Latex diagnosis is widely adopted in natural rubber-producing countries to optimize the natural rubber production through a physiological-based latex-harvesting system management. This study is the first bibliographical searching and meta-analysis on the variation of latex physiological parameters i.e. sucrose, inorganic phosphorus, thiols, and total solid content. The study used information extracted from 158 scientific papers. Descriptive statistics, agglomerative hierarchical clustering, and principal component analysis were performed to characterize applications of latex diagnosis, how often parameters are used and interpreted as well as the variation of its parameter values. From 158 papers, latex diagnosis parameters were used in 114 agronomy, 22 in physiology, and 22 in breeding papers. The agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis indicated that sucrose and inorganic phosphorus contents were clustered together and total solid and thiols contents were located in another cluster. The average values of the total solid content, sucrose, inorganic phosphorus and thiols were 43.9%, 9.4 mM, 16.5 mM, and 0.52 mM, respectively. The percentage of interpretation is 63.3% for sucrose, 54.4% for inorganic phosphorus, 47.5% for thiols, and 41.1% for the total solid content. The low interpretation of thiols and total solid contents question their relevance in latex diagnosis. The low adoption of latex diagnosis in breeding could hinder the selection of activities leads to a limitation of selection for long-term high yielding and stress-adapted clones.

International audience | Latex diagnosis is widely adopted in natural rubber-producing countries to optimize the natural rubber production through a physiological-based latex-harvesting system management. This study is the first bibliographical searching and meta-analysis on the variation of latex physiological parameters i.e. sucrose, inorganic phosphorus, thiols, and total solid content. The study used information extracted from 158 scientific papers. Descriptive statistics, agglomerative hierarchical clustering, and principal component analysis were performed to characterize applications of latex diagnosis, how often parameters are used and interpreted as well as the variation of its parameter values. From 158 papers, latex diagnosis parameters were used in 114 agronomy, 22 in physiology, and 22 in breeding papers. The agglomerative hierarchical clustering analysis indicated that sucrose and inorganic phosphorus contents were clustered together and total solid and thiols contents were located in another cluster. The average values of the total solid content, sucrose, inorganic phosphorus and thiols were 43.9%, 9.4 mM, 16.5 mM, and 0.52 mM, respectively. The percentage of interpretation is 63.3% for sucrose, 54.4% for inorganic phosphorus, 47.5% for thiols, and 41.1% for the total solid content. The low interpretation of thiols and total solid contents question their relevance in latex diagnosis. The low adoption of latex diagnosis in breeding could hinder the selection of activities leads to a limitation of selection for long-term high yielding and stress-adapted clones.

Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GCMS) is a simple, rapid, and reliable analytical technique to assay lignocellulose biomass. This study aims to analyze the chemical content of various ages of platinum fast-grown teak wood using PyGCMS coupled with interdependence multivariate analysis. Fifty-eight peaks were shown in the pyrogram originating from carbohydrates, lignin, and extractive derivatives. Along with age, platinum fast-grown teak wood showed higher carbohydrate derivatives in heartwood than sapwood. Compared to teak wood grown in conventional (between 36.72-45.69%), platinum fast-grown teak wood has a higher content of carbohydrates (42.82-48.04%). A substantial amount of G-unit lignin was detected in the sapwood, while the S-unit lignin dominated the heartwood. The extractive content of 10-years-old teak wood heartwood was 4.82%, higher than 10- and 20-years-old heartwood from conventional wood (2.23% and 8.88%, respectively). Multivariate analysis of the chemical compound showed that Py-GCMS could be utilized to classify platinum fast-grown and conventional teak wood. 2-methyl anthraquinone (MAQ) content of 10-year-old fast-grown teak wood was 2.5 times higher than 20-year-old conventional teak wood. Based on the study, platinum fast-grown teak wood is promising as alternative wood material to fulfill the market demand for conventional teak wood.

