [EN]Introduction: Obesity is well known to be related to the percentage of Total Body Water (TBW) and inflammation, but the relationship between TBW and inflammation remains still unconfirmed. Aim: To evaluate whether TBW is associated with inflammatory markers in obese children and adolescents. Material and methods: Thirty four obese children (7.0-10.9 yrs) and 49 obese adolescents (11.0-15.0 yrs) were recruited. Body mass index (BMI Z-score) and several serum biomarkers such as lipid profile, C-Reactive Protein (CRP), sE-selectin, sL-selectin, soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (s-ICAM-1) and soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (s-VCAM-1) were determined. TBW was obtained by Bioelectrical measurements. Bilateral partial correlation test was used to analyze associations controlled by sex, age, and/or BMI Z-score. Results: A negative correlation was found between TBW and BMI Z-score in both children and adolescents (r -0.581,p < 0.001; r -0.368, p < 0.011, respectively) that remained in both sex, separately (r -0.540, p < 0.001; r -0.505, p < 0.001). In addition, TBW was also negatively correlated with CRP (r -0.438, p < 0.001) in both groups (r -0.560, p = 0.002; r -0.436, p = 0.007, respectively). When analyzed by sex, TBW was associated with CRP only in boys (r -0.588, p = 0.027; r -0.652, p = 0.005). TBW was negatively correlated with sE-selectin (r -0.236, p = 0.039) only in adolescents (r -0.320, p = 0.032). When analyzed by sex, TBW was associated with sE-selectin only in girls (r -0.432, p = 0.035). Conclusions: TBW may be considered as a marker not only of the hydration status, but also of the metabolic disorder in a low-grade inflammatory process such as obesity in children and adolescents. | [ES]:: Se conoce la relación de la obesidad con el porcentaje de agua corporal total (ACT) y con la inflamación,pero no se ha demostrado aún la posible asociación entre ACT y la inflamación. Objetivo: Evaluar si la ACT (como marcador de estado de hidratación) se asocia con marcadores de inflamación en niños y adolescentes obesos. | Peer reviewed

Fungal diversity of protected areas in the state of Tabasco has been poorly studied. Most microscopic saprophytic species are not yet known. This contribution aims to increase our knowledge of the litter-inhabiting anamorphic fungi from the rain forest of the “Agua Blanca” state park. An account of 40 taxa is included, 15 of them had not been reported from Mexico before, and 25 are new records for the Tabasco state. For all the new national records, morphologic description, illustrations, geographical distribution and observations on their taxonomic characters are included. | La riqueza fúngica de las áreas protegidas del estado de Tabasco ha sido pobremente estudiada. En su mayoría, las especies saprobias microscópicas aún se desconocen. La presente contribución tiene como objetivo documentar la composición de hongos anamorfos que proliferan en los restos vegetales de la selva del Parque Estatal “Agua Blanca”. En total se presentan 40 taxones, entre los cuales se incluyen 15 que no se conocían para México y 25 para el estado de Tabasco. De todos los registros nuevos a nivel nacional, junto con su descripción morfológica, se anexan ilustraciones, información sobre la distribución geográfica conocida y observaciones sobre sus caracteres de interés taxonómico.

