Aquifer systems are an important part of an integrated water resources management plan as foreseen in the European Union’s Water Framework Directive (2000). The sustainable development of these systems demands the use of all available techniques capable of handling the multidisciplinary features of the problems involved. The formulation and resolution of an optimization model is described for a planning and management problem based on the Palmela aquifer (Portugal), developed to supply a given number of demand centres. This problem is solved using one of the latest optimization techniques, the simulated annealing heuristic method, designed to find the optimal solutions while avoiding falling into local optimums. The solution obtained, providing the wells location and the corresponding pumped flows to supply each centre, are analysed taking into account the objective function components and the constraints. It was found that the operation cost is the biggest share of the final cost, and the choice of wells is greatly affected by this fact. Another conclusion is that the solution takes advantage of the economies of scale, that is, it points toward drilling a large capacity well even if this increases the investment cost, rather than drilling several wells, which together will increase the operation costs.

"Se realizó un estudio para evaluar el efecto de los niveles de proteína y energía sobre el crecimiento, supervivencia y la respuesta antioxidante de la enzima superóxido dismutasa (SOD) en juveniles de Cherax quadricarinatus. El experimento incluyó seis dietas prácticas con tres niveles de proteína cruda (28, 35 y 40%) y dos niveles de energía (~18 y 20 kJ·g–1). El grupo control fue alimentado con alimento comercial para camarón. La actividad SOD más alta (34.8 U·mg–1 prot.) se presentó en juveniles alimentados con 35% de proteína cruda (PC) y 18 kJ·g–1. La proteína soluble en tejido de langosta de agua dulce alimentada con 28 y 35% de PC fue superior con respecto a los acociles del grupo control. El mejor peso final promedio (9.23 g), la mejor ganancia en peso (788%) y el factor de conversión alimenticia mas bajo (1.3) se presentó en acociles alimentados con 35% de PC. Se concluye que una dieta conteniendo 35% de PC y 18 kJ·g–1 de energía es recomendada para la producción y además incrementa la respuesta inmune de los acociles en su fase de juvenil." | "This study determined the influence of dietary crude protein and energy levels on growth, survival, and antioxidant response of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in juvenile redclaw Cherax quadricarinatus. Six practical diets containing three crude protein (CP) levels (28, 35, and 40%) and two energy levels (~18 and 20 kJ·g–1) were tested. The control group was fed a commercial shrimp diet. The highest SOD activity (34.8 U·mg–1 protein) occurred in the diet with 35% CP and 18 kJ · g–1. Soluble protein in tissue of redclaw fed 28 and 35% CP increased, compared to the control. The best mean final weight (9.23 g), weight gain (788%), and the lowest feed conversion ratio (1.3) occurred with the 35% CP diet. We conclude that a dietary CP content of 35% and 18 kJ · g–1 is recommended for production and best immune responses in redclaw."

No sul do Estado do Espírito Santo, a técnica de disposição da água residuária do descascamento/despolpa dos frutos do cafeeiro (ARC) em valas de infiltração/percolação é muito utilizada por produtores, por necessitar de pequenas áreas para se efetuar a disposição da ARC, ser de baixo custo e fácil implantação, operação e manutenção. No entanto, se esta técnica for realizada de forma inadequada, poderá causar contaminação do lençol subterrâneo e alterações nas características químicas e físicas do solo. Em razão disso, foi realizada a caracterização da ARC disposta em valas, sendo avaliadas também as características químicas e físicas do solo de amostras coletadas na área de influência de valas utilizadas para disposição da ARC, em municípios do sul do Estado do Espírito Santo. