We analyzed the concentration of dissolved trace metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb) in the water column of Reloncaví Fjord. Sampling was performed during the CIMAR 12 Fiordos cruise in 2006. A total of 36 passive samplers or DGTs (diffusion gradient in thin films) were anchored at four stations along the longitudinal axis of the fjord. The DGTs were deployed at three depths per station and left there for 48 h. The metal contents on each thin film were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Concentrations were highest in the surface layer at the head of the estuary, which is directly influenced by Petrohué River. Characteristic sequences of the studied metals were defined in the area with the greatest continental influence (Z(5-25m) = Cu >Mn> Fe > Ni >Pb> Cr > Cd > Co) and in the area with a marine or coastal influence (Z(5-25m) = Fe > Cu>Mn> Ni >Pb> Cr > Cd > Co). A similar metal sequence was found in the deepest layer: Z(40-m) = Fe >Mn> Cu >Pb> Ni > Cd > Cr > Co. The passive sampling technique using DGTs to determine dissolved trace metals in the sea water provided robust information on the concentrations of the ten metals analyzed.<br>Se analiza la concentración de metales trazas disueltos (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni y Pb), en la columna de agua del fiordo Reloncaví. El muestreo se realizó durante la campaña CIMAR 12 Fiordos, 2006. Para ello se fondeó en cuatro estaciones y en tres profundidades, un total de 36 muestreadores pasivos o DGT (láminas de gradiente de difusión) a lo largo del eje longitudinal del fiordo, durante 48 h. El contenido de metales en cada lámina fue analizado mediante espectroscopía de emisión atómica con acoplamiento inductivo de plasma. Las mayores concentraciones se observaron en la superficie de la columna de agua, en la cabeza del estuario, directamente influenciada por el río Petrohué. Se definió para el área una secuencia de los metales estudiados característica, para la zona de mayor influencia continental: Z(5-25m) = Cu > Mn > Fe > Ni > Pb > Cr > Cd > Co y para la zona de influencia marina o costera: Z(5-25-m) = Fe > Cu > Mn > Ni > Pb > Cr > Cd > Co, observándose una secuencia semejante para los metales analizados en la capa de mayor profundidad: Z(40 m) = Fe > Mn > Cu > Pb > Ni > Cd > Cr > Co. La técnica de muestreo pasiva, con DGTs, para la determinación de metales traza disueltos en agua de mar, permitió obtener información robusta de las concentraciones de los diez metales analizados.

Water quality testing (in situ and in laboratory) was conducted on 50 wells across the state of Campeche. Further to this (to aid in water quality management and policy), a GIS was implemented to i) approximate Zones of Contribution (ZOC) for well recharge which in turn supplies water for main cities in the state and ii) perform predictive land change modeling on these ZOC’s to predict the future effect of non-point source pollution. Due to natural geohydrological conditions, values of TDS, pH, and SO4 exceeded Mexican regulations in roughly one third of the wells. Although most wells do not exceed the permissible limits of nutrients and heavy metals, some wells show worryingly high levels of NO2-, TP, and Pb, indicators of pollution from anthropogenic sources. All wells were contaminated by coliform bacteria. Poor water quality in some of the main water sources in the state is mainly due to the proliferation of open dumps and the lack of sewage infrastructure, as well as the ongoing conversion of vegetated land to agriculture into the ZOC’s. It is shown that unless remedial measures are implemented, human activities will continue to extend into these areas, placing the state’s water supply at even higher risk of contamination. | Se analizó la calidad del agua (in situ y laboratorio) de 50 pozos en todo el Estado. Además, se implemento un SIG (para establecer políticas y pautas de manejo de la calidad del agua), consistente en i) delimitar de manera preliminar la zona que contribuye agua a los pozos (ZOC) que abastecen las principales ciudades y ii) modelar las tendencias del uso del suelo para predecir el efecto futuro de las fuentes dispersas de contaminación. Debido a condiciones naturales geohidrológicas, los valores de STD, pH y SO4 rebasaron los límites permisibles de la normatividad mexicana en alrededor de un tercio de los pozos. Aunque la mayoría de los sitos no excedieron los límites permisibles para nutrientes y metales pesados, algunos pozos mostraron niveles de NO2-, TP, SO4, y Pb preocupantemente altos, lo cual es un indicador de contaminación antropogénica. Todos los pozos presentaron contaminación por bacterias coliformes. La baja calidad del agua en algunas de las principales fuentes de abastecimiento del Estado se debe principalmente a la proliferación de basureros a cielo abierto y la deficiente red de alcantarillado, así como al cambio de uso del suelo dentro de la ZOC. Si no se implementan las medidas adecuadas, las actividades humanas continuaran extendiéndose dentro de estas áreas colocando a las fuentes de agua en un mayor riesgo de ser contaminadas.Â