En esta investigación se evaluó el efecto de la proporción de grasa de cerdo, salvado de arroz, carragenina y agua sobre la capacidad de retención de agua, textura instrumental y sensorial y aceptabilidad general de mortadela tipo italiana. Se estudiaron cuatro tratamientos con proporciones de grasa de cerdo; salvado de arroz; carragenina; agua (20.0; 0.0; 0.0; 0.0%; 15.0; 1.0; 1.0; 3.0%; 10.0; 2.0; 1.5; 6.5% y 5.0; 3.0; 2.0; 10.0%). El análisis de varianza mostró un efecto significativo de las proporciones de grasa de cerdo, salvado de arroz, carragenina y agua, sobre la capacidad de retención de agua y textura instrumental. La prueba de Duncan indicó que la mortadelas elaboradas con las proporciones P2 (grasa de cerdo al 15.0%, salvado de arroz al 1.0%, carragenina al 1.0% y agua al 3.0%), P3 (grasa de cerdo al 10.0%, salvado de arroz al 2.0%, carragenina al 1.5% y agua al 6.5%) y P4 (grasa de cerdo al 5.0%, salvado de arroz al 3.0%, carragenina al 2.0% y agua al 10.0%), permitieron obtener los mayores valores de textura instrumental: 3.43, 3.77 y 3.77 N respectivamente. Además, las proporciones P3 y P4, permitieron obtener los valores más bajos de capacidad de retención de agua: 10.99 y 6.23% respectivamente, en la mortadela tipo italiana. Las proporciones P3 (grasa de cerdo al 10.0%, salvado de arroz al 2.0%, carragenina al 1.5% y agua al 6.5%) y P4 (grasa de cerdo al 5.0%, salvado de arroz al 3.0%, carragenina al 2.0% y agua al 10.0%) permitieron obtener los valores más altos de textura sensorial con rango promedio de 2.89 y 3.31 respectivamente en la mortadela tipo italiana. La proporción P3 grasa de cerdo al 10.0%; salvado de arroz al 2.0%; carragenina al 1.5% y agua al 6.5% permitió obtener la mayor calificación en la prueba de aceptabilidad general con valor de moda 7 (me agrada moderadamente), a esta proporción se le determinó el contenido de fibra dietética, el cual fue de 1.55%, esta cantidad cubre el 4.43% de los valores diarios recomendados (DVR%). | The goal research was evaluated the effect of the proportion of pork fat, rice bran, carrageenan and water on the water retention capacity, instrumental and sensory texture and overall acceptability of italian mortadella type. Four treatments were studied with proportions of pork fat; rice bran; carrageenan; water (20.0; 0.0; 0.0; 0.0%; 15.0; 1.0; 1.0; 3.0%; 10.0; 2.0; 1.5; 6.5% y 5.0; 3.0; 2.0; 10.0%). The analysis of variance showed a significant effect of the proportions of pork fat, rice bran, carrageenan and water, on the water retention capacity, and instrumental texture. Duncan's test indicated that the mortadellas prepared with proportions P2 (pork fat to 15.0%, rice bran 1.0%, 1.0% carrageenan and 3.0% water), P3 (pork fat to 10.0%, bran rice to 2.0%, carrageenan 1.5% and 6.5% water) and P4 (pork fat to 5.0%, bran rice to 3.0%, carrageenan 2.0% and 10.0% water), has yielded the lowest values of water retention capacity: 19.14, 12.41 and 6.7% respectively (greater retention of water in the food) and higher values of instrumental texture: 3.43, 3.77 and 3.77 N respectively. Also, P3 and P4, proportions allowed to obtain the lowest values of water holding capacity: 10.99 and 6.23%, respectively, in the Italian mortadella type. The P3 proportions (pork fat to 10.0%, bran rice to 2.0%, carrageenan 1.5% and 6.5% water) and P4 (pork fat to 5.0%, bran rice to 3.0%, carrageenan 2.0% and 10.0% water) allowed to obtain the highest values of sensory texture with average range of 2.89 and 3.31 respectively in the italian mortadella type. The proportion P3 pork fat to 10.0%; rice bran at 2.0%; carrageenan 1.5% and 6.5% water, yielded the highest score on the test of general acceptability value moda 7 (I like moderately), this ratio is determined by the content of dietary fiber, which was 1.55%, this amount covers 4.43% of the recommended daily values (DVR%). | Tesis

El Ecuador posee represas muy conocidas por su destacada función hidroeléctrica como Represa de Paute Molino y algunas por cultivo de jaulas tales como Represa Daule Peripa, la Provincia de Santa Elena cuenta con la Represa de Velasco Ibarra, El Azúcar y la principal de este estudio la Represa San Vicente. La Represa San Vicente ubicada en la parroquia Colonche, es un cuerpo de agua que abastece para diferentes necesidades de las comunas que se desarrollan es su alrededor, temporadas invernales pasadas llenaron este cuerpo de agua que cumple funciones vitales para los comuneros. La represa de San Vicente en la actualidad es el eje principal para la actividad agrícola y agraria, también de uso doméstico permitiendo el desarrollo de las comunidades cercanas que crecen a sus alrededores, es de vital importancia conocer las características físicas, químicas y biológicas de dicha agua. Mafla, 2005, señala que alrededor del mundo "Actividades humanas como la agricultura desmedida, deforestación, explotación maderera, canales de riego, explotación minera, descargas humanas están reduciendo la disponibilidad del recurso agua", dichas actividades en su mayoría son visibles en el área de estudio, motivando al interés de conocer el estado actual de la calidad de agua de la Represa para tener un conocimiento científico de los procesos fisicoquímicos que ocurren. | La represa San Vicente de Colonche es una obra de importante desarrollo para las personas que habitan es su alrededores, gracias a ésta se despliegan muchas actividades tales recreación, agricultura, pesca y ganadería e incluso aprovechamiento para actividades domésticas. No existe información publicada de las condiciones de calidad de agua actual de ésta represa. Ésta investigación se desarrolló