High levels of organic matter and heavy metals in domestic wastewater can increase the pollution of water bodies. The water pollution results correspond to the degree of public health. Waste must be controlled and processed first using management methods such as biophytoremedyator to decrease the rate of pollution because its advantages do not negatively impact public health and the environment. Biophytoremediation offers a better alternative method to repair environmental conditions by combining microorganisms and plants. This study aimed to analyze the effect of heterotrophic bacterial strains with Pistia stratiotes L. and Salvinia molesta D. Mitch for heavy metal removal in domestic wastewater. It also investigated the influence of heterotrophic bacterial strains with Pistia stratiotes L. and Salvinia molesta D. Mitch which were also carried out to observe the BOD and COD levels. The results showed decreased heavy metal levels from the three treatment groups. The consortium treatment group of heterotrophs and Salvinia molesta D. Mitch bacteria strains reduced heavy metal levels faster than the other groups by 59%. In addition, it is also able to reduce BOD and COD levels. This study has shown the significant effect of combining heterotrophic bacterial (HB) strains with Pistia stratiotes L. or Salvinia molesta D. Mitch for heavy metal removal in domestic wastewater.

Pluchea indica (L.) Less is traditionally utilized to treat postpartum women in Indonesia. The plant has many pharmacological properties, so that it can be further developed as herbal medicine. In that development process, plant authentication is needed to ensure the quality of raw materials. A simple microscopical and thin-layer chromatography (TLC) analysis might be a way to authenticate the plant, but it has never been reported. So, this study evaluates the microscopical and TLC analysis for P. indica authentication in standardized herbal medicines production. Plant microscopic observation, fluorescence analysis, and polyphenol screening were conducted. n-Hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts of plant organs were then analyzed by TLC. Here, we reported that in microscopical analysis the simplicia of P. indica contains trichomes and tannin-containing cells. In addition, chlorogenic acid as a marker was present in TLC analysis by ethyl acetate-water-formic acid-acetic acid (8.5:1.5:1:1, v/v). The results of this evaluation might provide additional information in the identification, authentication, and quality control of P. indica as a raw material for herbal medicine.

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L. Beauv.) is a grain-producing crop with high nutritional benefits and adaptability to broad environmental conditions. Indonesian local foxtail millet accessions are valuable genetic resources for crop improvement of the species. This study aims to assess the biodiversity of Indonesian local foxtail millet accessions and estimate their salinity tolerance level utilizing the SiDREB2-based SNAP marker and early evaluation at the seedling stage. Our results showed that eight Indonesian local foxtail millet accessions, namely Toraja, Mauliru-2, Hambapraing, NTB-1, ICERI-5, ICERI-6, Botok-4, and Botok-10, had high variability based on agro-morphological traits. The Hambapraing and Mauliru-2 were the potential accessions with high yield estimates (2.33 ton.ha-1 and 1.93 ton.ha-1) and early harvest time (<110 DAT). ICERI-6 was indicated as a salinity-tolerant genotype based on the SiDREB2-based marker and early salinity evaluation at the seedling stage, while Toraja, Mauliru-2, NTB-1, and Botok-4 were categorized as sensitive genotypes. Germplasm variability and the estimated salinity tolerance level of Indonesian local foxtail millet accessions presented in this study serve as essential information in the foxtail millet breeding for high productivity, early harvest time, and salinity tolerant variety.

Sengon (Falcataria falcata (L.) Greuter & R. Rankin) plantations in Indonesia are threatened by attacks from Boktor stem borers and gall rust disease. Controlling pests and diseases is difficult; therefore, planting resistant trees obtained from tree selection programs is necessary. Currently, genomic breeding often incorporates GWAS, which uses thousands of SNP markers to identify markers with significant associations with the traits studied. This study aimed to bypass such expensive studies by identifying and developing SNP markers from sequences of putative resistance genes to Boktor stem borer and gall rust disease, identified from sengon transcriptomic data analysis. A total of 496,194 putative SNP sites were identified from transcriptomic sequences using the SAMtools and BFCtools programs, of which 119 SNP sites were associated with resistance genes. Of the 101 non-synonymous SNPs selected, only 12 were located in the conserved domain of each gene and were used for primer design. Of the 13 primers designed, only 10 were successfully amplified. Validation of 10 developed SNP markers on 100 sengon accessions using the HRM method confirmed a significant association between SNP markers and resistance traits, with a -log 10 (P-value) between 10.49 and 16.63. A few SNPs markers developed from putative resistance gene sequences are associated with resistance traits in sengon. Therefore, the SNP markers could be applied in selection programs for sengon trees resistant to Boktor stem borers and gall rust disease.

