Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) refers to intentional infiltration of surface water to an aquifer for facilitating natural water treatment and storage. MAR is often used as a treatment to remove natural organic matter from water in drinking water production. The sustainability of MAR depends on how the aquifer capacity to remove organic matter will evolve over the long term. This report explores the behavior of MAR systems by using a natural lake–aquifer system as a surrogate. Natural infiltration of lake water to groundwater has been going on for millennia at the research site in Finland chosen for this study. According to the measurements, the mean concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) in lake water was 3.0 mg/L. Within the distance of 3 m from the lake bank (retention time 7–15 days), already 46% of TOC was removed. At greater distances along the flow paths within the aquifer, 80–90% of TOC was removed. The observed TOC removal in the aquifer was slightly higher than the reported values at MAR sites, indicating that MAR can be an effective solution to the problem of removing natural organic matter in the long term. Signs of accumulation of organic matter were not observed in the aquifer, which suggests that biodegradation was the main removal method, and the role of sorption was minor. Several processes had an impact on oxygen levels in the aquifer, which led to spatial and seasonal changes in the redox conditions and in the iron and manganese concentrations in groundwater.

A feasibility assessment was undertaken on the application of water-sensitive urban design (WSUD) for the Cape Flats Aquifer in Cape Town, South Africa, at the local scale. The study contributes towards the planning of water-sensitive cities in the future. A three-dimensional steady-state groundwater flow model was applied to the Cape Flats Aquifer to predict WSUD scenarios by incorporating managed aquifer recharge (MAR). Analysis of the scenarios of varying recharge estimates and groundwater abstraction rates, predicted using the model, indicated that the water-table distribution and outflows from identified groundwater balance components show direct proportionality to the varying recharge scenarios. A notable increase in these outflows was observed when the recharge rate was increased by 50%. Varying groundwater abstraction scenarios indicated that with increasing abstraction rates, water levels and outflows from groundwater balance components also decreased accordingly. A notable decline in water levels and outflows was established at an abstraction rate of 2.5 and 5 L/s, respectively. Similar to the previous regional studies in the area, the results from the predicted scenarios show that there is a potential for applying WSUD, particularly MAR, at site-specific scale within the Cape Flats Aquifer. However, shallow groundwater levels during wet seasons limit the opportunities for application of WSUD in the area. This finding would provide an important reference to the ongoing debate on the Cape Town water crisis and similar environmental conditions where WSUD is considered.

The interactions between groundwater and surface water under a river island in South Korea were investigated. Sampling was focused on the western part of the island, where a groundwater heat pump system with groundwater monitoring wells has been installed. A riverside area was selected for the system because a high specific capacity was expected. However, surface-water intrusion remains a major concern, as the efficiency of the system can be impaired by groundwater temperature changes following surface-water infiltration. A combination of radon (²²²Rn) concentrations and microbial diversity was analyzed, along with hydraulic data. A process for estimating residence time based on ²²²Rn data and flow direction was developed to identify relationships with microbial diversity. The spatial distribution of ²²²Rn concentration was affected by fluctuations of river water levels caused by surrounding dam discharge and seasonal effects. Groundwater flowmeter data supported observations on these distributions. The estimated residence times indicated that river-water infiltration into the study site affected the groundwater flow direction. The microbial diversity, based on cluster analyses after pyrosequencing, showed significant variation with river flow direction and rainfall events, which was in accordance with the ²²²Rn tracer results. The combination of frequent ²²²Rn concentration measurements with microbial data allows better characterization of the dynamic interactions between groundwater and surface water.