a partir de la necesidad de conocer el estado actual del cuerpo de agua. El trabajo se inició en Enero y finalizo en Septiembre del 2013. Se analizaron los parámetros fisicoquímicos: oxígeno disuelto, demanda biológica de oxígeno, potencial de hidrógeno, sólidos totales disueltos, coliformes totales y fecales, fosfatos, nitrato, turbidez y temperatura del agua de 4 estaciones fijas. Con la ayuda de la identificación de macroinvertebrados acuáticos indicadores se determinó la calidad de agua, aplicando el índice ephemeroptera, trichoptera y plecoptera conocido como ETP. La familia más abundante de macroinvertebrados fue chironomidae del orden díptera con un total de 1211 organismos y la familia menos representada fue elmidae, con un total de 103 Organismos. El estudio determinó que el cuerpo de agua de la represa es de calidad regular, relacionando resultados de ICA y MAIA.

The calculation of river flows necessary to maintain the environmental services of the diverse river basins in Mexico has been an element to be considered in complying with the Mexican Norm and in allowing an adequate administration of water resources. Several methods have been proposed for this calculation, among which a very simple one is a hydrological method that requires a data base on runoff to determine the volume of water that ecosystem functions need. Hydrological methodology proposed by the NMX cited above, provides guidelines for establishing a regime as a percentage of average annual runoff and it is assumed maintain biological attributes at certain levels of conservation. It also analyzes the regime of seasonal normal flow for wet hydrological conditions, socks, dry and very dry, and the system of avenues (considered as the sudden increase in the volume and speed of the current in a river due to runoff resulting from rain cyclical or extraordinary, it is also known as flooding), considering at least three categories of avenues (intra-annual, annual and interannual low magnitude of average size) with corresponding attributes of magnitude, duration, frequency, time of occurrence and rate exchange. For greater certainty calculation it will always be necessary to have records in the three levels of a basin. This level of analysis is to determine the final volume of ecological flow, considering the benchmark to achieve the previously defined environmental objective. For ecological calculation referred by the NMX, some fundamental aspects were considered, such as: ecology importance (which ranks among very high, high, medium and low based on the concepts of the rule itself ); use pressures (determined as the ratio percentage of the volume allocated over the concession between the annual average availability basin or aquifer, determined as high ≥ 80%, ≥ 40% high, medium and low ≥ 11% ≤ 10%) ; the environmental objective (ecological status to be achieved within the watershed to maintain the integrity of existing ecosystems or when they believe that they are degraded, contributing to the recovery or rehabilitation); and annual percentage rate recommended for environmental protection. Based on this, the purpose of this study was to quantify the river flow of the Piaxtla river, in the state of Sinaloa. The river runoff data bases for 36 and nine years were compared, showed differences mainly between the frequency of maximum runoff and its origin, and indicated that it is advisable to use a data base of more than 20 years. However, results were similar in the final calculation of the environmental or ecological river flows; that is to say, total runoff volume was 62.1% considering 36 years and 57.7% for nine years of information. We conclude that the ecological importance of Piaxtla river was very high and the use of water pressure was low (considering that database runoff only included until 1999 and did not take into account population growth and activities). To determine the final volume reserved for the environment or ecological flow, could be estimated not only with a database of 36 years, but for nine years also confirming that those rivers that have databases of 10 years can the methodology used hydrological indicated by the NMX said. Particularly in this study it was determined that for parameters more detailed as the volume of the base rate of the annual volume, according to the frequency of occurrence, both very dry years, dry, average and wet, and influence of meteorological events that determine periods separate return, it is advisable to use minimum data bases as brand NMX 20 years. | El cálculo del caudal fluvial necesario para mantener los servicios ambientales de los diferentes tipos de cuenca en los ríos de México, ha sido un elemento a cumplir en la Norma Mexicana, lo que permite una adecuada administración del recurso hídrico. Para dicho cálculo se han propuesto diferentes metodologías, una de las cuales por su sencillez es la hidrológica, requiriendo para ello una base de datos de escurrimientos que permitan determinar el volumen de agua necesario para las funciones de los ecosistemas. Con base en lo anterior, el objetivo de este estudio fue estimar dicho caudal en el río Piaxtla, Sinaloa. Para ello se compararon bases de datos de escurrimientos de 36 y nueve años que mostraron diferencias fundamentalmente entre la frecuencia de las máximas avenidas y sus orígenes, lo que recomienda contar con base de datos mayores a veinte años; sin embargo, en el cálculo final del caudal ambiental los resultados fueron semejantes, es decir, reservar del volumen total del escurrimiento el 62.1% considerando un lapso de 36 años de estudio y 57.7% tomando en cuenta nueve años de información.