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em até 5 m de distância lateral das valas, em diferentes profundidades e no fundo das mesmas. Observou- se que a ARC disposta nas valas apresentou salinidade, pH ácido, grande concentração de sólidos totais e elevada carga orgânica, sendo o N o elemento químico em maior concentração. O K trocável aumentou em praticamente todas as amostras de solo coletadas nas posições laterais às valas, proporcionando aumento da condutividade elétrica do extrato de saturação (CE) e da argila dispersa em água do solo (ADA), notadamente nas amostras coletadas mais proximamente às valas. Além disso, proporcionou diminuição na acidez potencial, em todas as amostras de solo analisadas e, ainda, influenciou os valores do pH, em algumas amostras. As concentrações de Ca e Mg trocáveis também aumentaram em amostras mais próximas às valas, devido à presença destes elementos químicos na ARC, o que proporcionou, na maioria das amostras de solo analisadas, aumento no valor da soma de bases (SB) e na saturação por bases (V). Em amostras de solo coletadas a maiores distâncias das valas, houve diminuição nas concentrações de P disponível. Não foi detectada a presença de Na e as concentrações de Al trocável não foram alteradas nas amostras, independente da posição de coleta, entretanto a saturação por Al diminuiu em amostras coletadas mais proximamente às valas. A capacidade de troca catiônica potencial (CTC a pH 7) diminuiu na grande maioria das amostras de solo e a CTC efetiva aumentou em amostras coletadas mais proximamente das valas. O conteúdo de matéria orgânica (MO) e a concentração de P-remanescente aumentaram em algumas amostras localizadas a 50 cm das valas. Nas amostras coletadas no perfil de solo a partir do fundo das valas, o pH, a concentração de Mg, a SB e V diminuíram, enquanto a CE, a ADA, o equivalente de umidade (EU), a acidez potencial, a saturação por Al, a CTC a pH 7, o conteúdo de matéria orgânica e as concentrações de P disponível, P- remanescente, Ca e Al trocáveis aumentaram. A concentração de K trocável e a CTC efetiva permaneceram praticamente constantes ao longo do perfil de solo amostrado a partir do fundo da vala. | In the south of the Espírito Santo State, Brazil, the wastewater generated in the coffee grain processing (CGPW) is disposed by the farmers in dumping holes in the soil. This practice has the advantages of the requirement of small areas, the low costs, and the feasibility of construction, operation and management. However, it has to be appropriately executed in order to avoid the contamination of the underground water and the occurrence of changes in the soil chemical and physical characteristics. It was made the characterization of the disposed CGPW and determined the chemical and physical characteristics in soil samples collected near the dumping holes used for CGPW disposal in counties from the Espírito Santo State. The samples were collected at distances up to 5 in the lateral of the hole, at different depths and in the bottom of the dumping hole. The disposed CGPW presented salinity, acid pH, high concentration of total solids and high organic content, with the element N being the most concentrated. The exchangeable K increased in almost all soil samples collected in the lateral positions. This caused a higher electrical conductivity in the saturation extract, a higher percentage of dispersed clay in the soil, mainly in the samples closer to the dumping hole, a decrease in the potential acidity, and changes in the pH of some samples. The soil exchangeable Ca and Mg also increased in the samples closer to the dumping holes with increase of the sum of bases and index of base saturation. The available P decreased in the samples more distant from to the dumping holes. There was no detection of Na in the samples and no variation of exchangeable Al concentration, but the Al saturation index decreased closer to the dumping hole. The cation exchangeable capacity (CEC), at pH 7, decreased in most of the samples whereas the effective CEC increased in the samples closer to the dumping holes. The organic matter content and the remaining P increased in some samples located at 50 cm from the dumping holes. In the soil samples collected at the bottom of the holes, the pH, the Mg concentration, the sum of bases and índex of base saturation decreased whereas the electrical conductivity, clay disperse in water, organic matter content, moisture equivalent, potential acidity, Al saturation and CEC, at pH 7, increased. There was increase also in the available P, remaining P, and exchangeable Ca and Al. The exchangeable K and the effective CEC did not show variation in the samples collected in different depths at the bottom of the hole. | Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

