为建立猪血红蛋白抗氧化活性肽的酶法制备工艺,采用6种食品级商业蛋白酶Alcalase 2.4L、胰蛋白酶、风味蛋白酶、胃蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶和AS1398中性蛋白酶在各自最适反应条件下分别酶解猪血红蛋白8 h,结果显示:采用AS1398中性蛋白酶获得的产物水解度最高,其酶解过程中第2小时获得的抗氧化活性肽(NDAPⅡ)还原力最高,较猪血红蛋白还原力高31.8%;AS1398中性蛋白酶的酶解条件为底物5%(质量分数),底物中含酶400U/g,温度45℃,pH 7.0。NDAPⅡ的还原力随浓度的增加基本呈线性增长趋势,虽然在低浓度下其还原力较阳性对照物BHT及VC弱,但在40 mg/mL质量浓度条件下,其还原力已略高于天然抗氧化剂VC,极具作为天然抗氧化剂的潜力。

试图阐明磷氮配施对小麦籽粒蛋白质品质的影响。以蛋白质品质差异较大的小麦强筋型品种藁城8901和弱筋型品种山农1391为材料，进行磷氮配施田间试验，测定籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量的动态变化和面团的流变学特性。藁城8901在施225 kg•ha-1氮肥水平下，与不施磷肥相比，增施磷肥的清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白和总蛋白及谷蛋白大聚合体含量提高，吸水率、面团形成时间、稳定时间和评价值增加，公差指数降低。施P2O5 240 kg•ha-1处理较施P2O5 120 kg•ha-1处理的相应效果降低。藁城8901在不施氮肥、山农1391在不施氮肥及施225 kg•ha-1氮肥水平下，随磷肥用量增加清蛋白和球蛋白含量提高，醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白、总蛋白和谷蛋白大聚合体含量降低；吸水率、面团形成时间、稳定时间和评价值下降，公差指数升高。不同品种在不同供氮水平条件下，增施磷肥时，小麦籽粒蛋白质及其各组分含量、面团流变学特性等变化的趋势不同。对强筋型品种藁城8901，在保证氮肥供应的基础上适量增施磷肥可提高其加工品质；对弱筋型品种山农1391，增加磷肥用量有利于其加工品质的改善。 | This experiment was designed to elucidate effects of application of phosphorus combined with nitrogen on protein quality and dough rheological characteristics of wheat grain. Two varieties, GC8901 and SN1391, with different qualities were studied to determine the dynamic changes in contents of grain protein and its components and dough rheological characteristics of wheat grains under the field conditions. Compared with the treatment of N 225 kg•ha-1 and P2O5 0 kg•ha-1, analytical results of grains of GC8901 treated by N 225 kg•ha-1 and phosphorus application showed that the contents of albumin, globulin, gliabin, glutenin, protein and glutenin macropolymers increased, and water absorption rate, dough formation and stability time and evaluation value increased, but mixing tolerance decreased. However, the above effects of GC8901 treated with N 225 kg•ha-1 and P2O5 240 kg•ha-1 dropped. For three treatments, including GC8901 without nitrogen and with phosphorus fertilization, SN1391 without nitrogen and with phosphorus fertilization, and SN1391 with N 225 kg•ha-1 and phosphorus fertilization, analytical results of their grains showed that, with the increase of phosphorus fertilization contents of albumin and globulin increased, contents of gliabin, glutenin, protein and glutenin macropolymers decreased, whilst water absorption rate, dough formation and stability time and evaluation value decreased, and mixing tolerance increased. In conclusion, the effects of phosphorus application on the contents of protein and its components in grains and dough rheological characteristics varied significantly with varieties and nitrogen levels. Proper phosphorus application combined with more nitrogen fertilizer improved the processing quality of GC8901 as strong-gluten wheat. As for SN1391, weak-gluten wheat, the processing quality increased due to phosphorus application.

