探讨了危害分析及关键控制点(HACCP)管理系统在干湿梅加工中的应用,通过对产品加工过程中各个环节及其潜在的危害进行分析,确定选果、腌制、起梅洗水、晒梅和成品贮藏5个关键控制点,并建立相应的关键控制临界值,进行控制、纠偏、记录及档案管理、验证审核等,以提高青梅制品品质和成品率,保证其质量的安全性.

研究加工苹果品种的多酚组成及其抗氧化功能，有助于加工原料的选择和功能性食品的开发。测定了4个酿酒品种和4个制汁品种果实的多酚组成，果实多酚提取物清除超氧阴离子自由基、羟基自由基能力和抗脂质过氧化能力。结果表明，供试加工品种总酚含量为644.9-3511.8mg/kg，原花青素、绿原酸、表儿茶素、儿茶素是果实中的主要多酚物质。各品种多酚提取物都有一定的抗氧化能力，以稀释10倍的浓度清除3种自由基的能力较强。原花青素、儿茶素与加工苹果果实抗氧化能力有较密切的关系。

土壤盐渍化是一个世界性问题,其中由于过量施用化肥,造成土壤尤其是蔬菜保护地次生盐渍化已是一个极其严重的现象,常障碍蔬菜作物的生长、发育,导致大幅度减产,产品品质下降。虽然作物耐盐新品种的选育,一直是国内外研究的重点,但对于番茄而言,普通栽培种一般表现对盐中度敏感。目前还尚未有很明确的生理生化指标,可供育种者直接进行番茄耐盐性的鉴定,番茄耐盐机理的明确,有助于相关指标的获得。研究业已表明,番茄耐盐受QTLs控制,遗传较为复杂,影响番茄耐盐的QTL在不同生长发育的阶段也不相同。因此育种难度较大。番茄在芽期和苗期对盐害最敏感,随着株龄的增加,耐盐性也增强,而影响番茄芽期和苗期的耐盐性为少数QTLs控制,且效应较大,因此开发芽期和苗期耐盐QTLs对于番茄耐盐育种意义较大。另外,耐盐QTLs还包括组成型和非组成型两种,控制番茄耐盐的组成型或非特异QTL对耐盐性贡献较大。部分野生资源材料及个别栽培种表现出一定程度的耐盐性,为番茄耐盐育种提供了可能。利用分子标记及生物工程技术深入挖掘这些材料,可加速番茄耐盐遗传改良。本文就番茄耐盐筛选方法、耐盐资源材料,耐盐QTL定位及利用分子标记辅助选育和基因工程等手段改良番茄耐盐新品种进行了综述。

选择8项果实性状指标(可溶性糖、可滴定酸、维生素C、香气、风味、果肉质地、汁液和异味)组成制汁用苹果品质评价体系，其中，前5项为参考指标，后3项为必需指标，浓缩汁用苹果无维生素C和香气2项指标。8项指标分为营养品质指标(包括可溶性糖、可滴定酸和维生素C)、加工品质指标(包括果肉质地和汁液)及感官品质指标(包括异味、香气和风味)3类。制汁用苹果应果肉质地松脆或硬脆，汁液多，允许有不明显涩味。本研究结果为果农和苹果汁生产者选择适宜的苹果品种提供科学依据。 | It is suggested that the quality evaluation system for juicing apple cultivars should include 8 indexes, including soluble sugar, titratable acidity, vitamin C, aroma, flavor, flesh texture, juice, and peculiar smell. The former 5 are reference indexes, and the later 3 are essential indexes. Vitamin C and aroma are not suitable to be evaluated in apple cultivas for juice concentrate. All the indexes could divided into 3 groups: nutrition quality indexes (including soluble sugar, titratable acidity, and vitamin C), processing quality indexes (including flesh texture and juice), and aesthetic quality indexes (including peculiar smell, aroma, and flesh). For juicing apples the flesh texture must be crisp or firm to crisp; Juice must be much; inconspicuous astringency is permitted. Such the mentioned indexes could be used for choice of the right juicing apple cultivas for growers and processing factories.