La Empresa de Servicios de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado de Lima, Sedapal, en su afán de ampliar y prestar mejor servicio de abastecimiento agua potable y alcantarillado, convocó el Procedimiento Especial de Selección Nº 0012-2007 - Sedapal, para seleccionar a la persona natural o jurídica que tendría a su cargo la elaboración del Expediente Técnico, Promoción Social y Ejecución de la Obra: "Ampliación Y Mejoramiento Del Sistema De Agua Potable Y Alcantarillado Para El Esquema Del Esquema San Juan Macías Y Anexos - Distrito De San Martin De Porres Y Callao - 1 Etapa". Al respecto, como resultado final del proceso de selección, Sedapal otorgó la Buena Pro al Consorcio San Juan Macías el día 30.10.2007, firmándose el CONTRATO Nº 325-2007-SEDAPAL el día 06.11.2007. Asimismo, debido a que el marco legal así lo exigía, SEDAPAL convocó el P.E.S. Nº 0019-2007-SEDAPAL, con la finalidad de contratar los servicios de consultoría para la supervisión de la referida obra, otorgando la Buena Pro a la empresa Corporación Peruana de Ingeniería S.A., firmándose el CONTRATO Nº 362-2007-SEDAPAL el día 04.12.2007. En tal sentido, el presente Informe de Ingeniería titulado "Supervisión De La Elaboración Del Expediente Técnico Y Ejecución De La Obra, P.E.S. Nº 0012-2007-Sedapal: "Ampliación Y Mejoramiento De Los Sistemas De Agua Potable Y Alcantarillado Para El Esquema · San Juan Macías Y Anexos, Distrito De San Martín De Porres Y Callao - 1 Etapa", hace una descripción de las actividades referidas al control técnico, económico, administrativo y legal, aplicado por la empresa Corporación Peruana de Ingeniería S.A., durante el tiempo que tuvo a su cargo los servicios de supervisión de la obra de la referencia, los cuales iniciaron contractualmente en el mes de diciembre de 2007 y culminaron en el mes de Agosto de 2009, período en el cual formé parte del personal técnico del referido consultor, ejerciendo el cargo de Asistente del Jefe de Supervisión. La base legal para la actuación del consultor, estuvo enmarcado principalmente en el Texto Único Ordenado de la Ley de Contrataciones y Adquisiciones del Estado aprobado mediante D.S. Nº 083-2004-PCM, y su Reglamento aprobado mediante D.S. Nº 084-2004-PCM. | Informe de competencia profesional

Agricultural production of high value crops in Chile's Central Valley is highly dependent on surface and groundwater resources. They are connected and together form an integrated hydrological system, the individual components of which have to be studied. This research is addressed to answering two questions: 1) to what extent doirrigation and canal seepage contribute to groundwater recharge and 2) what is the influence of the interactions between the Cachapoal River and ground water. The study was carried out from 2003 to 2007 in Peumo Valley (34.3° S, 71.3° W). In winter, the irrigation canal network intercepts and diverts surface runoff, which flows to flat areas and recharges groundwater. In summer, infiltration from the canals recharges the aquifer directly and partially compensates for water uptake from plants and evaporation. The effects of both interactions keep groundwater at a relatively constant level over the whole year. The water balance of the valley is strongly affected by agricultural practices, groundwater recharge mainly originating from irrigation loss (22%) and canal seepage (52%). It is important to know how management decisions, such as change in irrigation practices or canal lining, can affect the hydrological system and agricultural production within the valley. | La producción agrícola de exportación en la Zona Central de Chile es altamente dependiente de los recursos hídricos superficiales y subterráneos, los que a su vez están conectados formando un solo sistema hidrológico a través de procesos que no están bien estudiados. Esta investigación apunta a responder dos preguntas de trabajo: 1) Entender el efecto de las filtraciones de los canales de riego en la recarga de los sistemas de aguas subterráneas; y 2) Identificar los patrones de interacción entre las aguas subterráneas y superficiales en el valle de Peumo. Este estudio se ejecutó entre los años 2003 y 2007 en el valle de Peumo, localizado en la Tercera Sección del Río Cachapoal, Región del Libertador General Bernardo O´Higgins, Chile (34,3° S, 71,3° O). En invierno, la red de canales que no transporta agua actúa como una red de drenes interceptores que desvía la escorrentía invernal, que en otro caso llegaría a las zonas planas y recargaría el acuífero. En verano, la infiltración desde los canales recarga el acuífero compensando las demandas de agua por evapotranspiración. El efecto de esta interacción es la estabilidad de los niveles freáticos durante todo el año. La hidrología del valle es afectada por las prácticas agrícolas; la recarga de agua subterránea proviene principalmente de pérdidas de riego (22%) e infiltración desde los canales (52%), por esa razón es importante entender de qué forma las decisiones de manejo, como el revestimiento de canales, pueden modificar el balance de aguas en el valle y su potencial productivo.

