Mangrove rehabilitation has implications for important ecological, social and economic values for coastal communities. The mangroves ecosystem Karawang Regency is still under pressure due to the management and utilization that does not pay attention to the sustainability aspect. The rehabilitation plan to mangrove management must be adapted to the nature and characteristics of the habitat. This study aims to formulate technical considerations for the direction of a rehabilitation plan based on an ecological approach and the dynamics of the mangrove ecosystem. The methods used in this study were geospatial approach that integrated with field quanitative and qualitative data. The results show that the total of mangrove potential area in Karawang Regency was 19,139.53 ha, consisting of 421.95 ha (2.2%) of vegetated area and 18,717.58 ha (97.8%) of unvegetated area. We integrate mangrove typology, mangrove stand density, physical parameters, and land use as the basis for determining the direction of rehabilitation planning. In the estuarine deltaic mangrove typology, we aim at protecting with natural regeneration. In infringe areas, we recommend constructing natural coastal structures before planting. On the backward for intensive planting. Furthermore, mangroves with low density, medium density, and high density are recommended for planting, species enrichment, and protecting respectively, and on the pond with implementing the mixed mangrove-aquaculture system to bridge between rehabilitation effort and economic needs of coastal communities.

Tobacco leaf contains antibacterial secondary metabolite compounds, such as phenol, alkaloids, and essential oils. This study compares the potential antibacterial effects of Indonesian tobacco leaf extracted using the heat reflux method (producing an extract) and pyrolysis method (providing a bio-oil). The tobacco leaf extract was challenged against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The bio-oil from the pyrolysis method showed inhibitory Kirby Bauer zones higher than those of the extract from heat reflux method, with the maximum results in the pyrolysis method indicating zones of 6.35 mm (S. aureus), 5.90 mm (E. faecalis), 3.97 mm (E. coli), and 5.025 mm (P. aeruginosa). Further study analyzed the effectiveness of the disc and well diffusion antibacterial test methods for measuring the antibacterial effect of bio-oils against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. The bio-oil used in the well diffusion test method showed the most significant antibacterial effectiveness. It showed the biggest inhibition zone, with a maximum of 11.65 mm and 8.90 mm for E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Our results showed Nicotiana tabacum var. Virginia Bio Oil from Ponorogo (Indonesia) is a strong potential antimicrobial, especially using well diffusion test.

Thermophilic bacteria are a source of bioactive compounds that have many benefits for human life. One of them is as a source of antimicrobials. This research aimed to identify and characterize the promising thermophilic bacterial isolates by analyzing bioactive compounds and their potential as antimicrobial agents. Thermophilic bacteria with the code LBKURCC were taken from the collection of the Biochemistry Laboratory of the University of Riau. Forty-four purified strains of thermophilic bacteria were tested for antimicrobial ability. These thermophilic bacteria were taken from hot springs located in the Sumatra provinces of West Sumatra and Riau. Strain LBKURCC218 isolated from Rimbo Panti hot springs in West Sumatra was chosen to further investigate antimicrobials production. Isolates of hot spring bacteria that produced the highest antimicrobial were identified by comparing the similarity of the 16S rRNA gene sequences. BLAST result and phylogenetic tree showed that the selected thermophilic bacterial strain was similar to Bacillus paramicoides with the similarity index of 99.93%. Analysis of bioactive compounds of the ethyl acetate extract of liquid cultures of B. paramycoides LBKURCC218 showed the best producer of antimicrobial compounds compared to other isolates. The most identified compounds from the ethyl acetate extract were Dodecanoic acid, representing 23.62% of the total compounds, followed by 11-Dodecanoic acid at 17.84%. Ethyl acetate extract of B. paramycoides LBKURCC218 has a high inhibition zone against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans.

Sappan wood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) is a plant used by the community to mix drinking. The antioxidant index of Sappan wood extract has a higher value than commercial antioxidants to counteract oxidative free radicals and improve the body's defense system. The use of Sappan wood drinking in society is often used in daily so it is necessary to do a chronic toxicity test to observe the response to prolonged use of the system in the body. Kupffer cells are an important part of the innate immune system, acting as “scavengers” and phagocytes. A study that aims to see the chronic toxicity studies of the ethanolic extract of Sappan wood on the number of Kuffer cells in the liver has been carried out on 60 Wistar rats divided into 12 groups. The group was the negative control group, doses 100 mg/kgBW, 200 mg/kgBW, 300 mg/kgBW, 400 mg/kgBW and 500 mg/kgBW of extract Sappan wood which were divided into male and female groups. Each group was given ethanol extract of Sappan wood for one year orally. The results showed a significant increase in Kupffer cells in the female group at a dose of 100 mg/kgBW and the male group at 200 mg/kgBW with significant values, respectively, p<0.001 p = 0.004.

In Indonesia, the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is the most widely farmed and available fish for consumption. Production loss due to bacterial infection by Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae is the main problem in tilapia cultivation. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of concurrent infection of Aeromonas hydrophila AHL 0905-2 and Streptococcus agalactiae N14G in Nile tilapia based on biochemical and molecular characteristics. From the results of biochemical assay and sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA fragment, Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae were confirmed. Genes for aerolysin (417 bp), nuclease (504 bp), lipase (155 bp), and serine protease (211 bp) were found in Aeromonas hydrophila AHL 0905-2, while Streptococcus agalactiae N14G was determined as a 1b serotype group that had genes for CPS L (688 bp), CPSG (621 bp), and CPS J (272 bp). The confirmation in tilapia of Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae by PCR and sequencing is important for enabling the detection of these organisms and also for the development of a combined vaccine to tackle co-infection.

Kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis) is one of the highly favored mackerel tunas caught in Java Sea. The increase in demand due to local consumption and export eventually increases fishing that is proportional to the exploitation status. To maintain the fish resource, a scientific study should be carried out on the fishing grounds and the exploitation status of kawakawa. This study was carried out for 3 years, i.e. in March to October 2017, June to December 2018, and February to November 2019 at Pekalongan National Fishing Port in Pekalongan, Central Java, with 9,511 fish as the study objects. The data analysis was carried out by observing the fishing grounds using GPS and through interview. In addition, the exploitation status was analyzed using FISAT II application and ELEFAN program. The fishing grounds were mostly coastal waters with 15–55 cm sized kawakawa. The size of the first caught (Lc) of the kawakawa in this area ranged from 26.9 cm to 38.4 cm. The fish recruitment occurred all year long, peaking in Apr at 15.97% and Juli 13.62%.The fish natural mortality (M) was smaller than its fishing mortality (F), while its exploitation status was 0.66 (overfished), meaning that the current fishing efforts should be reduced by 32%. The other management efforts that can be carried out are among others conservation, keeping the fishing grounds outside the spawning grounds, and controlling the mesh size.

Endophytic bacteria isolated from plant tissues can produce the same secondary metabolites as their host plants. One of the metabolites that the bacteria can produce is antioxidants. This research aimed to analyze and measure the antioxidant activities of two endophytic bacteria, i.e. Bacillus siamensis HMB1 and Bacillus aryabhattai HMD4 cultures, derived from Hoya multiflora Blume plant, a tropical epiphytic plant species that grows in Indonesia, and to identify their cellular effects on Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The active compounds went through extraction process, and the antioxidant activities were measured, the extracts went under phytochemical analysis, and their phenol and flavonoid contents were measured. In vitro analysis was carried out using S. pombe. The results of this research indicated that both cultures had antioxidant activities, where HMB1 showed the highest IC50 value (51.18 mg/ml) among all. In vitro analysis indicated that HMD4 bacterial crude extract in 250 ppm concentration showed the highest resistance effect and significantly enhanced S. pombe growth. In addition, the results of the LC-MS analysis suggested that a total of 14 compounds potentially had antioxidant activity.

This study aims to determine the docking predictions for RAR, RXR, and ROR in the bone remodeling pathway using Haematococcus, which is the highest carotenoid-producing microalgae. Furthermore, it determines the projection of using this carotenoid-producing alga in bone development. Carotenoids include provitamin A and non-provitamin A, which are predicted to replace vitamin A in bone control. It is also required in silico proof of carotenoids' function of bone remodeling control. Furthermore, molecular and visualization docking validation was conducted using PyRx and Discovery Studio Visualizer software respectively. According to binding affinity and RMSD value, each biomarker compound had particular binding sites on RARα, RARβ, RORβ, and RORγ. Astaxanthin was the only compound with binding sites on all four receptors. Through enzymatic action, provitamin A carotenoids can serve as a precursor to retinol, allowing them to act as a native RXR ligand. Therefore, the biomarker compound used in Haematococcus pluvialis can replace the role of vitamin A in the regulation of fish bones. The prediction of bone regulation in biomarker compounds through the RAR-RXR pathways inhibited osteoblast and osteclast. Otherwise, VDR-RXR pathways regulated osteoclast maturation and osteoblast mineralization.

This study characterized, identified and conducted phylogenetic analysis on fungi contaminants in vitro bananas based on the sequence of inter-space (ITS) regions. Genomic DNA was extracted from the pure culture of fungi contaminants, amplified and sequenced using ITS1 and ITS4 markers. Analysis of the sequences using MEGA 7 Software at higher similarity sequence identified five Aspergillus spp., three Penicillium spp., one each of Fusarium, Trichoderma and Cladosporium as the contaminants. The genetic distance between the fungi species was 0.205, which suggests a homogeneous substitution between the sequences, and thiamine was the most stable. The fungi clustered in three major groups at 0.10 genetic distance, subdivided into five clusters. A cluster and sub-cluster consisting of five Aspergillus strains; a major cluster of three Penicillium strains; a cluster comprising of Fusarium chlamydosporum and Trichoderma viride; and a sole fungi Cladosporium tenuissimum. The Aspergillus group were phylogenetically related to A. flavus and A. parvissclerotigenus, the identified Penicillium spp. were closely related to Penicillium citrinum while the detected Cladosporium aligned with Cladosporium tenuissium and Phoma multirostrata. The information provided by this study could be utilized to develop a specific and compelling sterilization protocol to minimize the rate of contamination during in vitro culture procedures.

The fishes of genera Neolissochilus and Tor are locally known as Ikan Batak or ihan in North Sumatra. They are sacred and are usually served in Batak tribe traditional ceremonies. However, their population in the wild is declining because of habitat degradation, unwise exploitation, water pollution, and the introduction of invasive species. Therefore, suitable management is needed to maintain Ikan Batak's sustainability in their natural habitat, which can be conducted through in situ conservation. The habitat of Ikan Batak in the Bonan Dolok river of the Samosir Regency can potentially be developed as a conservation site. Information concerning this species in Bonan Dolok River is needed as a basis for effective in situ conservation management. Morphologically identified fish captured in Bonan Dolok River were validated using DNA barcoding of cytochrome oxidase I (COI) mitochondrial DNA segment. This study confirmed that Ikan Batak captured from Bonan Dolok River belongs to two genera, Neolissochilus and Tor. Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree construction using Maximum Likelihood showed that the specimens identified as N. sumatranus were identical to N. cf soroides, a species found in the Malaysian peninsula, Thailand, and Cambodia.