小麦作为世界主要粮食来源，其转基因遗传改良受到广泛关注。随着生活水平的提高，人们对面食品各种品质的需求也越来越高，利用转基因技术对小麦进行品质改良成为近几年小麦研究的热点。小麦品质包括加工品质和营养品质，加工品质又包括磨粉品质和食品加工品质。目前的小麦品质改良中，磨粉品质的改良主要通过提高籽粒硬度（grain hardness）基因pin的含量；食品加工品质的改良主要通过提高小麦高分子量谷蛋白亚基（high-molecular-weight glutenin subunit, HMW-GS），尤其是1Dy10、1Dx5及1Ax1亚基的含量；小麦的营养品质改良主要是提高赖氨酸及铁结合蛋白的含量；面粉白度是衡量面粉品质的重要性状之一，利用转基因技术从遗传因素进行的面粉白度改良主要集中在对多酚氧化酶（polyphenol oxidase，PPO）的抑制上；淀粉品质是小麦品质的一个重要方面，淀粉品质改良的研究主要集中在对支链含量相关淀粉基因的研究上。本文就应用转基因技术对小麦品质在这五个方面的改良进行了概括介绍，并对其中存在的问题进行了探讨。[著者文摘] | As the main source of world foodstuff, improvement of wheat by transgene has been paid more attention. With the improvement of living standard, the requirements of food become even higher, and improvement of quality by transgenic technology in wheat research has been hotspot for these years. Wheat quality includes processing quality and nurture quality, and processing quality includes milling character and food processing quality. During the improvement of wheat quality at present, the improvement of milling character is mainly by improving the content of the grain hardness gene pin; the improvement of food processing quality is mainly by improving the content of wheat HMW-GS; The improvement of nurture quality is mainly about improving the content of lysine and ferritin; flour whitness is one of important characters in weighing flour quality, the improvement of flour whitness in genetic factor by transgene is mainly about the restraining of PPO; starch quality is an important aspect of wheat quality, the improvement of starch quality is mainly about the research of Waxy gene. The progresses in research of improving wheat quality in these five aspects were reviewed in this paper, The remaining problems in wheat transgenic breeding programs are also discussed.

在一定真空度条件下，对优质甘薯品种进行低温真空油炸，比较不同甘薯品种及其真空油炸后脆片的水分、脂肪和质地等性状。结果表明，闽薯7―3、岩薯5号为较理想的低温真空加工品种。随着油炸温度和真空度的升高，甘薯脆片的干燥速度加快，其脆度逐渐提高。在温度85℃，真空度0．085MPa下油炸20min，可获得外形完整的高品质的甘薯脆片。[著者文摘] | The method of vacuum frying was used to produce high quality sweet potato chips. The results showed that the most suitable varieties for vacuum frying were MINSHU7 - 3 and YANSHU 5. The effects of rising the frying temperature and vacuum degree were the increase of the rate of moisture removal and the brittleness of sweet potato chips. Under the conditions of the vacuum 0. 085 MPa, temperature 85 ℃ and vacuum hying time 20 min, the quality of sweet potato chips was the best.