Amyloid plaques and Neurofibrillary Tangles (NFTs) are known to be key pathological features of Alzheimer disease. To gain a better understanding of this disease, studies were carried out on the Indonesian primates, the long-tailed macaques, using a spontaneous Alzheimer's disease model. Examining and identifying genetic markers involved in plaque formation and NFTs in long-tailed macaques is necessary to reveal their physiological processes. In this study, the expression of genes involved in the development of amyloid plaque (Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP)) and those that control the phosphorylation of tau protein (CDK5 and AKT1) was examined in the long-tailed macaque brain. This study showed that APP, CDK5, and AKT1 may potentially be developed as genetic markers of Alzheimer's disease. Long-tailed macaques exhibited the development of amyloid plaque in the aging brain based on the analysis of the gene expression profile of its biomarker. Furthermore, long-tailed macaques can be optimized for neurodegenerative models.

As one of the important pests, fruit flies derived from Tephritidae family have caused the worst consequences in losing the economic value of fresh horticultural commodity including on the dragon fruits. As a prospective quarantine treatment, gamma irradiation has been thrived to eliminate totally the appearance of those adults’ flies with less impact on the fruit quality degradation. In this study, a series of irradiation dosages were examined to both the third instar larvae (subsequently from Bactrocera papayae, B. cucurbitae and B. carambolae) infesting fruits and the non-infested ones afterwards at 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 Gy. For a number of the infested fruits, a series of observations were persisted in at room temperature (27±1°C) until two weeks of the post-treatment period. Whereas the non-infested fruits were stored at 11±1°C for 17 days of the storage. Results showed that B. papayae required the highest recommended dosages (the effective dose = 248.4 Gy; the minimum dose = 225.1 Gy; the maximum dose = 279.6 Gy) for achieving LD0.99 rather than the other tested spesies. There were also no significant differences among each of the non-infested fruits in terms of altering of the observed physical attributes. This result has become a distinct indication that a higher dose value than the generic one is mostly recommended both for phytosanitary irradiation and stabilization of fruit quality.

Aegle marmelos leaf contains secondary metabolites that have bioinsecticidal effects.  This study aimed to analyze phytoconstituents of the ethyl acetate extract of Aegle marmelos leaves, its larvicidal activity, and its effects on histopathological changes of the midgut of Aedes aegypti larvae. The ethyl acetate extract was obtained from the concentrated maceration of the leaf powder and analyzed with GCMS. The instar III or IV larvae were used and divided into six groups where each group was exposed to an extract with a concentration of 1%; 4%; 8% and 16%, and one other control group without exposure to such extract. The histopathology of larval midgut was prepared, stained with Hematoxyllin-Eosin, and observed using light microscopy. GC-MS analysis revealed that the extracts contain 8 compounds, Oleic acid, 9-Hexadecenoic acid, Cis-1,3-Eicosenoic acid, Dasycarpidan-1-methanol, acetate (ester), Digitoxin, Z-(13,14-epoxy)tetradeg-11-en-ol acetate; 2,3-dimethyl-5-trifluoromethyl-1-phen-1,4-diol, ethyl iso-allocholate. Probit test revealed that the LC50 value of ethyl acetate extract of Aegle marmelos leaves was 3.917% and histopathological results are damage to brush borders, nucleus and nucleolus, epithelial cells, and hypertrophy of the gastric caeca. The leaf ethyl acetate extract from Aegle marmerlos can be considered as a probable natural insecticide to kill Aedes aegypti. Aegle marmelos can be applied as natural insecticide to eradicate the population of Ae. aegypti.