Agricultural production of high value crops in Chile's Central Valley is highly dependent on surface and groundwater resources. They are connected and together form an integrated hydrological system, the individual components of which have to be studied. This research is addressed to answering two questions: 1) to what extent doirrigation and canal seepage contribute to groundwater recharge and 2) what is the influence of the interactions between the Cachapoal River and ground water. The study was carried out from 2003 to 2007 in Peumo Valley (34.3° S, 71.3° W). In winter, the irrigation canal network intercepts and diverts surface runoff, which flows to flat areas and recharges groundwater. In summer, infiltration from the canals recharges the aquifer directly and partially compensates for water uptake from plants and evaporation. The effects of both interactions keep groundwater at a relatively constant level over the whole year. The water balance of the valley is strongly affected by agricultural practices, groundwater recharge mainly originating from irrigation loss (22%) and canal seepage (52%). It is important to know how management decisions, such as change in irrigation practices or canal lining, can affect the hydrological system and agricultural production within the valley. | La producción agrícola de exportación en la Zona Central de Chile es altamente dependiente de los recursos hídricos superficiales y subterráneos, los que a su vez están conectados formando un solo sistema hidrológico a través de procesos que no están bien estudiados. Esta investigación apunta a responder dos preguntas de trabajo: 1) Entender el efecto de las filtraciones de los canales de riego en la recarga de los sistemas de aguas subterráneas; y 2) Identificar los patrones de interacción entre las aguas subterráneas y superficiales en el valle de Peumo. Este estudio se ejecutó entre los años 2003 y 2007 en el valle de Peumo, localizado en la Tercera Sección del Río Cachapoal, Región del Libertador General Bernardo O´Higgins, Chile (34,3° S, 71,3° O). En invierno, la red de canales que no transporta agua actúa como una red de drenes interceptores que desvía la escorrentía invernal, que en otro caso llegaría a las zonas planas y recargaría el acuífero. En verano, la infiltración desde los canales recarga el acuífero compensando las demandas de agua por evapotranspiración. El efecto de esta interacción es la estabilidad de los niveles freáticos durante todo el año. La hidrología del valle es afectada por las prácticas agrícolas; la recarga de agua subterránea proviene principalmente de pérdidas de riego (22%) e infiltración desde los canales (52%), por esa razón es importante entender de qué forma las decisiones de manejo, como el revestimiento de canales, pueden modificar el balance de aguas en el valle y su potencial productivo.

El aporte al Lago de Maracaibo de nutrimentos como el nitrógeno y el fósforo a través de las aguas residuales no tratadas, efluentes industriales y de camaroneras y de fuentes no puntuales como las de escorrentía en la cuenca han contribuido con el masivo crecimiento de la lenteja de agua (Lemna sp.). Esta gran cantidad de biomasa producida pudiera transformarse en un material de alto valor agronómico como abono y/o enmienda al suelo. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el compostaje de lenteja de agua colectada en el Lago de Maracaibo (LA) y estiércol de ovino (EO) mediante la caracterización química de los materiales antes y después del compostaje. El compostaje se realizó en la granja Ana María Campos de la Facultad de Agronomía de la Universidad del Zulia, ubicada en el km 7 de la carretera vía La Cañada, Maracaibo, Venezuela (10º 33´ N 71º 43´ O) , en un diseño totalmente al azar, con cuatro repeticiones, en pilas de aproximadamente 0,85 m de diámetro y 0,5 m de altura, en las siguientes proporciones en volumen: 100% LA, 75% LA-25% EO, 50% LA-50% EO, 25% LA-75% EO y 100% EO. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el proceso de compostaje mejoró la calidad de los materiales originales y que los compost producidos poseen un alto potencial como abono y/o enmienda de suelo

In carbonate massifs, flow patterns are conditioned by karstification processes which develop a conduit network and preserve low permeability microfractured blocks. The Sierra de las Nieves karst massif (southern Spain) is subjected to a given climatic and geological context, and thus it is possible to analyse the spatial and temporal variability of the water temperature and electrical conductivity at its main karst outlets, which display different responses to rainfall episodes. In this experimental field area, conduit flow and diffuse flow drainage patterns have been distinguished by combining groundwater temperature and electrical conductivity data. Both parameters show large variations in water coming from conduit flow systems and low variations in water drained by springs draining diffuse flow systems. However, groundwater temperature displays the smallest variations, which seems to indicate that this parameter is less sensitive as regards characterising the degree of karstification, which is a key question in characterising the aquifer functioning.