研究丁香酚微囊的制备工艺，并对所制备的微囊质量进行评价。以海藻酸钠为囊材、丁香酚为囊心、吐温-80为乳化剂制备丁香酚微囊，用正交试验优化制备工艺，对微囊的形态、药物包封率及其挥发性进行检测。丁香酚微囊的最佳制备工艺条件为：海藻酸钠质量浓度为25 g/L，海藻酸钠与丁香酚质量比为1∶1，吐温-80添加量为0.3%。按以上工艺所制备的丁香酚微囊呈圆球形，表面光滑，粒径为35~65 μm的丁香酚微囊占76.1%～78.4%，丁香酚含量为820.7~823.5 mg/g，包封率为87.5%～87.8%。100 ℃加热后10 h，微囊中丁香酚的挥发率为13.4%，而原料药丁香酚的挥发率为42.4%（P0.01）。确定了丁香酚微囊的最佳制备工艺条件，所制备的微囊圆整光滑，包封率高，稳定性好。 | The research was to study the preparation conditions of eugenol microcapsules and their quality evaluation. The eugenol miscrocapsules were made by using sodium alginate as wall material, eugenol as core and Tween-80 as emulsifier, and the process was optimized by orthogonal experiment, as well as the formulation, drug encapsulation efficiency and volatile of microcapsules were investigated. The optimum parameters were that the concentration of sodium alginate was 25 g/L, the weight ratio of sodium alginate to eugenol 1∶1, the proportion of Tween-80 0.3%,and the prepared microcapsules spherical with smooth surface, and the proportion with a diameter of 33C65 μm 76.1%C78.4%. The content and encapsulation efficiency of eugenol was 820.7C823.5 mg/g and 87.5%C87.8% respectively. The voltile rate of eugenol in the microcapsules was 13.4%, and that of the material eugenol 42.4%（P0.01）after heating 10 h at 100 ℃. The optimal conditions were confirmed. The eugenol microcapsules were spherical with smooth surface, high encapsulation efficiency and good stability.

研究了不同盐浓度胁迫下不结球白菜暑绿幼苗叶片中可溶性蛋白质含量、内肽酶同工酶及其活性的变化和内肽酶同工酶生化特性。结果表明，暑绿叶片中存在5种内肽酶同工酶（EP1～EP5），其中，EP3和EP5为半胱氨酸型内肽酶，EP1和EP2为丝氨酸型内肽酶，而EP4几乎不被所试的各种内肽酶抑制剂所抑制；内肽酶的最适pH为6．0，最适温度为50℃；EP3、EP4和EP5的热稳定性较好，在60℃下保温1h后还保留较高活性。100mmol・L-1NaCl处理暑绿4d后，EP4活性增强，其他4种同工酶活性变化不明显；200mmol・L-1NaCl处理相同时间，叶片1，5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶／加氧酶（Rubisco）等蛋白发生明显降解，EP2、EP4、EP5活性随着时间推进不断升高，而EP1、EP3活性明显降低，显示EP2、EP4、EP5可能在盐胁迫诱导的暑绿叶片衰老中起主要作用。[著者文摘] | The changes of soluble protein content, endopeptidase isozymes （EPs） and activity in seedling leaves of non-heading Chinese cabbage Shulu under salt stress, and EPs biochemical characteristics were studied. The results showed that five EPs （EP1 -EPS） in leaves were detected. Among them, EP3 and EP5 were cysteine endopeptidases, EP1 and EP2 were serine endo- peptidases, but EP4 was hardly inhibited by all the EP inhibitors used. The optimum pH and temperature of EPs were 6. 0 and 50 ℃. EP3, EP4 and EP5 still had high activities after their incubation at 60 ℃ for 1 h. The activity of EP4 gradually increased in leaves under 100 mmol ・L-1 salt stress during 4 days, but the other EPs were almost invariable. However, the activities of EP2, EP4 and EP5 increased and those of EP1 and EP3 declined obviously accompanied by the degrading of ribulose-1,5-bisphos- phate carboxylase/oxygenase （Rubisco） in leaves under 200 mmol ・L-1 salt stress during 4 days. It suggested that EP2, EP4 and EP5 might play an important role in salt stress-induced Shulu leaf senescence.