Este trabajo presenta el informe final de pasantía para optar al título de Ingeniero Sanitario, donde a partir del desarrollo de actividades al interior de la empresa CDM SMITH Inc., en su sucursal para Colombia, en la ciudad de Bogotá, se apoya en la ejecución del contrato de consultoría No. 1-2-25-300-1425-2018-"Diseño detallado de las obras de modernización para la planta de tratamiento de agua potable Tibitoc", en lo concerniente al Sistema Integrado de Gestión que contempla las normas internacionales NTC-ISO 9001, NTC-ISO 14001:2015 – OHSAS 18001:2007, junto con actividades adicionales de apoyo técnico en la ejecución del mismo, el cual tuvo una duración de 384 horas. | This work presents the final report of internship to apply the title of Sanitary Engineer, where from the development of activities within the company CDM SMITH Inc. In its branch for Colombia, in the city of Bogotá, it relies on the execution of the contract de consultancy No. 1-2-25-300-1425-2018- "Detailed design of modernization works for the potable Tibitoc water treatment plant", as regards the Integrated Management System that includes the NTC international standards -ISO 9001, NTC-ISO 14001: 2015 - OHSAS 18001: 2007, together with additional technical support activities in its execution, which lasted 384 hours.

El presente trabajo de investigación denominado evaluación de la calidad del biol producido en biodigestores de tipo semicontinuo usando gallinaza y cáscara de naranja en el Centro de Investigación en Tratamiento de Agua y Ecosistemas Contaminados de la Universidad de Huánuco 2019. Tuvo como objetivo evaluar la calidad de biol obtenido del proceso de digestión de la gallinaza y cáscara de naranja en biodigestores de tipo semicontinuo, para ello se realizó tres tipos de tratamientos: tratamiento 1 (cáscara de naranja y agua de manantial), tratamiento 2 (gallinaza y agua de manantial) y tratamiento 3 (gallinaza, cáscara de naranja y agua de manantial) cuyo tiempo de retención fue de 15, 30 y 45 días. La metodología fue cuasi experimental, donde se realizó tres tratamientos cada uno con tres repeticiones para poder comparar que tratamiento era el más óptimo. Durante el proceso de digestión se evaluaron parámetros físicos y químicos; en los quince primeros días se observó un descenso de pH en los tres tratamientos, luego se estabilizó a lo largo del proceso de digestión anaerobia; la temperatura interna varió en relación del pH, encontrándose en el rango psicrofílico. Respecto al estudio de investigación se evidenció a través de la prueba de Tuckey, la significancia estadística de los diferentes tipos de tratamientos, dando como resultado que cada uno de los tratamientos presentaba concentraciones óptimas para su uso como abono foliar, siendo el que más resaltaba el tratamiento 3 (cáscara de naranja, gallinaza y agua de manantial). Concluyendo así que el análisis comparativo de los tres tratamientos para su uso como abono foliar, acepte la hipótesis planteada en el estudio de investigación. | Tesis

En este documento se presentan los resultados de la pasantía como opción de grado, realizada en la empresa comunitaria de acueducto, alcantarillado y aseo del municipio de Saravena (ECAAAS-ESP) bajo el acompañamiento de la Ingeniera María José Jaramillo Robledo. Se describe lo que comprende un plan de manejo de residuos sólidos para un laboratorio fisicoquímico y microbiológico de una planta de tratamiento de agua potable. | This document shows the outcome of the internship as a bacherlor’s degree option, it was carried out in the Community Company of Aqueduct, Sewerage and Cleaning of the municipality of Saravena (ECAAAS-ESP) under the counseling of the Engineer Maria Jose Jaramillo Robledo. It describes what a solid waste management plan includes for a physicochemical and microbiological laboratory in a drinking water treatment plant.

El agua es el líquido más abundante en la Tierra, constituyendo la base de toda forma de vida. Su distribución es 97,4 % agua de mar o agua salada, 2,6 % hielo y sólo el 0,001 % de toda el agua del planeta es dulce. El agua para consumo humano requiere tratarse para garantizar su calidad, es decir, se deben eliminar partículas y organismos que pueden ser dañinos para la salud. La mayoría de las aguas son desinfectadas con cloro, siendo el método convencional más apropiado en términos de costo-efectividad. En el último siglo, el desarrollo de sistemas de potabilización del agua permitió controlar las enfermedades trasmitidas por el agua. Sin embargo, a mediados de los años 70, se descubrió que los desinfectantes reaccionan con compuestos orgánicos que se encuentran de manera natural en el agua, y que estos forman subproductos de desinfección (SPD) que pueden causar riesgos a la salud (Bull and Kopfler, 1991; Bellar et al., 1974; Rook, 1974). Nicaragua es un país rico en recursos hídricos, sin embargo, gran parte del agua superficial está contaminada debido a la inadecuada disposición de aguas residuales, así como el mal manejo de los desechos domésticos e industriales. El deterioro de los recursos hídricos conlleva a la escasez de fuentes de Nicaragua es un país privilegiado en cuanto a recursos hídricos