在中国农业科学院作物科学研究所试验基地,以强筋小麦品种为试验材料,采用二因素裂区设计,研究了肥料运筹对产量和品质的影响,以及品种间的差异.结果表明,在0～300 kg/ha施氮范围内,随施氮量增加产量逐渐提高,处理间差异显著,但每公顷施用300 kg氮素仅比施225 kg的处理增产3.1%,因此,中产条件下施用氮素以225 kg/ha左右较为适宜.施氮处理对清蛋白和球蛋白（可溶性蛋白）影响小,对醇溶蛋白和谷蛋白（贮藏蛋白）影响大.施氮可显著提高贮藏蛋白和总蛋白含量,进而改善加工品质.在一定范围内,小麦的主要加工品质性状随施氮量的增加而改善,与对照相比,湿面筋、沉降值、稳定时间、拉伸面积和延伸性等重要烘焙品质指标均有改善.但品种之间有一定差异,有些品种的某些指标差别较大,但其面包体积和评分接近. | Seven bread wheat cultivars with high gluten content were used to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer treatment on wheat quality and grain yield, and the difference within cuhivars by the split plot design for two factors. The experiment was carried out on the Experimental Farm of the Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The results showed that the grain yield was increased with the nitrogen application from 0 to 300 kg/ha and significantly different among treatments. However, the yield was increased only 3.1% when the nitrogen was applied from 225 kg/ha to 300 kg/ ha （ Table 1 ）. So about 225 kg/ha of nitrogen application in practice is suggested. Contents of gliadin and glutenin （ storage protein） were affected more than these of albumin and globulin （soluble protein）, the contents of storage protein and gross protein were remarkably increased, and therefore processing quality was improved, by nitrogen treatments, the main characteristics of processing quality were improved with increasing the applied nitrogen within a certain range. Many important quality characteristics of baking bread including wet gluten, sedimentation, stable time, extension area, extensibility and so on were significantly improved for nitrogen treatments （Table 5 ）. However, there were some differences among cultivars. Although some indices were different greatly, the bread volume and bread score were nearly the same （Table 6）.