Título: A Silvicultura e a Água: Ciência, Dogmas, DesafiosTítulo en ingles: Plantation Forestry and Water: Science, Dogmas, ChallengesAutor: Walter de Paula LimaSerie: Cadernos do Diálogo - Volumen 1 de 2010 (Diálogo Florestal)Idioma: PortuguêsPáginas: 65País: BrasilISBN: ISBN 978-85-60840-03-8Publicación digital (PDF, 8.107 Kb) en: www.dialogoflorestal.org.br y www.ipef.br

Utilizamos agua en todas nuestras actividades, en las más básicas (nutrición e higiene), y en la mayoría de los procesos productivos y tecnológicos. Las fuentes y reservas de agua son finitas y, por la demanda cre­ciente, proporcional al incremento de la población, son o llegarán a ser insuficientes. La mayor parte del agua que utilizamos se transforma en aguas residuales y vuelve a la naturaleza con diversos grados de contaminación. Esto produce alteraciones en la calidad de los ecosistemas receptores (ríos y lagos) que, en muchos casos, son las fuentes de provisión de agua de consumo para otras poblaciones de la misma cuen­ca. Un sistema (sociedad) que pretende alcanzar un estado de equilibrio, ser sustentable, debe revisar y replantearse cada día sus procedimientos para optimizar procesos, economizar recursos, minimizar y reutili­zar residuos, con el objetivo de que su funcionamiento se aproxime a un ciclo cerrado. Nuestro manejo del recurso agua está aún muy lejos de alcanzar esa meta y requiere todavía una revisión profunda. | Universidad Nacional de La Plata

Resumen En los últimos años el incremento de la población ha provocado la sobreexplotación y la contaminación de los aprovechamientos de agua generando diversos problemas a nivel mundial, ocasionando con ello una mayor competencia de la demanda de los recursos hídricos entre los diferentes usuarios del mismo, produciendo una disminución de su disponibilidad. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el valor económico del agua en el sector industrial en la cuenca del río Amajac, en el estado de Hidalgo mediante el método de valoración contingente. Este método simula un mercado a través de encuestas a los usuarios de agua del sector industrial, en el que se les pregunta a estos por la máxima cantidad de dinero que estarían dispuestos a pagar (DAP) por el agua y la cantidad que estarían dispuestos a ser compensados (DAC) por dejar de usar el agua que requieren para sus actividades. De ahí se determina el valor económico que tiene el agua para el consumidor. Con los datos obtenidos se realizó un análisis estadístico que arrojó los siguientes resultados: la DAP de los usuarios de agua en el sector industrial en la cuenca del río Amajac, Hidalgo es de $703.47 m-3 y la DAC es de $7031.31m-3, es decir, la DAP representa el 10% de la DAC. | Abstract In the last years, the increase of the population has generated the overexploitation and the pollution of water resources, generating serious problems worldwide, causing a strong competition of the demand of the water resources among the different users, producing a decrease of the availability of the resource. The objective of this research was to determine the economic value of the water in the industrial sector in the Amajac river basin in Hidalgo, by means of the contingent valuation method. This method simulate a market by surveying water users of the industrial sector; asking them about the maximum amount of money that they would be willing to pay (WTP) for the water and the quantity that they would be willing to accept (WTA) in compensation for not using the water required for their activities. From these surveys, the economic value that water has for the consumer was deduced. An analysis of the results revealed that the WTP of consumers of the industrial sector in Amajac river basin; Hidalgo, Mexico is $703.47 m-3 and the WTA is $7031.31 m-3, that is to say, the WTP represents 10% of WTA.

