It is substantiated that the institutional concepts of the latest institutional and behavioural economic theory should be placed in the methodological basis of the development of the institutional environment of the land management system. Institutions and institutes are the key to understanding the relationships between all subjects of the economic system of land management, and institutional changes determine the direction of its development and are a defining trend today. The institutional system in the field of land relations, land use and land management is a set of organically interconnected institutions and institutes that are a certain logically complete, integral unity, capable of self-development and self-reproduction, as well as organizations and individuals that act within given institutional restrictions regarding land relations and organization of land use. Firstly, the methodology of institutionalization of land management considers socio-economic systems through holistic development. The principle of the integrity of the socio-economic system research includes an interdisciplinary approach. Secondly, individuals receive characteristics through the prism of the existence of institutions and institutes that condition their behaviour and interaction. Thirdly, institutional changes require not only quantitative, but also qualitative methods of observation, which analyse not the results of changes (for example, indicators of efficiency and growth), but the direction, strategy and the very process of evolution with the clarification of the causes, all stages and forms of transformations.

This study aims to develop a methodology for determining and calculating the limit size of agricultural land plots that can be leased by individuals and legal entities of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The article substantiates agricultural production after the current long-term lease terms end. The basic condition is the formation of land use, in which there is a close dependence on conditions and factors of production, where land, material resources, and labour are in certain proportions and balanced. The main criteria for determining the limiting sizes of land are: land area, leased to a single entity should not exceed 1/3 of the area of farmland rural district specific administrative area, and the physical person no more than 15% of the area of agricultural enterprises of the same specialization. Emerging land uses should be subject to zonal specialization by natural and agricultural zoning; take into account the minimum thresholds for the area of crop rotation in the crop production sectors and the size of livestock in herds of different types of livestock by the breed composition in the livestock industry.

The article presents an analysis of changes in the agrarian landscape and the subdivision of its plots, using three Lithuanian municipalities as examples (Kaunas, Trakai and Šilutė). Statistical, comparative and multicriteria analysis methods were applied in the study. It was found that in all the studied municipalities, the area of the agrarian landscape was decreasing during the study period. The largest decreasing trends were in the municipality of Šilutė district, where the area covered by agrarian landscape decreased by more than 3%. At the same time, in the municipalities of Kaunas and Trakai districts, the area of agrarian landscape decreased quite evenly and did not reach 3%. It was also found that the number of agricultural holdings also decreased: by 27% in Kaunas district municipality and by over 33% in Trakai district municipality, but the area of agricultural holdings increased in all of the studied municipalities: in Kaunas district by over 5%, in Trakai district by over 37% and in Šilutė district by over 8%. The average size of a farm in Kaunas district remained rather stable, increasing by only 1%, in Šilutė district municipality the average farm size increased by more than 71% and in Trakai district municipality the tendency was the opposite, i.e. the average farm size decreased by more than 36%. The multicriteria analysis shows that the most common factors influencing changes in the agrarian landscape and its subdivision of plots vary between municipalities, but in general the following factors influence the changes in the agrarian landscape and its subdivision of plots: the land productivity score, the number of inhabitants, the distance to the centre of the city, the average size of the farms, the number of holdings, and the amount of land area occupied by bodies of water. The information collected and the results obtained show that in the municipalities analysed, the causes of change in the agrarian landscape and its subdivision of plots have a positive impact on the sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas.

The purpose of the article is to present a combined approach that connects several methods and algorithms to increase the effectiveness of the geodetic network measurement structure for determining horizontal and vertical displacements of engineering objects. Determining the deformation of commercial objects and objects of practical value allows to assess their technical condition. In case of critical changes at such objects, appropriate planning of protection, reconstruction and modernization works is also provided and the negative impact of the environment and weather conditions is indicated. Regardless of the methods used, the measurement of movements and deformations of structures is always preceded by an analysis of the prevailing conditions, as well as a network of geodetic measurement determination and control. These analyses are carried out taking into account manufacturability, economy, and safe use of objects, human safety and environmental protection. The target function was defined, which in this case was chosen as the entropy of the geodesic observation network through the measurement of the parameters vector with true values. Analysing the structure of the control and measurement network and improving its efficiency by the number of necessary observations becomes important for determining reliable changes occurring at the object and the ability to conduct the necessary measurements in the shortest possible time. At the same time, the improved network structure should ensure the redundancy of observations made to match the geodetic network with the modified methods. The optimal number of observations in the geodetic network depended on the observation structure informativeness. During the research, it was noticed that the use of a combined approach will allow selecting only those observations that are the most informative. This will reduce the measurement time without reducing the accuracy of the received movements. The obtained results of the numerical analysis showed the performance of the offered solution for increasing the efficiency of the geodetic network structure formation. It also allows faster and more economical performance of engineering structures geodetic measurements.