以进口的高白度品种澳白麦和山东省现在主要推广的济麦21作对照，研究山东省最新育成的几个高自然白度的小麦品种优麦3号、山农12、山农8355及品系62008的色泽优势，对影响面粉及面制品色泽形成的各种因素进行研究，分析其色泽优势形成的主要影响因素，为面粉及其制品色泽性状的改良和高自然白度优质专用小麦品种的选育提供理论依据。运用智能白度仪和色彩色差计对面粉、面片和馒头的色泽进行评价。中国的高白度品种（系）具有很大的色泽优势，在面制品色泽上，和对照澳白麦相比，L*值差异不显著，但b*值极显著降低，特别是62008和山农12加工成馒头后L*值比澳白麦高，b*值比对照澳白麦低。加入增白剂后，中国的高白度品种（系）色泽变化的幅度比澳白麦小。对面粉色泽形成影响因素的研究结果表明，蛋白质含量高的品种，其色泽优势形成的主要原因是PPO活性和黄色素含量低；蛋白质含量低的品种，淀粉含量高是其形成高亮度的主要原因；PPO活性和黄色素含量越高，面粉及面制品黄度越大。在不用增白剂的情况下，通过选育高白度品种，可以满足人们对面制食品高白度的要求。对蛋白质含量高的材料，不过分追求面粉的白度和亮度，但可通过对低PPO活性和低黄色素含量的选择，培育食品色泽优良的高蛋白小麦新品种。对淀粉含量高的材料，既要重视面粉的白度和亮度，又要重视对低PPO活性和低黄色素含量的选择，培育用于加工中国传统食品的高白度小麦新品种。考虑到面食品的多样化，也可以选择蛋白质含量高、PPO活性低、黄色素含量高的特殊材料，培育加工亮黄色食品的品种，丰富中国的小麦品种类型。 | Aobaimai imported from Australia and Jimai 21 widely planted in Shandong province were used as contrasts materials in this study. Firstly, the color advantage of Chinese wheat cultivars (line) Youmai 3, Shannong12, Shannong8355 and 62008 with good appearance was studied, then analyzed the main factors influencing the formation of the color in order to offer theoretical evidences for the breeding of high whiteness traits of different wheat genotypes. The intelligent brightnessmeter and color and color difference meter were used to evaluate the color of flour, fresh sheet and steamed bread. The brightness of the four wheat cultivars (line) was lower than Aobaimai, but the yellowness was also lower than Aobaimai, especially the appearance of steamed bread of 62008 and Shannong12 was better than Aobaimai. The change of flour color after added with BPO in the four wheat genotypes were smaller than Aobaimai. So the requirement of high white wheat-based products can be met without BPO by breeding of wheat cultivars. Through analysis of the factors affecting the color formation, it was found that the main factors affecting color formation were low PPO activity and yellow pigment content in high-protein content varieties and low protein content and high starch content in low-protein content varieties. In selection and breeding of wheat color, wheat lines with low PPO activity and yellow pigment content in wheat materials with high protein content should be chosen, thus wheat cultivars with both high quality and good color to make steamed bread and white noodle can be obtained. Wheat lines with low PPO activity and yellow pigment content in wheat materials with low protein content and high starch content also can be chosen. Moreover, wheat lines with low PPO activity and high yellow pigment content in wheat lines with low protein content and high starch content can be chosen to make high brightness and yellowness foods.