Eichhornia crassipes es una planta de rápido crecimiento distribuida en casi todos los países tropicales, que puede tolerar condiciones de contaminación por metales o por eutrificación de cuerpos de aguas lénticos y lóticos. Esta planta se ha convertido en un problema ambiental; no obstante, ha despertado interés en el tratamiento de la contaminación por metales en suelos agrarios y cuerpos de agua. La toxicidad de los metales es un serio inconveniente en esta motivación, ya que influye en la capacidad de acumulación y la transmisión en la cadena trófica. En esta investigación se evaluó el comportamiento de las tasas de acumulación de cromo en la macrófita acuática Eichhornia crassipes, a concentraciones de 30, 60 y 90 mg/L, utilizando un diseño experimental aleatorio, con control y tres repeticiones por nivel. Los estudios llevados a cabo en acuarios de vidrio, evidenciaron sitios de acumulación de cromo en la planta, estableciéndose la cinética de acumulación.<br>Eichhornia crassipes é uma planta de rápido crescimento distribuídas em quase todos os países tropicais, que podem tolerar condições de contaminação por metáis ou de eutrofização das massas de águas lênticos e lóticos. Essa planta tornou-se um problema ambiental, no entanto, despertou o interesse no tratamento da poluição por metais em solos agrícolas e corpos d'água. A toxicidade dos metais é um problema serio com esse raciocínio, uma vez que afeta a capacidade de armazenamento e transmissão na cadeia alimentar. Neste estudo avaliou o comportamento das taxas de acúmulo de cromo em macrófitas aquáticas Eichhornia crassipes, em concentrações de 30, 60 e 90 mg/L, utilizando um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com controle e três repetições por nível. Estudos realizados em aquários de vidro, apresentaram sítios de acumulação de crómio na planta, que institui a cinética de acumulação.<br>Eichhornia crassipes is a fast growing plant distributed in almost all tropical countries, which can tolerate conditions of metal contamination or eutrophication of bodies of lentic and lotic waters. This plant has become an environmental problem, however, has sparked interest in the treatment of metal pollution in agricultural soils and water bodies. The toxicity of metals is a serious problem with this reasoning, since it affects the storage capacity and transmission into the food chain. In this study we evaluated the behavior of the rates of accumulation of chromium in aquatic macrophyte Eichhornia crassipes, at concentrations of 30, 60 and 90 mg/L, using a randomized experimental design with control and three replicates per level. Studies carried out in glass aquaria, showed sites of accumulation of chromium in the plant, establishing the kinetics of accumulation.

Sustainable use of water resources should include the recognition that water has a social value, an environmental value and an economic value. The economic value of irrigation water should be expressed based on its price, which in turn is determined by the interplay of three factors: the cost of irrigation water (supply side), the willingness to pay for irrigation water (demand side) and public policies. This paper presents an analysis of the key methodological issues involved ineach of the above mentioned factors and how they influence the economic value of water

Human consumption of water outside of the microbiological standards for drinking constitutes a health and disease risk factor. Through the process of infiltration in the soil, groundwater may be contaminated by the waste generated by human activity and deposited in the soil, waterways or air. The consumption of water in natura, captured in a spring, may lead to the risk of disease. One of the alternative technologies for disinfecting water that has shown promise is the generation of an oxidant solution in loco. The electrochemical reaction of sodium chloride produces oxidizing gases, which reacts with the water to produce the hypochlorite ion in balance with hypochlorous acid, along with traces of other oxidants. In the present study the development of a device based on an imported model that uses this type of technology wassought in order to reduce the cost of acquisition and makeit more available to disadvantaged communities with water quality issues. The evaluation of the efficiency of this technology in disinfecting water with different qualities (color and turbidity) was also sought, using total coliforms and Escherichia coli as indicator organisms of contamination. In each experimentthe quality of untreated water, and water after adding the oxidant was examined on turbidity, true color, residual chlorine, pH, temperature, and quantification of microorganism indicators. In the experiments performed we found that the adapted equipment showed to be as efficient in the production of disinfectant agents as the original equipment. In the microbiological assays performed on water contaminated with E. coli (synthesized water in a laboratory and natural) and total coliforms (natural water), the inactivation of these organisms was observed to be effective with the use of gases that came from the adapted equipment, taking into account the content of chlorine in water treated with the equipment. | Human consumption of water outside of the microbiological standards for drinking constitutes a health and disease risk factor. Through the process of infiltration in the soil, groundwater may be contaminated by the waste generated by human activity and deposited in the soil, waterways or air. The consumption of water in natura, captured in a spring, may lead to the risk of disease. One of the alternative technologies for disinfecting water that has shown promise is the generation of an oxidant solution in loco. The electrochemical reaction of sodium chloride produces oxidizing gases, which reacts with the water to produce the hypochlorite ion in balance with hypochlorous acid, along with traces of other oxidants. In the present study the development of a device based on an imported model that uses this type of technology wassought in order to reduce the cost of acquisition and makeit more available to disadvantaged communities with water quality issues. The evaluation of the efficiency of this technology in disinfecting water with different qualities (color and turbidity) was also sought, using total coliforms and Escherichia coli as indicator organisms of contamination. In each experimentthe quality of untreated water, and water after adding the oxidant was examined on turbidity, true color, residual chlorine, pH, temperature, and quantification of microorganism indicators. In the experiments performed we found that the adapted equipment showed to be as efficient in the production of disinfectant agents as the original equipment. In the microbiological assays performed on water contaminated with E. coli (synthesized water in a laboratory and natural) and total coliforms (natural water), the inactivation of these organisms was observed to be effective with the use of gases that came from the adapted equipment, taking into account the content of chlorine in water treated with the equipment. | Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