The indirect approach is mainly used to assess the forest-growing potential of lands in the forestry of Ukraine. For these purposes, a comparative ecological (forest typological) method is used to assess soil conditions according to their forest growth effect. The species composition of the forest stand and its productivity are the main indicators of the forest growth effect. The undoubted advantages of this method are high forestry value, low labour intensity and cost, and the main disadvantages are the subjectivity of determining the types of forest conditions (especially derivatives and artificial plantations), its insufficient environmental sensitivity, and the difficulty of applying to places where there is no forest vegetation. The aim of the study was to quantify the quality of forest land and develop markers of the forest-growing potential of soils. The studies were carried out by synthesizing two methodological approaches – forest typological as the leading method for assessing the potential of habitats and direct study of soils (field and analytical). The package of markers was developed to assess forest potential of soils based on the establishment of a correlation between the productivity of forest stands (height, quality class) and soil indicators (thickness of the humus part of the profile, pH, content of clay particles, humus, total and exchange forms of N, P, K, Ca, Mg). The package of markers depends on the soil type and consists of the following soil indicators: the content of particles of physical clay (d<0.01 mm), the thickness of the humus part, as well as the content of humus, N, Ca, K, and Mg. A gradual increase in their quantitative values leads to increase in the forest productivity of the soil and, as a result, the productivity of the forest stand.

The article discusses the prospects and advantages of using QGIS for solving spatial planning tasks. Attention is focused on the strengths of QGIS compared to other geographic information system software and the programme’s potential to eliminate the monopoly position in the market by well-known geographic information system software manufacturers. Even though QGIS is open-source software, this software product is generally not inferior to expensive geographic information system software. At the same time, the advantages of QGIS include cross-platform, rich functionality, the ability to use different geographic information databases, and the ability to connect and integrate various plug-ins into the programme. Particular attention should be paid to the ability to independently write plug-ins for solving specific highly specialised tasks in the Python programming language and their quick integration into the QGIS software environment. Examples of QGIS software for solving specific spatial planning problems are given. The possibilities of using QGIS in solving the issues of settlement planning, territory management, land management and environmental monitoring are considered. The conducted research gives grounds to recommend QGIS for wide application by developers of project documentation, as well as by executive authorities and local self-government bodies for analysing cartographic and project materials in making management decisions. This approach will help create a competitive environment among developers of urban planning and land management documentation. After all, today, many specialists cannot afford expensive commercial licenses of well-known geographic information system software developers. And any legislative requirements that oblige them to use them in practice lead to monopolisation of the market for these services by individual enterprises. At the same time, it has been proven that using the open-source geographic information system software QGIS will not lead to a deterioration in the quality of project documentation. The programme can ensure the proper quality, accuracy and interoperability of design and mapping materials created with its help and solve a wide range of tasks in spatial planning.

After the restoration of independence, Latvia took a path towards a market economy and private land ownership and which mentioned wide land privatization process and building an immovable property cadastre to collect information on immovable properties. Transition to private land ownership meant that immovable property taxation will start to tax privately owned assets not assets rented from the state, a model similar to other market economies. Initially, there were two laws on the taxation of the property – The law on land tax and the Law on Property Taxation to tax commercial assets and unfinished construction objects which were adopted in December of 1990 even before the starting of land reform and privatization. In 1997 new Law on immovable property tax was approved by the Latvian Parliament and it is still in force with numerous amendments which due to the rapid development of the immovable property sector have been approved until today. Before the global economic-financial crisis in 2008 prices of immovable property were increasing rapidly followed by contraction during the global economic crisis. Immovable property tax is often considered as taxing accumulated wealth however it may have distortions and disproportionate impact on those owners who did not contribute to immovable property value growth. Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate the development of the immovable property taxation system development in Latvia and to compare it with the systems of neighbouring countries. Therefore, to achieve this aim following objectives were set: to analyse legislative acts regulating immovable property taxation in Latvia, and practices of other countries and to draw research conclusions.