选用中筋品种鲁麦22和强筋品种济南17，在大田条件下研究了不同磷素水平（P0，不施磷；P1，每公顷施P2O5 105kg；P2，每公顷施P2O5 210kg）对小麦旗叶氮代谢有关酶活性、籽粒蛋白质积累和蛋白质组分含量的影响。结果表明，磷提高了灌浆前期和中期小麦旗叶硝酸还原酶（NR）和谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）的活性，以及灌浆中期旗叶内肽酶（EP）的活性，其中对济南17的促进作用大于鲁麦22，而同一品种的P1和P2之间无显著差异；施磷亦提高了开花后14d之前旗叶可溶性蛋白质含量和7d之前游离氨基酸含量，与P0相比，P1有利于旗叶灌浆前期游离氨基酸的积累以及灌浆期间向籽粒的再分配，而过高的磷素水平（P2）对于灌浆后期旗叶游离氨基酸向籽粒再分配的影响较小；磷对籽粒蛋白质合成积累的促进作用在灌浆前期较大，后期较小，表现为前期施磷处理籽粒蛋白质含量显著高于P0，随着灌浆进程，差异逐渐缩小，最终2个品种P1处理成熟籽粒中蛋白质含量最高；不同磷素水平对2个小麦品种蛋白质组分的影响不一，对于2个小麦品种籽粒中清蛋白和球蛋白含量之和P1与P0无显著差异，而P1水平下籽粒谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量显著在鲁麦22中提高，在济南17中提高幅度较小，说明P1水平对改善小麦的营养品质意义不大，但能够改善其加工品质；P2水平下，济南17的加工品质有变劣的趋势。磷对小麦籽粒蛋白质各组分含量影响的复杂性要求在生产中，应针对不同品质类型小麦品种制定不同的优化栽培措施。 | Nitrogen metabolism in leaves has important function on protein accumulation in wheat grains, involving three key enzymes, i.e. nitrate reductase（NR）, glutamine syntbotase（GS）and endopeptidase（EP）. It has been well documented the changes of related enzymes in nitrogen metabolism under different rates of nitrogen and potassium fertilizer. However, little research has been done about the effect of phosphorus（ P）on the contents of protein components in wheat. The objectives of the present research were to investigate the effect of P on the activities of three enzymes concerned with nitrogen metabolism in flag leaves and protein accumulation as well as its component contents in wheat grains. The study was carried out from 2001 to 2002 with two wheat cultivars（ Triticum aestivum L. cv. Lumai 22 and cv. Jinan 17）in field. Three P rates（PO, P1 and P2）were set in the experiment, and the amounts of P application were 0 kg, 105 kg and 210 kg P2O5 per ha, respectively. The results showed that the activities of NR, GS and EP in flag leaves were increased with the increase of P application during the early and middle grain filling stages （ Fig. 1 - 3 ）, and the effect of P application for Jinan 17 was greater than that for Lumai 22, but there was no significant difference between P1 and P2 treatment. The contents of soluble protein and free amino acid in flag leaves were increased by P application before 14 d and 7 d after anthesis respectively （Fig.4 and Fig.5）. And P1 treatment was of benefit to the accumulation of free amino acid during early grain filling stage and the redistribution to grains during the whole grain filling stage, whereas P2 treatment was less effect on the redistribution. It indicated that the synthesis and accumulation of protein in grains were increased by P application during grain filling stage, especially in the early stage. The protein content in P1 and P2 was significantly higher than that in PO during the early grain filling. When maturing,P1 treatment had the highest total protein content in both caltivars（Fig.6）. In P1 treatment, there were little effect on the contents of albumin and globulin, and significant increase for the contents of gliadin and gluten in the two caltivars, which was greater for Lumai 22 than for Jinan 17（Table 1 ）. These results suggested that P1 treatment had little effect on wheat nutritional quality, but could improve its processing quality. However,excessive P application could deteriorate the processing quality as for Jinan 17. Therefore, different cultivation management should be adopted according to the different quality demans of different wheat types.

系统研究了蜂毒肽对玉米、番茄、大豆、大白菜等农作物生长发育过程中生理指标的影响及对玉米防御系统酶的作用。结果表明．蜂毒肽对农作物的影响具有普遍性，对细胞中的叶绿素、可溶性糖、核酸及蛋白质含量，低浓度有一定促进作用，高浓度有抑制作用。但影响都很微弱（t检验P〉0.05）。蜂毒肽对植物防御系统酶具有诱导效应，5mg／L蜂毒肽使其活性快速增加，其中PAL、PPO在喷药后48h达到峰值，分别比对照提高178％和9.8％；而SOD在6h即可达到峰值，比对照提高31.5％；只有POD在喷洒50mg／L蜂毒肽后48h达到最大值。玉米POD同工酶谱的研究进一步表明蜂毒肽对有的酶谱带（品种1的P11谱带）有很强的诱导作用，有的甚至诱导出1条新带（品种2的P4谱带）；而对有的谱带有抑制作用，而且对不同品种POD酶的作用不尽相同，但喷药后2个品种POD酶总体含量均高于对照，与酶活测定结果相同。 | The content levels of chlorophyll, soluble sugar, nucleic acid and protein of four crops （maize, tomato, soybean and Chinese cabbage） were promoted by the low concentration（5 mg/L） of melittin, and inhibited by the higher （50 mg/L） one, although the effects were not significant（ t-test, P 〉 0.05）in four crops. Their PAL and PPO activities were reached the maximal levels 48 hours after spraying the solution of melittin （5 mg/L）, which were increased by 178% and 9.8% respectively as compared with the control, while the activity of SOD was increased by 31.5 % after 6 hours. The activity of POD was reached the maximal levels under the treatment of 50 mg/L melittin. The land pattern of POD isoenzyme in maize elucidated further that there were strong induction to some zymogram bands（egP11 ）while inhibition to others, and different effects on the different cultivars showing the particularity of cuhivars.