探讨Cu2＋、Zn2＋和Mn2＋在黄瓜幼苗抗冷中的作用。以自根和嫁接黄瓜幼苗为试材，研究了用含有不同（Cu2＋+Zn2＋+Mn2＋）整体浓度营养液育苗对幼苗叶片Cu、Zn和Mn含量、低温胁迫下超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)及其同工酶活性和电解质渗漏率的影响。提高营养液（Cu2＋+Zn2＋+Mn2＋）整体浓度，自根黄瓜幼苗叶片Cu、Zn和Mn含量显著增加，低温胁迫下其SOD、Mn-SOD及Cu/Zn-SOD活性均显著增强，且低温胁迫时间越长活性增强越显著，Fe-SOD活性和电解质渗漏率则显著降低；降低营养液（Cu2＋+Zn2＋+Mn2＋）整体浓度培育嫁接黄瓜幼苗的结果则与之相反。Cu、Zn和Mn在黄瓜幼苗抗冷性中具有重要作用。以黑籽南瓜为砧木嫁接的黄瓜，根系吸收Cu2＋、Zn2＋和Mn2＋能力较强是其抗冷性增强的内在因素之一；自根黄瓜幼苗叶片Cu、Zn和Mn含量和SOD活性因营养液（Cu2＋+Zn2＋+Mn2＋）整体浓度升高而升高，从而增强其抗冷性。 | The aim of this study was to investigate the functions of Cu2＋, Zn2＋and Mn2＋ on cold tolerance of cucumber seedling leaves. Studies were made on the leaf contents of Cu, Zn and Mn, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and its isoenzymes, and electrolytic leakages of own-root and grafted cucumber seedlings treated by different concentrations of Cu2＋, Zn2＋and Mn2＋as a whole in nutrient solution under low temperature stress. The leaf contents of Cu, Zn and Mn, the activities of SOD, Mn-SOD and Cu/Zn-SOD of own-root cucumber seedlings treated by high concentrations of Cu2＋, Zn2＋and Mn2＋ as a whole in nutrient solution were higher than those of the control, while the Fe-SOD activity and electrolytic leakages were lower. When grafted cucumber seedlings were treated by low concentrations of Cu2＋, Zn2＋and Mn2＋as a whole in nutrient solution, the results were contrary. It showed that Cu2＋, Zn2＋and Mn2+ played a very important role in cold tolerance of cucumber seedlings. It was proved that the greater absorbability of grafted cucumber seedlings after grafted onto figleaf gourd was one of the important reasons why it could have stronger chilling tolerance than own-root cucumber seedlings. Both the contents of Cu, Zn and Mn in leaves and SOD activity of own-root cucumber seedlings can be increased by elevating the contents of Cu2＋, Zn2＋and Mn2＋as a whole in nutrient solution, consequently their chilling tolerance can be enhanced.

研究不同生境条件下土壤结构体分形维数及其与主要土壤特性的关系。根据植被和土壤类型，从黄土高原不同地域分别采集22个0~20 cm土层土壤样品，利用干筛法测定其结构体组成，分析土壤结构体分形维数及其影响因子。黄土高原22个土壤样品结构体的分形维数为2.267~2.843。土壤类型不同，其土壤结构体的分形维数具有明显的差异，分形维数表现为干润砂质新成土黄土正常新成土简育干润均腐土土垫旱耕人为土。回归分析发现，土壤结构体分形维数与土壤有机质、全氮含量具有极显著的负相关关系，相关系数分别为－0.591 9和－0.640 7(n=22)。对黄土正常新成土，除5~10 mm结构体外，土壤结构体分形维数与各粒径含量均呈现出明显的线性关系，正负相关性以0.25 mm为界，即其分形维数与0.25 mm的结构体含量呈负相关，与0.25 mm的结构体含量呈正相关。多元线性回归分析表明，结构体分形维数与0~0.25，1~2，2~5，5~10 mm结构体含量的偏相关关系达到显著水平，而与0.25~1 mm结构体含量的偏相关系数不显著。在黄土高原地区，土壤结构体分形维数随纬度增加而增加，土垫旱耕人为土结构体分形维数最低，干润砂质新成土结构体分形维数最高，同时土壤结构体的分形也受土地利用方式的影响，分形维数表现为人工林地农地自然林地裸地。_ | This study is to investigate the fractal dimensions of soil aggregates and their relationship with important soil properties in different environments. In terms of the types of vegetation and soil, 22 soil samples from different profile (0―20 cm, 20―40 cm and 40―60 cm) were collected from different regions in the Loess Plateau. We determined the composition of soil aggregates with dry sieved method, and analysed fractal dimensions of soil aggregates and the effect factors. The results indicated that the fractal dimensions of soil aggregates ranged between 2.267-2.843 for the twenty-two soil samples. Fractal dimensions of soil aggregates were different in various types of soils, Ust-Sandic EntisolsLos-Orthic EntisolsHap-Ustic IsohumisolsEum-Orthic Anthrosols. Regression analysis indicated that there was a highly significant negative correlation between fractal dimension and organic matter and total nitrogen. The correlation coefficient was －0.591 9 