Neste estudo analisaram-se os efeitos da fertirrigação com água residuária da suinocultura filtrada (ARSF) no solo e nas variáveis fisiológicas, sanitárias e de produção de tomate, em condições de lisímetros de drenagem sob ambiente protegido. O experimento foi conduzido na estação lisimétrica da Área Experimental de Hidráulica, Irrigação e Drenagem, no campus da Universidade Federal de Viçosa, MG. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de testemunha (T1 - irrigação e adubação recomendada para o tomateiro) e fertirrigação com ARSF fornecendo 100, 150 e 200% da dose de nitrogênio recomendada para o tomateiro sem complementação da adubação (T2, T3 e T4) e com complementação da adubação (T5, T6 e T7), respectivamente. As lâminas de ARSF foram calculadas conforme sugerido pela EPA (Environment Protection Department), considerando-se os riscos de contaminação de água subterrânea com nitrato. Foram analisadas variáveis físicas e químicas do solo, fisiológicas e de produção do tomateiro, bem como de qualidade e sanidade dos frutos de tomate. Diante dos resultados obtidos concluiu- se que: a adubação química foi mais efetiva na ionização da solução do solo do que a ARSF, apresentando maiores valores de CEes e ISNa; a aplicação de ARSF resultou em incrementos nas concentrações de potássio, cálcio e magnésio trocáveis, CTC efetiva, fósforo disponível, nitrogênio total e redução no valor do pH; as variações na porosidade total, microporosidade, massa específica e condutividade hidráulica do solo foram decorrentes da reestruturação e acomodação do solo nos lisimetros; as fertirrigações com ARSF não alteraram significativamente o tempo de florescimento, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas expandidas, potencial de água na folha, taxa fotossintética, condutância estomática e respiração do tomateiro, mas proporcionaram aumento na área foliar e suprimento das necessidades nutricionais, resultando em frutos saborosos e saudáveis do ponto de vista sanitário; considerando-se aspectos ambientais e de custo de produção, o tratamento 4 mostrou ser a melhor alternativa de manejo da cultura, entretanto, a aplicação de 150% das necessidades de nitrogênio da cultura usando ARSF passa a ser uma recomendação técnica e ambientalmente mais adequada. | In this study was analyzed the effects of fertirrigation with filtrated wastewater from swine (FWS) on soil and the physiological, sanitary variables and of tomato production, in drainage lysimeters under protected environment. The experiment was carried out in the lysimeter station at the Hydraulic, Irrigation and Drainage Experimental Area, in campus of the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais State. The treatments were constituted of witness (T1 - irrigation and fertilization recommended for tomato) and fertirrigation with FWS supplying 100, 150 and 200% of the nitrogen doses recommended for tomato without fertilization complementation (T2, T3 and T4) and with application of fertilizer complementation (T5, T6 and T7), respectively. The FWS doses were calculated as suggested by EPA (Environment Protection Department), considering the contamination risks of subterranean water with nitrate. Were analyzed physical and chemical variables of the soil, physiological and of tomato production, as well as of tomato fruits quality and sanity. The results showed: the chemical application of fertilizer was more effective in the soil solution ionization than FWS, presenting CEes' larger values and ISNa; FWS application resulted in increments in the potassium concentrations, calcium and exchangeability magnesium, effective CTC, available phosphorus and total nitrogen, and reduction in pH value; the variations in the total porosity, microporosity, specific mass and hydraulic conductivity were current of the soil restructuring and accommodation in lysimeters; fertirrigations with FWS did not change significantly time of bloom, stem diameter, number of expanded, predawn leaf- water potential, photosynthesis, stomatic conductance and tomato breathing, but provided increase in the leaf area and needs nutritional supply, resulting in flavored and healthy fruits of the sanitary point of view; considering environmental aspects and of production cost, the treatment 4 stands out as the best culture management option, however, the application of 150% of the needs to culture nitrogen with FWS application proceeds being a technical recommendation and environmentally more adequate. | Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Lake water, river water, and groundwater from the Lake Qinghai catchment in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, China have been analyzed and the results demonstrate that the chemical components and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of the waters are strictly constrained by the age and rock types of the tributaries, especially for groundwater. Dissolved ions in the Lake Qinghai catchment are derived from carbonate weathering and part from silicate sources. The chemistry of Buha River water, the largest tributary within the catchment, underlain by the late Paleozoic marine limestone and sandstones, constrains carbonate-dominated compositions of the lake water, being buffered by the waters from the other tributaries and probably by groundwater. The variation of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios with cation concentrations places constraint on the Sr-isotopic compositions of the main subcatchments surrounding Lake Qinghai. The relative significance of river-water sources from different tributaries (possibly groundwater as well) in controlling the Sr distribution in Lake Qinghai provides the potential to link the influence of hydrological processes to past biological and physical parameters in the lake. The potential role of groundwater input in the water budget and chemistry of the lake emphasizes the need to further understand hydrogeological processes within the Lake Qinghai system.