小麦收获前穗发芽严重影响加工品质，来年种用价值以及产量。本研究利用万县白麦子／京411穗发芽重组自交系群体对已报道的第3染色体上有关穗发芽抗性分子标记XBarc321、XBarc310和XBarc57以及第4染色体上Xbarc170、Xgwm397和Xgwm269进行有效性检测，并在穗发芽抗性不同的40份地方品种以及推广品种中进一步验证，结果表明，小麦第3染色体上的分子标记XBarc321、XBarc310和XBarc57在穗发芽群体以及穗发芽抗性不同的品种中选择效应较大，尤其是XBarc321和XBarc310，证实该标记与穗发芽抗性紧密相关，而第4染色体上的分子标记在该群体中并没有显示与穗发芽相关。本研究结果为定位控制该群体中穗发芽抗性的QTL位点提供了重要信息。[著者文摘] | Pre-harvest sprouting in wheat significantly reduces end-use quality, seed value and yield. In this study, recombinant inbred lines （RILs） populations （Wanxian Baimaizi/Jing411） were used to detect validation of molecular marker mapped on the 3rd （XBarc321, XBarc310 and XBarc57） and 4th chromosomes （Xbarc170, Xgwm397 and Xgwm269） closely linked to pre-harvest sprouting resistance gene reported in previous study. The results indicated that molecular marker （XBarc321, XBarc310 and XBarc57） located on the 3rd chromosomes were more effective than molecular marker located on the 4th chromosomes. These results provide important information for mapping QTL loci associated with pre-harvest sprouting resistance in Wanxian Baimaizi/Jing411 populations.

利用紫外分光光度法和流动注射化学发光法分别测定了22种茶叶中的茶多酚含量和质量（以对超氧阴离子自由基的抑制率表示），并分析了它们的相关性，同时进行了茶多酚对草生欧文氏杆菌的抑菌试验。结果显示：茶叶的茶多酚含量和质量相关，相关系数为R2=0．9344。其次，以茶多酚含量作为评价茶叶抗氧化性指标不够准确，应当以质量或抑菌的生物学功效作为评价茶叶的指标更为准确。第三，不经过高温以及不接触金属加工的绿茶抑菌效果最好。[著者文摘] | The content and quality of tea polyphenols in 22 kinds of teas were studied by UV spectrophotometry and flow injection chemiluminescent methods. The correlations between total content and quality were analyzed, and their antibacterial effects of tea polyphenols to E. herbicola were determined. The results showed that the total con- tent was positively correlated with the quality of tea polyphenols in different kinds of teas, with the correlative coefficient as 0. 9344. Compared with the content of tea polyphenols, it was more accurate if the quality of tea polyphenols or biological effectiveness of bacteriostasis could be used as the evaluating indicator for tea antioxidant activity. The tea had the highest quality, without being heated under high temperature and contact with metals.

确定山羊乳酪蛋白的酶解工艺，为制备山羊乳酪蛋白活性肽奠定基础。选用中性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶，采用对比和正交试验方法，研究山羊乳酪蛋白单酶和复合酶的酶解工艺，测定山羊乳酪蛋白的总肽键物质的量，优选山羊乳酪蛋白的酶解工艺参数。山羊乳酪蛋白的总肽键物质的量为8.537 9 mmol/g。单酶中，胰蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶对山羊乳酪蛋白的水解度均较大，木瓜蛋白酶次之，碱性蛋白酶最小；胰蛋白酶对山羊乳酪蛋白的水解度最高，为14.67%，其适宜的酶解工艺为：加酶量2 500 U/g，pH 7.5，50 ℃下酶解2 h。复合蛋白酶中，中性蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶复合及中性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶3酶复合时的水解度均较大，2种复合酶的水解度、平均肽链长度和平均相对分子量分别为17.34%，21.16%；5.77，4.73和692，567。在最佳酶解工艺条件下，单酶中，胰蛋白酶和中性蛋白酶对山羊乳酪蛋白水解度均较大，复合酶中，中性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶复合及中性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶3酶复合时的水解度均较大。 | Enzymolysis technology of goat's milk casein (GMC) was studied in order to provide a theoretical foundation for the preparation of peptides derived from GMC. GMC was hydrolyzed with its single and complex enzyme, single enzyme including neutral protease (N), trypsin (T), papain (P) and alkaline protease (A), and the content of amino nitrogen and total peptide bond amount of substance and degree of hydrolysis of GMC were determined to optimize enzymolysis technology parameter for GMC. The total peptide bond amount of substance of GMC was 8.537 9 mmol/g. The degree of hydrolysis of trypsin and neutral protease for GMC was higher than that of papain, and that of alkaline protease was the lowest among single enzymes. The optimum enzymolysis technology of trypsin for GMC was hydrolyzed for two hours at 50 ℃, enzyme dosage 2 500 U/g and pH 7.5. The degree of hydrolysis of complex enzyme consisting of neutral protease, trypsin and papain was higher than that of the complex enzyme consisting of neutral protease and trypsin among complex enzyme. And its degree of hydrolysis, average peptide chain length and their average relative molecular mass was 17.34%, 21.16%; 5.77, 4.73 and 692, 567 respectively. Under optimum enzymolysis conditions, the degree of hydrolysis of trypsin and neutral protease for GMC was higher than other protease among single enzymes, and the complex enzymes consisting of neutral protease, trypsin and papain, and consisting of neutral protease and trypsin were higher than that of other complex enzyme.