Georgia is a small state, stretched between two seas, which has always aroused constant interest in the world due to its geopolitical position. Many called it Iberia or Iveria, and often called Gurjistan. At the crossroads of Europe and Asia, this small oasis attracted many conquerors not only because of its importance, but also because of its culture, historical buildings and fruitful lands. Georgia is a sunny and fertile country, where everything blooms and pleases. Our ancestors from ancient times engaged in agriculture, cattle breeding and had an active connection with the land. According to historical sources, Georgia is more than four thousand years old, and the Georgian alphabet and writing are unique to the whole world. Since the fourth century, Christianity has been our state religion, but the country unites representatives of many cultural ethnic groups and religious beliefs. A completely different historical page began after the collapse of the Soviet Union, when Georgia found itself alone in the face of new challenges and realities. Although we do not have oil and gas ores, which allows the state to develop rapidly, in other areas we may well take a leading position. For example, it is possible to develop the tourism sector at a high level, since the country is distinguished by its historical monuments, some of which are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. However, a small state like Georgia can focus on agriculture and succeed. For rural welfare, there is the Rural Development Agency, which coordinates projects with the Ministry of Environment and Agriculture of Georgia and assists enterprises interested in this area. Since 2014, the Agricultural Insurance scheme has been operating, the purpose of which is to promote the development of the insurance market in the agricultural sector, promote agricultural activities, save income and reduce risks for those involved in this activity. Our topic is about the development of agribusiness and insurance, which is one of the key factors in Georgia's economic growth.

Climate change threatens crop yields through changes in temperature, precipitation, and more significant changes in weather conditions. Thus, it is important to monitor the potential impact of changing weather parameters on crop yields in order to adapt to climate change. Ukraine is of particular interest in this regard, as this country is an important player in the world grain market due to its large area of agricultural land. Historical climate data already indicate an increase in temperature in Ukraine, and climate forecasts show a further increase in temperature, especially in the South of Ukraine. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to determine the impact of climate change on agricultural land use in Ukraine. The global trends of climate change, which is one of the most urgent threats with a long-term negative impact on the population, the environment and the economy, have been studied. The impact of global climate change on land resources, agriculture, forestry, water resources, energy, infrastructure, biodiversity, public health, emergency situations is analysed. The article describes the most noticeable manifestations of global climate changes on the territory of Ukraine, researches and summarizes their consequences on agricultural land use. The potential impact of climate change on the yield of major agricultural crops and possible economic losses are analysed. The article summarizes the results of studies of the dynamics of changes in climate indicators (air temperature and precipitation), the main consequences and risks of climate change for the agricultural sector of Ukraine are given.

The pre-war state of land resources in most of Ukraine was characterized as strained, and sometimes critical, with a tendency to deteriorate, which significantly complicated the socio-economic development of Ukraine and its regions and negatively affected the landscape and biological diversity, health and living conditions of the population. The article examines topical issues of problems and prospects for the use of land resources of Ukraine in the conditions of martial law and post-war reconstruction. As a result of Russia’s military aggression, Ukraine faced mass shelling, missile strikes, radiation contamination, air pollution, littering of territories, unburied or chaotically buried bodies of the dead, mining and other challenges. This has led to aggravation of economic, environmental and social challenges of food supply both in Ukraine and in the world. In connection with military actions, the land resources of Ukraine are subjected to large-scale destruction, deterioration of the soil quality, degradation processes are intensified, land resources are damaged, owners and land users suffer material losses. Agricultural lands suffered two significant types of damage – mine contamination, both on the frontline and in occupied (or formerly occupied) territories, and direct physical damage, from contamination by mines and unexploded ordnance. As of March 20, 2022, the area of damaged soil cover was 6,582.0 hectares, out of 1,655,845.3 hectares of surveyed arable land. For rational use and protection of land, restoration of soils and improvement of their fertility, preservation of productive, ecological and social functions of soil cover, the following important measures should be implemented: actualization of scientific research on the restoration of degraded soils, in particular in the direction of studying the impact of armed aggression of the Russian Federation on the soil cover of Ukraine; determination of the current state of soil health; improvement of the methodology for determining the amount of damage and losses to land and soil resources caused by armed aggression; development and pilot implementation of rehabilitation technologies for war-damaged soils.