for the relationship between fractal dimension and organic matter and －0.640 7 for the relationship between fractal dimension and total nitrogen. In the soils that was classified as Los-Orthic Entisols, having a significant correlation between the fractal dimension and the amount of material in each aggregate size class except for the 5―10 mm aggregate size class. The boundary between positive and negative correlation was 0.25 mm.Fractal dimensions were negatively correlated with the amount of aggregates with diameter 0.25 mm and positively correlated with the amount of aggregates with diameter 0―0.25 mm.Multivariate linear regression analysis indicated a significant partial correlation between the fractal dimension of soil aggregates and the amount of aggregates in the 0―0.25 mm, 1―2 mm, 2―5 mm and 5―10 mm size classes, while the partial correlation coefficient between the fractal dimension of soil aggregates and the amount of aggregates in the 0.25―1 mm size class was not significant. The fractal dimensions of soil aggregates increased with increased latitude on the Loess Plateau.Also, the fractal dimensions largely varied with soil, among which Eum-Orthic Anthrosols was the lowest and Ust-Sandic Entisols was the highest, and it was affected by types of vegetation, which is:artificial woods landfarming landwildwood landbare land._

通过对水稻抽穗开花期耐热性的遗传研究，为水稻耐热种质资源的利用及分子标记辅助选择育种提供理论和实践依据。以2个籼稻品种T219(对高温敏感)和T226（耐高温）为亲本构建的202个株系的重组自交系(RILs)，利用人工气候室进行了2年的高温处理试验，对RILs在抽穗开花期的耐热性状进行了主效应QTL以及QTL上位性分析。利用181个在亲本间具有多态性的SSR标记，构建了覆盖水稻全基因组1 559.6 cM、标记间平均距离为8.3cM的遗传连锁图谱。2年共检测到7个抽穗开花期耐热性主效应QTL以及7对上位性QTL。2004和2005年分别检测到3个和4个QTL，共解释29%和37.3%的表型变异。其中，qHt2、qHt3、qHt8和qHt12的耐热等位基因来自T226，而qHt9a和qHt9b的耐热等位基因来源于T219。位于第1、2、4、11和12染色体上4对QTL间以及位于第2、3、4、7、8和9染色体上的3对QTL间分别存在互作效应。水稻抽穗开花期耐热性受多个具有加性效应的基因控制，基因的效应比较小，基因间还存在互作效应。位于第3染色体的RM570-RM148标记位点（qHt3）在2年中同时检测到，可用于水稻耐热性分子标记辅助选择育种。 | To assess the genetic effect of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) conferring heat tolerance at flowering stage in rice. We have developed a set of novel population with 202 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from a cross between 2 indica varieties, T226 (heat tolerant) and T219 (susceptible ), and then treated the RIL population under high temperature regimes in growth chamber during flowering stage in 2004 and 2005, respectively. Main QTLs and epistatic QTLs for heat tolerance at flowering stage were detected. A genetic map with a total length of 1 559.6 cM and an average marker interval of 8.3 cM was constructed using 181 SSR markers with polymorphism between the two parents. Seven main effect QTLs and 7 digenic interactions controlling heat tolerance during flowering time were detected in two-year experiments. In 2004 and 2005, 3 and 4 QTLs were detected, totally explaining 29 % and 37.3% of phenotypic variances respectively. The alleles for increasing the heat tolerance were derived from T226 at qHt2, qHt3, qHt8 and qHt12, and from T219 at qHt9a and qHt9b. At the same time, 4 pairs of epistatic effect QTLs on chromosomes 1, 2, 4, 11 and 12, and 3 pairs of epistatic effect QTLs on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 and 9 were also detected. QTLs for heat tolerance during flowering time in rice were controlled by some main-effect with minor effects, and involved in epistatic interactions. The marker RM570-RM148 can be used in marker-assistant-selected method in heat tolerance breeding in rice.