" La llanura costera del acuífero del Río Sinaloa es vulnerable a la contaminación antropogénica y natural. Dicho impacto es exacerbado por la condición somera de las aguas subterráneas (0.1 a 9.2 m) y la elevada evapotranspiración (834.32 mm año−1), no balanceada por la precipitación promedio anual (577.9 mm año−1). Por lo anterior, los objetivos de este trabajo fueron: (1) determinar la vulnerabilidad del acuífero a la contaminación costera y (2) estimar la vulnerabilidad debida a las actividades antropogénicas, en función del aporte del flujo subterráneo. Se aplicó el método estandarizado DRASTIC a una escala 1:10 000 y se determinó la piezometría de la región mediante la información de 155 pozos. Se registraron la profundidad del nivel freático (D), la recarga neta (R), el material del acuífero (A), el tipo de suelo (S), la cota y pendiente del terreno (T), el impacto de la zona no saturada (I), la conductividad hidráulica (C) y la altura de la superficie piezométrica, y se calculó la carga hidráulica. Los resultados muestran una vulnerabilidad valorada de insignificante (Vi) a alta (Va), con un intervalo de variación de 88 a 166 unidades, amortiguada cuando la fuerza del flujo es alta y acentuada cuando la misma amengua. La costa y zona oeste fueron las más vulnerables, con 35 y 8%, e índices de 140 a 166 y 139 a 157. Los altos índices DRASTIC se atribuyeron a la acumulación de solutos arrastrados hacia la costa por un flujo regional y otro intermedio, que atrapan a los mismos en pequeñas cuencas de escaso espesor. " | " The coastal plain of the Sinaloa River aquifer is vulnerable to anthropogenic and natural pollution. Impacts are increased by the shallowness of the groundwaters (0.1 to 9.2 m) and a high evapotranspiration (834.32 mm year−1) that is not balanced by the annual average rainfall (577.9 mm year−1). According to this scenario, the objectives of this study were: (1) to determine the vulnerability of the aquifer in face of coastal pollution and (2) to estimate the vulnerability as a function of groundwater flow, resulting from anthropogenic activities. The standardized DRASTIC INDEX method was applied at a 1:10 000 scale and the piezometry of the region was determined through the information recorded for 155 wells. The parameters recorded were the depth of the water table (D), the net recharge (R), the aquifer material media (A), the soil type (S), the topography and slope of the land (T), the impact on the unsaturated zone (I), the hydraulic conductivity (C) and the height of the piezometric surface, and the hydraulic head was calculated. The results indicate a vulnerability that varies from insignificant (Vi) to high (Va), with a variation range of 88 to 166 units, mitigated when the force of the aquifer flow is high and accentuated when it is reduced. The coast and the western area were the most vulnerable, with 35 and 8%, and indices of 140 to 166 and 139 to 157. The high DRASTIC indices were attributed to the accumulation of solutes that are transported to the coast by a regional flow and an intermediate flow, which trap them in small basins of reduced thickness. "