Se realizo la caracterización del proceso de producción de agua tipo II para una industria cosmética, monitoreando 4 puntos de muestreos establecidos: Punto Cl2, Punto pretratamiento, Punto UV y Punto lateral o de proceso. Se adquirió un equipo Helix 70, que cuenta con ultrafiltración y osmosis inversa para obtención producto final que sea óptimo para las formulaciones cosméticas y la estabilidad de los productos elaborados. Se realizó seguimiento durante 6 meses, semanal por cada punto, obteniéndose resultados estables para los resultados microbiológicos y fisicoquimico. Para los parámetros microbiológicos: Recuento de Aerobios, Coliformes totales, E. Coli y Pseudomona. Se evaluaron los siguientes parámetros en fisicoquimico: pH, Conductividad, Dureza; Cl2, Fe total. Se estableció que el producto obtenido es conforme a las especificaciones y los datos registrados son consistentes para cada tipo de agua | We performed the characterization of the type II water production for cosmetic industry, monitoring four sampling points established: Cl2 Point, pretreatment Point, UV Point and process Point. It took a team Helix 70, with ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis to obtain final product that is optimal for the cosmetic and the stability of the products. Were followed for 6 months, weekly for each point, yielding stable results for microbiological and physicochemical results. For microbiological parameters: Aerobic Count, Total Coliforms, E. Coli and Pseudomonas. We assessed the following physicochemical parameters: pH, conductivity, hardness, Cl 2, total Fe. It was established that the product obtained is as specified and recorded data are consistent for each type of water

Con el fin de determinar bajo condiciones de campo la cantidad de agua lluvia que se mueve verticalmente a varias profundidades en la Altillanura, se seleccionó un suelo Tipyc Haplustox isohipertérmico caolinítico del municipio de Puerto López (Meta), trabajado durante varios años (2,4 y 6 pases de rastra por año para un total acumulado al momento de las pruebas de 8, 16 y 32 pases) y diferentes condiciones de manejo (Sabana nativa; Arroz (con 8 y 16 pases de rastra) y Pasto (B. Dictyoneura con 16 y 32 pases de rastra)). Se evaluó in situ la cantidad de agua lluvia que pasa a través de diferentes profundidades del suelo utilizando microlisímetros de embudo instalados a las siguientes profundidades: 3 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm y 30 cm. A cada profundidad se midió el volumen de agua que pasaba por cada lámina de suelo y se determinaron los componentes solubles (NO3, Ca, K, P), pH y Conductividad eléctrica. Adicionalmente se determinó la cantidad de lluvia semanal caída en el área de trabajo, para establecer la relación existente entre la precipitación y la cantidad de agua que pasaba por cada profundidad.&#xA;Se encontró una alta variabilidad en la forma en&#xA;que el agua se mueve dentro del suelo, en lo cual se&#xA;destaca el flujo preferencial; también, que la cantidad&#xA;de componentes solubles que se mueve de una profun&#xA;didad a otra en función de Ja cantidad de agua que&#xA;pasa. Para los suelos de la Altillanura se encontró que&#xA;los pastos permiten una mejor distribución de agua y&#xA;nutrientes puesto que ellos crean y mantienen macro-&#xA;poros mejorando el estado físico del suelo. = With the purpose of determining under field conditions the quantity of rainfall that moves vertically to several depths in the Altillanura, a soil Tipyc Haplustox isohipertérmico caolinítico of the municipality of Port López (Meta) was selected, worked during several years (2, 4 and 6 trail passes per year for a total accumulated to the moment of the tests of 8, 16 and 32 passes) and different handling conditions (native Savanna; Rice (with 8 and 16 trail passes) and I Pasture (B. Dictyoneura with 16 and 32 trail passes)). It was evaluated in situ the quantity of rain that passes through different depths of the soil using funnel microlisímetros installed to the following depths: 3 cm, 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, 20 cm and 30 cm. To each depth the volume of water was measured that it went by each soil sheet and the soluble components were determined (NO3, Ca, K, P), pH and electric Conductivity. Additionally the quantity of rain weekly fall was determined in the work area, to establish the existent relationship between the precipitation and the quantity of water that it went by each depth.