The research was conducted to determine the effect of gamma irradiation on regeneration capacity of mangosteed nodular callus. Nodular calli derived from a leaf as explants and cultured on MS medium containing combination of 2.2 µM benzilaminopurin (BAP) and 2.27 µM tidiazuron (TDZ). Nodular calli were irradiated with 0 (control) 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 Gy doses of gamma irradiation. After the irradiation, the calli were generated on woody plant medium (WPM), supplemented with 1.39 µM polyvinilpirolidon (PVP), 8 g.l-1 agar, 30 g.l-1 sucrose and 2.2 µM BAP concentration. Results showed that the irradiation influence the plant regeneration. Response dose of 50% (RD) that could promote the nodular calli of shoot formation was the 25 Gy while that of the shoot number per nodular calli was the 21 Gy. The shoot number irradiated with total dose 5 Gy (9.1 shoot) was higher than that of 0 Gy (8.6 shoot).

Thirty six Etawah-grade does (BW 20.4-44.2 kg, age 2.5-7 years) were used to study the efficacy of increasing secretion of endogenous hormones of pregnancy by superovulation of does to stimulate of growth prenatal in uterus. The does were injected with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG), 0 IU/kg BW [grouped into nonsuperovulation-NSO] and 15 IU/kg BW [grouped into Superovulation-SO]. Intravaginal sponge (60 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate) was applied for 14 days to synchronize estrus cycle. Twenty four hours prior to sponge removal, PMSG was injected to stimulate superovulation. After sponge removal, five experimental does were mixed with one buck for natural mating. Superovulation prior to mating increased number of corpora lutea, mean of maternal serum estradiol concentration, progesterone concentration, litter size, average birth weight and average milk yield, by 112, 67, 42, 27, 32, and 35%, respectively. Those were correlated with the increase of uterine, corpora lutea, and individual birth weight.

The aims of the experiment were to investigate the effect of pretreatment stress on the proliferation of anther-derived embryogenic callus, and its subsequent embryo regeneration in Swainsona formosa. Anthers were pretreated in starvation medium at cold (4 °C) temperature and cultured. Cultures were initially placed in darkness for four weeks, followed by 16-h photoperiod at 25 ± 1 °C. The stress pretreatment was found to enhance embryogenic callus formation on cultured anthers. Further, somatic embryos were successfully regenerated from embryogenic callus upon transferred onto regeneration medium supplemented with 1% sucrose and 4.63 µM kinetin, and later plantlets were obtained. Meanwhile, nonembryogenic callus continued to grow resulting in more callus mass without showing any embryoid initiation.

Endophytic fungi have been reported possess an interesting ability to mimic their host plant metabolites. Several fungi also show their specific capability to biotransform the chemical constituents of the host plant. The endophytic fungus Diaporthe sp. E isolate obtained from young stem of a tea plant (Camellia sinensis) show their unique capability to biotransform (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate [(-)-EGCG] into a major product in glucose-peptone-yeast extract medium that incubated under dark condition at 27 oC for 48 h. The major biotransformation product were isolated and purified through column chromatography techniques using Sephadex LH-20 and silica gel. The chemical structure of the major product were elucidated as (-)-2R,3S-dihydromyricetin based on their IR, FAB-MS, 1D- and 2D-NMR spectra.

A completely new and unexpected quasi human species, Homo floresiensis, nicknamed the Hobbit, was described in 2004 from Liang Bua, a cave in Flores. Like many important new contributions to the human fossil record in the past, many commentators refused to believe that a new species had been discovered, and the type specimen was interpreted as a pathological modern human, usually as a microcephalic dwarf. There is no substance to these claims: close analysis shows that Homo floresiensis is not only a genuinely new species, but that its closest affinities lie with Plio-Pleistocene African species such as Homo habilis, so that it documents an earlier dispersal of hominins from Africa and had hitherto been suspected.

The Balinese is comprised of genealogical patrilineal clans named as soroh. However, remnants of ancient Bali Mula communities have their own local genealogy which differ from the general soroh. The Pasek Trunyan together with Pasek Kayu Selem, Pasek Celagi, and Pasek Kayuan are part of Bali Mula which believed to be descendants of one ancestor, Empu Kamareka. Here we reported genetic variation of the Terunyan society. The microsatellites Y-chromosome markers (DYS19, DYS390, DYS393, and DYS395) were used in this study. There were 12 alleles found and the result showed the low genetic diversity (D = 0.28 + 0.05) within Terunyan society. Nine haplotypes based on allelic combination were found, dominated by major haplotype with frequency of 0.50 which spread out in many genealogical lineage called dadia. The haplotype data showed that Terunyan society derived from many gene sources.

Root lesion nematode (Pratylenchus brachyurus) is one of the most important pathogens of patchouli that caused significant losses. Studies on the potential of endophytic bacterial to control P. brachyurus on patchouli had been conducted. To evaluate the effectiveness of endophytic bacterial against to P. brachyurus on patchouli, nine isolates of bacteria ( NJ2, NJ25, NJ41, NJ46, NJ57, NA22, ERB21, ES32, and E26) were applied by deeping root seedling into bacterial suspension. A study of the physiological characteristics of nine isolates was conducted by using specific medium. The results showed that endophytic bacterial was significantly reduced the population of P. brachyurus and all isolates bacterial promoted growth of patchouli (shoot weight, root weight, and root length). Four isolates, i.e. Bacillus NJ46, Bacillus Na22, Bacillus NJ2, and Bacillus NJ57 were among the potential control agents that reduced nematode populations as much as 68.1-73.9%. Almost all of the isolated bacteria from patchouli roots were able to solubilizing phosphate, while some of them had the ability to produce chitinase, cellulase, protease, HCN, and fluorescency.

Peroxidase activity of the hybrid poplar Populus x canescens (Ait.) Sm. (= P. tremula L. x P. alba L.) inoculated with compatible and incompetent isolates of Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. was investigated. Screening of the ectomycorrhizal fungal isolates was initiated with exploration of mycelial growth characteristics and mycorrhizal ability in vitro with poplar. Both traits varied within the fungus although they did not seem to be genetically correlated. While isolates SCO1, NAU, and 031 grew faster than others, only isolates MAJ, SCO1, and 031 were able to form ectomycorrhiza with poplar. Isolates MAJ (compatible) and NAU (incompetent) were subsequently selected for further experiments. Activity of peroxidase, one of the defense-related enzymes, was examined in pure culture and short root components of compatible and incompetent interactions between poplar and P. involutus. Peroxidase activities increased significantly in poplar inoculated with incompetent isolate of the fungus compared to control, while induction of the same enzyme was not detected in compatible associations.