The aim of the present study was to determine the number of follicles, oocyte quality and maturation rate of oocytes from pairs of ovary with different reproductive status in two maturation medium, TCM-199 as control and CR1aa as treatment. The pairs of ovary were classified into four groups: (i) ovaries with corpus luteum (CL) and dominant follicle (DF), (ii) ovaries with CL, without DF, (iii) ovaries with DF, without CL, (iv) ovaries without both CL and DF. Results of the experiment revealed that the greatest number of follicles was observed from ovary with CL without DF (15.88 + 10.68), although not significantly different (P > 0.05) with other status of ovaries. The lowest number (P < 0.05) of A grade oocytes was found from ovary with DF without CL (1.20 + 1.10). The percentage of Metaphase II was highest in TCM-199 (75.51%) with oocytes from ovaries with CL and DF, and the lowest with oocytes from ovaries with DF without CL in TCM-199 and CR1aa (42.86 and 30.95%). The study suggested that the number of oocytes with A grade were influenced by the reproductive status of ovaries. The maturation rate of A grade oocytes was influenced by the quality of oocytes and the composition of maturation medium.

Pathogenic bacteria produced protease that involved in molecular mechanism of foodborne disease. Produced protease involved in molecular mechanisms of foodborne diseases. The purpose of this research was to screen, identify and characterize the potential microorganisms associated with sponge as producer of protease inhibitor. Among 96 isolates examined, four isolates i.e 10A6, 6A3, 9A51, and 1A12 yielded protease inhibitors which were potential to inhibit protease substrates (40-90%). One of the most potential protease inhibitor producer, the bacteria isolate 6A3, was identified as Chromohalobacter sp. Chromohalobacter sp.6A3 produced protease inhibitor with optimum temperature and pH 30 oC and 5, respectively. The inhibitor activity was stable when incubated at 40 oC for ten minutes or at 30 oC for 8 hours.

Present research was aimed to study physiological changes of soybean which were inoculated with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAM). Glomus etunicatum was exposed to moderate and severe drought condition. Symbiotic association with VAM improved adaptability as it was shown by the increasing leaf proline content. The MLG 3474 and Sindoro are the more tolerant genotypes while the responses of plant to VAM on improving the adaptability to drought were larger on Lokon.

Subunit 8 of yeast mitochondrial ATP synthase is a polypeptide of 48 amino acids encoded by the mitochondrial ATP8 gene. A nuclear version of subunit 8 gene has been designed to encode FLAG tagged-subunit 8 fused with a mitochondrial signal peptide. The gene has been cloned into a yeast expression vector and then expressed in a yeast strain lacking endogenous subunit 8. Results showed that the gene was successfully expressed and the synthesized FLAG tagged-subunit 8 protein was imported into mitochondria. Following import, the FLAG tagged-subunit 8 protein assembled into functional mitochondrial ATP synthase complex. Furthermore, the subunit 8 protein could be detected using anti-FLAG tag monoclonal antibody.

High incidence of Pepper yellow leaf curl virus (PepYLCV) was observed in Indonesia since early 2000. Disease incidence in Yogyakarta, Central and West Java reached 100% on Capsicum frutescens, but only 10-35% on C. annuum. As an exception, the disease incidence on C. annuum cv. TM 999 was in the range of 70-100%. The causal agent of the disease, PepYLCV, was detected by polymerase chain reaction. Viral specific DNA fragment of the size ∼1600 bp and ∼550 bp was amplified from infected plants using two pairs of geminivirus universal primers pAL1v1978/pAL1c715, and pAv494/pAc1048, respectively. The PepYLCV has an intermediate host range including plants belonging to the family of Solanaceae, Leguminosae, and Compositae. The species belonging to the families of Cucurbitaceae, Malvaceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Amaranthaceae were resistant to the virus. Physalis floridana, is very prospective as a propagation host for the geminivirus infecting pepper. Nicotiana spp., cucumber, watermelon, cotton, and Sida sp. could be used as a differential host. Besides, Capsicum frutescens cv. Cakra, tomato, N. benthamiana, N. glutinosa, and Ageratum conyzoides could be used as indicator plants for the geminivirus infecting pepper.