以嫁接黄瓜幼苗为试材,在人工控制条件下,研究了基质湿度对黄瓜/黑籽南瓜嫁接苗和黄瓜自接苗叶片细胞质膜透性、丙二醛（MDA）含量及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）活性的影响.结果表明：黄瓜嫁接苗和自接苗的细胞膜相对透性和MDA含量随干旱胁迫时间延长和胁迫强度加大而增加;SOD、CAT、APX活性均随胁迫进程呈先升后降的趋势,而POD活性则持续下降;黄瓜嫁接苗的细胞膜相对透性和MDA含量始终小于自接苗,保护酶活性始终高于自接苗.2种种植方式间比较,黄瓜嫁接苗在间作中,除细胞膜透性和MDA含量外,其它酶活性均高于单作,而自接苗的变化趋势与嫁接苗相反,说明黄瓜嫁接苗的大根系对适度干旱胁迫具有较强的适应性,在土壤水分竞争中占有优势.[著者文摘] | The effects of medium moisture on leaf MDA content, membrane permeability, superoxide dismutase （SOD）, peroxidase （POD）, catalase （CAT） and ascorbate ted seedlings （Cucurbita ficifolia as root stock）were investigated. T pe he roxidase （APX） activities in grafresults showed that MDA content and membrane permeability of grafted cucumber seedlings increased as medium moisture reduced. The activity of SOD, POD, CAT and APX of grafted cucumber seedlings and self-grafted cucumber seedlings in- Creased temporally and then decreased during water stress, while POD activity decreased continuously.MDA content and membrane permeability were higher and the enzyme activities were lower in self-grafted seedlings than in grafted ones under the same moisture gradient. The MDA content and membrane permeability of grafted seedlings were lower in intercropping than in single-standing. The results indicated that the big root volume of grafted seedlings brought about stronger adaptability to moderate drought, the grafted seedlings with larger roots showed advantages over self-grafted ones in water competition.