PPR（pentatricopeptide repeat）蛋白家族在植物的生长发育、细胞器形成、细胞质雄性不育的育性恢复、RNA的编辑加工、细胞核与细胞器之间信号传递、逆境防御等方面具有重要作用。研究旨在了解PPR蛋白家族SoDIPPR基因在马铃薯中的表达情况及其在干旱胁迫下的作用。以抗旱马铃薯二倍体品系H145为材料，利用cDNA-AFLP技术寻找与抗旱性密切相关的基因cDNA片段，利用RACE技术克隆其基因全长cDNA，并利用半定量RT-PCR和Northern杂交法研究其在干旱条件下的表达情况。从抗旱马铃薯二倍体品系H145中克隆了一个836 bp全长cDNA序列，命名为SoDIPPR，该序列开放阅读框长为588 bp，编码195个氨基酸序列。序列分析表明，SoDIPPR蛋白存在PPR结构域、激酶结合区、和C端SMR（small MutS related protein）区域。SoDIPPR蛋白序列与GenBank数据库中的其它PPR蛋白进行同源序列比对，构建系统进化树，发现SoDIPPR 与其它14个高等植物的PPR蛋白同源性为57%～82%，与苜蓿DNA错配修复蛋白MuTs2、水稻盐诱导蛋白（Q9LS25）和叶绿体RNA结合蛋白（Q75IP8）的同源性达69%～82%。半定量RT-PCR和Northern杂交结果表明，SoDIPPR基因在干旱胁迫下叶片和根系里的表达量明显增加，说明SoDIPPR基因在马铃薯抗旱中起一定作用。在持续干旱条件下，SoDIPPR基因在抗旱品系H145与干旱敏感品系H214中表达模式不同。马铃薯SoDIPPR基因编码的蛋白与其它植物PPR家族蛋白同源性较高，SoDIPPR基因参与马铃薯对干旱胁迫的应答反应，可能对抵抗干旱胁迫有一定作用。 | Some pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins are involved in plant development, organelle biogenesis, restoring of cytoplasmic male sterilities, RNA processing and editing in mitochondria and chloroplasts, plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling, and responses to environmental stresses. The objectives of the present study were to clone the SoDIPPR gene of PPR protein family in potato and analyze its expression under drought conditions. The potato (Solanum tuberosum) genotype H145 that is diploid of drought tolerance was used as a material to isolate differentially expressed genes related to drought Ctolerance by cDNA-AFLP and clone the full-length cDNA of SoDIPPR by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). Its temporal expression pattern was studied by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and northern blot analysis. On the basis of one cDNA-AFLP differential fragment isolated from induced mRNA in the potato genotype H145, the 836 bp full length cDNA of a putative PPR family gene, SoDIPPR gene was cloned by RACE. The gene consisted of 588 bp encoding a hypothetical protein of 195 amino acids. Sequence analysis revealed that it has PPR motifs, a kinase site, a small mutS related (SMR) domain found in the SoDIPPR protein. Alignment and phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequence deduced from the fragment and the PPR protein family sequences of other plants retrieved from GenBank were carried out by ClustalX program, which showed that the sequences homology of reported 14 PPR proteins from other plants with SoDIPPR was among 57%-82%. SoDIPPR shares high identity (69%-82%) with mismatch repair protein MutS2 of alfalfa, salt-inducible protein of rice and chloroplastic RNA-binding protein of rice. The level of transcript of SoDIPPR was investigated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and northern blot. The result showed that the expression of SoDIPPR was significantly enhanced under drought. The different profiles of expression of SoDIPPR gene were detected under continuous drought between potato drought tolerance genotype H145 and H214 which is susceptive to drought. Deduced protein of potato SoDIPPR gene has higher homology with PPR proteins of other plants. The results indicate that SoDIPPR gene may play an important role in response to drought stress in potato.