High incidence of Pepper yellow leaf curl virus (PepYLCV) was observed in Indonesia since early 2000. Disease incidence in Yogyakarta, Central and West Java reached 100% on Capsicum frutescens, but only 10-35% on C. annuum. As an exception, the disease incidence on C. annuum cv. TM 999 was in the range of 70-100%. The causal agent of the disease, PepYLCV, was detected by polymerase chain reaction. Viral specific DNA fragment of the size ~1600 bp and ~550 bp was amplified from infected plants using two pairs of geminivirus universal primers pAL1v1978/pAL1c715, and pAv494/pAc1048, respectively. The PepYLCV has an intermediate host range including plants belonging to the family of Solanaceae, Leguminosae, and Compositae. The species belonging to the families of Cucurbitaceae, Malvaceae, Chenopodiaceae, and Amaranthaceae were resistant to the virus. Physalis floridana, is very prospective as a propagation host for the geminivirus infecting pepper. Nicotiana spp., cucumber, watermelon, cotton, and Sida sp. could be used as a differential host. Besides, Capsicum frutescens cv. Cakra, tomato, N. benthamiana, N. glutinosa, and Ageratum conyzoides could be used as indicator plants for the geminivirus infecting pepper.

A research was undergone to study the effect of single and double infection of Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) and Chili Veinal Mottle Virus (ChiVMV) on the growth and yield of five chilli cultivars, i.e. Prabu, Taro, Jatilaba, Laris, and Keriting Bogor. Mechanical inoculation was conducted to transmit the virus. Infection of the virus was then confirmed with DAS-ELISA. Severe symptom was observed on plant given double infection compared to those given single infection. The rate of plant growth and the amount and weight of fruits were reduced. The type of interaction between CMV and ChiVMV on most chilli cultivar can be considered as interference and additive. Synergism interaction was only observed on cultivar Laris. Based on symptom expression and reduction on yield, it can be concluded that all chilli cultivars used in this study could not hold up the virus infection.

Pathogenic bacteria produced protease that involved in molecular mechanism of foodborne disease. Produced protease involved in molecular mechanisms of foodborne diseases. The purpose of this research was to screen, identify and characterize the potential microorganisms associated with sponge as producer of protease inhibitor. Among 96 isolates examined, four isolates i.e 10A6, 6A3, 9A51, and 1A12 yielded protease inhibitors which were potential to inhibit protease substrates (40-90%). One of the most potential protease inhibitor producer, the bacteria isolate 6A3, was identified as Chromohalobacter sp. Chromohalobacter sp.6A3 produced protease inhibitor with optimum temperature and pH 30 °C and 5, respectively. The inhibitor activity was stable when incubated at 40 °C for ten minutes or at 30 °C for 8 hours.

The term of allelopathy refers to chemical interactions (inhibitory or stimulatory) between plants, between plants and microorganisms, and between microorganisms. The wealth of information on the processes, procedures, and practices of allelopathy has contributed to understanding this field of science. Recently, researches of allelopathy have been conducted in laboratory, greenhouse, and field with multifaceted standpoint in some concerning area: (i) allelochemicals identifications and screening test; (ii) ecological and physiological aspects of allelopathy; (iii) genetic studies and the possibilities of using plant breeding or genetic manipulation to enhance allelopathic varieties; (iv) the use of allelopathic potential in the biological control, including as natural pesticide, of weeds and plant diseases as eco-friendly approach for sustainable agriculture scheme.

The evolution of a nuclear Wingless gene was investigated and its utility for inferring the phylogenetic relationship within Glyphodes moths was assessed by comparing with other three genes namely, COI, COII, and EF-1α. The results show that the bias of base compositions in Wingless (C: 0.19) is the lowest among those in COI, COII, and EF-1α. The averages of nucleotide sequence divergences for comparison between groups based on the Wingless were the highest. While substitutions in Wingless and EF-1α genes were not saturated at the divergence of the species groups, COI and COII genes attained saturation at those levels. The phylogenetic analysis based on Wingless solely show that this gene was very useful to resolve the relationships between groups but gave a poor resolution at the specific level, i.e. the relationships within group 1 was not resolved. Combination of all data supports the phylogenetic hypothesis based on morphological data. Glyphodes falls into three species groups: group 2 branched off first then followed by groups 1 and 3.