研究嗜线虫致病杆菌X. nematophila YL001（YL001菌株）和伯氏致病杆菌X. bovienii _YL002（YL002菌株）发酵物的杀虫活性, 为昆虫病原线虫共生菌生物农药的开发和抗虫基因工程研究提供理论依据。采用注射法、浸液法及小叶碟添加法，分别测定了YL001和YL002菌株发酵无菌滤液，对大蜡螟、粘虫、小菜蛾及棉铃虫的血腔毒性及毒杀、生长抑制和拒食活性，并对其特性进行了初步检测。YL001和YL002菌株无菌滤液对大蜡螟和粘虫5龄幼虫均具有较高的血腔毒性，用其不同培养时间的无菌滤液处理大蜡螟和粘虫，48 h后大蜡螟的死亡率均为100%，粘虫的死亡率随共生菌培养时间的延长而逐渐降低。YL001和YL002菌株的无菌滤液对小菜蛾3龄幼虫和棉铃虫初孵幼虫的毒杀活性和生长抑制活性均较低，对5龄棉铃虫幼虫的拒食活性也很低，48 h的平均拒食率分别为24.0%和29.0%。2菌株无菌滤液经50 ℃处理后，对大蜡螟5龄幼虫的血腔毒性无影响；经70 ℃处理后毒力明显降低。2菌株无菌滤液对蛋白酶较敏感。YL001和YL002菌株对害虫有较高的血腔毒性，但毒杀、生长抑制及拒食活性较低，其血腔毒素可能主要是蛋白类物质。 | The study evaluated the insecticidal activity of metabolites of Xenorhabdus nematophila YL001 and Xenorhabdus bovienii YL002 which were isolated from its nematode symbiont, Steinernema sp.YL001 and Steinernema sp.YL002 obtained from the soil from Yangling, China to provide the theoretical basis for the development of insecticide and the genetic engineering. The injectable toxicity of the cell-free aqueous filtrates of fermented liquid of YL001 and YL002 strains for the 5th larvae of Galleria mellonella and the 5th larvae of Mythimna separate were tested with injecting method. The stomach toxicity and growth inhibition activity against the 3rd larvae of Plutella xylostella and the neonate larvae of Helicoverpa armigera were assayed with leaf dipping method. The antifeeding activities against the 5th larvae of Helicoverpa armigera were assayed with leaf-disk method. The results showed that both symbiotic bacteria had highly injectable toxicity for Galleria mellonella, with the mortality of 100% after 48 h when injected the cell-free aqueous filtrates of fermented liquid of different culture time, but the mortality of Mythimna separate decreased with prolonged culture time. The stomach toxicity and growth inhibition activity of the cell-free aqueous filtrates of YL001 and YL002 strains against the 3rd larvae of Plutella xylostella and the neonate larvae of Helicoverpa armigera were lower. The 48 h antifeeding activities of YL001 and YL002 strains against the 5th larvae of Helicoverpa armigera were 24.0% and 29.0% respectively. The injectable toxins were possible proteins. The metabolites of Xenorhabdus nematophila YL001 and Xenorhabdus bovienii YL002 have higher injectable toxicity for pests, but the stomach toxicity, growth inhibition activities and antifeeding activities are lower.

采用2因素裂区试验设计，进行了主区为小麦品种、副区为氮用量水平，设置不施肥对照、5个氮素用量水平的6处理田间试验。结果表明：在不同氮水平条件下，小麦籽粒的产量、蛋白质和淀粉含量以及加工品质指标均存在显著性差异。3个小麦品种的土壤基础肥力产量、最高产量及其施氮量的差异显著，但氮肥能提高的最高绝对产量都相当。同时，依据施氮水平与产量试验数据，用二次多项式模拟得到小麦氮肥产量效应方程和复相关系数，鄂麦18：y=-0．059x. ＋30．209x＋3165．7，R. =0．9658. __欢趼_3：y=-0．069x. ＋32．856x＋2321．7，R. =0．9963. __椭Ｂ_023：y=-0．070x. ＋31．912x＋3947．4，R. =0．9658. ___著者文摘] | The field experiment with two factors of split area, six treatments using no fertilization as control, five levels of nitrogen and three varieties of wheat was designed and carried out. The results showed that there was significant difference among seed yields, contents of protein and starch, processing quality index of three varieties of wheat at different nitrogen levels. There was marked variation among yields of wheat in soil basic fertility and dose of nitrogen applied with the highest yields of three varieties of wheat,but the highest yields increase of nitrogen are nearly equal. Correlation between wheat yields and rates of nitrogen dosage was calculated. The double interrelated coefficients of Emai 18, Emai 23 and Zhengmai 9023 are y=-0. 059 x. ＋30. 209 x ＋ 3 165. 7,R. =0. 965 8. __;y =-0. 069 x. ＋ 32. 856 x ＋2 321. 7, R. =0.996 3. ___y =-0 070 x. ＋31.912x＋3 947.4,R. 2=0. 965 8. __,respectively.