&#xA;There was high variability in the form which water moves inside the soil, in which is affected by the preferential flow. The quantity of soluble components that move from a layer to another being function of the quantity of water that passes. For the soils of the Altillanura it was found that the grasses allow a better distribution of water and nutritious since they create and they maintain macroporos improving the physical state of the soil | IG Valenzuela, G Perea, Edgar Amézquita Collazos, 'Evaluación del agua gravitacional a través del perfil de un suelo de la altillanura', Suelos Ecuatoriales, 2014

Se evaluó la dosificación de coagulantes utilizando redes neuronales artificiales, enuna planta de agua potable ubicada en Perú (12° 00’ 00" S y 75° 11?’ 00" W) a3420m, donde la calidad al ingreso es inestable debido a precipitaciones fluvialesque alteran sus propiedades fisicoquímicas. Se utilizó la “prueba de jarras” paraevaluar la dosis de coagulante (Al2SO4), considerando turbiedad, pH, conductividady sólidos disueltos, con temperatura y caudal promedio de 10° C y 148 L/s. Los datosde once meses fueron usadas para entrenar diversas tipologías de redes, siendo lade regresión generalizada la que presentó un rendimiento de 97,77 % y evidencióque los factores más influentes son los sólidos disueltos, la turbidez, la conductividady el pH, con 42,79 , 32,43 , 10,33 y 7,26 %, respectivamente.

El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la incidencia de diferentes combinaciones de agua de riego (agua desmineralizada y agua salinizada artificialmente en laboratorio), sobre la conductividad eléctrica (CE), relación de adsorción de sodio (RAS), pH, porcentaje de sodio de intercambio (PSI), y porcentaje de saturación con bases (PSB) de suelos paleudoles petrocalcicos del sudeste de Buenos Aires. Se realizó un experimento en invernáculo, utilizando columnas de suelo de 30 cm de largo, donde se sembró raigrás perenne (Lolium perenne). Se establecieron cinco tratamientos de riego: W0 (100% de agua desmineralizada), W1 (30% de agua con bajo RAS y 70% de agua desmineralizada); W2 (50% de agua de bajo RAS y 50% de agua desmineralizada); W3 (30% de agua de alto RAS y 70% de agua desmineralizada); W4 (50% de agua con alto RAS y 50% de agua desmineralizada). A medida que la proporción de agua artificialmente salinizada fue mayor que la de agua desmineralizada, los valores de PSI y CE se incrementaron especialmente a nivel superficial (10 cm). El agua artificial de RAS=12,5 produjo un aumento considerable del PSI=19,8 en comparación con el tratamiento testigo. Considerando el efecto de dilución del agua de lluvia fue posible establecer una ecuación que permite estimar para determinada calidad de agua de riego que valor del RAS alcanzaría el suelo. | The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of different combinations of irrigation water (demineralized and artificially salinized in the laboratory) on the electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), pH, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and percent base saturation of two petrocalcic Paleudolls of Argentina. An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, where 30-cm long soil columns were seeded with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Five water treatments were established: W0 (100 % distilled water), W1 (30% water with low RAS and 70% distilled water), W2 (50% water of low SAR and 50% distilled water), W3 (30% water of high RAS and 70% distilled water), and W4 (50% water with high RAS and 50% distilled water). Since the artificially salinized water proportion was greater than the demineralized water, the EC and ESP values increased mainly at the surface (0-10 cm). The artificial water SAR=12.5 produced a significant increase in ESP=19.8 compared with the control treatment. Considering the dilution effect of rain, an equation was developed to estimate the value of soil RAS for a given quality of irrigation water value.