A urbanização vem trazendo alguns desafios para a população em relação ao abastecimento de água e a reposição de áreas verdes responsáveis pelo bem-estar nesses ambientes. A captação da água de chuva e a implantação de telhados verdes são algumas das alternativas que ajudam no equilíbrio entre a urbanização e a saúde.No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre a possibilidade de aproveitamento da água proveniente de um telhado naturado. Esse estudo avaliou a viabilidade do aproveitamento da água de chuva captada por um telhado verde que foi implantado há nove anos, comparando a qualidade das águas resultantes com as águas de chuva coletadas diretamente da atmosfera e após escoadas por um telhado metálico. Essa avaliação foi realizada a partir da coleta de amostras de água desses três sistemas entre os meses de abril de 2019 e fevereiro de 2020, com base em análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas. Em linhas gerais, a água de chuva coletada no Campus da Fiocruz apresentou excelente qualidade. Em alguns parâmetros a qualidade da água do telhado metálico foi semelhante à da chuva. Entretanto a água percolada pelo telhado verde apresentou diferenças significativas em relação às demais. As concentrações de turbidez, sólidos (totais e dissolvidos), condutividade, matéria orgânica (DBO e COT) e nitrogênio foram maiores nas águas percoladas pelo telhado verde do que nas águas de chuva e nas escoadas pelo telhado comum. No que diz respeito a cor as diferenças foram ainda mais significativas. Em relação ao aspecto microbiológico, a água do telhado verde apresentou uma menor contaminação fecal (concentração de E. coli) do que a obtida pelo telhado metálico provavelmente devido à presença de matéria fecal animal nesta cobertura. Comparando com a norma vigente, as águas das duas coberturas podem ser reaproveitadas. A água do telhado metálico poderia ser utilizada para diversos usos não potáveis, enquanto que a do telhado verde teria seu uso mais restrito em sistemas de rega. Entretanto, esses meios de reaproveitamento recomendados devem ser preliminarmente avaliados no sentido de identificar medidas tecnológicas a serem adotadas para a redução de alguns dos contaminantes encontrados em elevadas concentrações, garantindo maior aproveitamento com menores riscos associados. | The urbanization process has been a challenge in terms human water supply and the reestablishment of green areas aiming to provide social welfare in urban environments. The use of rainwater and green roof set up comprise alternatives aiming to match the balance between urbanization and health. However, to knowledge about the use of rainwater that flows through the green roofs is still incipient. Thus, the present study assessed the technical viability of rainwater use by a green roof system assembled during a nine-year period, comparing the quality of the resulting water with the rainwater collected directly from the atmosphere and after drained through a metal roof. This assessment was performed from April 2019 to February 2020, considering physical-chemical and microbiological analysis. In general, the rainwater collected in the Fiocruz presented excellent quality. The water quality collected from metallic roof presented similarities to rainwater for some parameters analyzed. However, the water collected from green roofs presented significant differences compared to rainwater and to metallic roof. The concentrations of turbidity, solids (total and dissolved), conductivity, organic matter (BOD and TOC), and nitrogen were higher than the observed in rainwater and in the metallic roof. Regarding the color the differences appeared to be more significant. Based on the microbiologic aspects the green roof waters presented a lower E. coli concentration mostly due to the presence of animal feces in the metallic roof. Compared to current standards waters from both green and metallic roofs can be reused. In the case of the metallic roof the water use for non-drinkable purposes would be acceptable, whereas the green roof has more restrictive use conditions, such as watering plants. However, these types of water reuse must be prior evaluated aiming to reduce eventually high concentrations of contaminants in order to insure greater reuse of these waters with less associated risks.