The results of scientific research in organic and intensive farming incorporating plant production and fertilizers application, plant diseases distribution, monitoring and control, plant genetics, dairy farming and food science are described in this edition of scientific workshop during reorganization of the scientific institutes of Latvia University of Agriculture.

The scientific workshop “Harvest Festival “Vecauce – 2021”. Harvest in extreme conditionsˮ took place remotely on November 4, 2021. The eight oral presentations (ecosystems, Research Study Farm “Vecauceˮ, soil resources, plum cultivation, self-produced feed for pigs, drug plant cultivation, evaluation of bioeconomy strategy in Latvia and photos on field and laboratory experimentation show) were presented at the workshop and also 29th stand reports. The collection of the seminar includes articles on the results of scientific research on spring barley varieties, soil diagnostics within the SYStem workshop in Slovenia, lactobionic acid in pig feed, tomato diseases observed in central part of Latvia in 2021, preliminary results in an intensive type plum orchard in Vecauce, assessment of soil resources in the context of EU agricultural and environmental strategy, assessment of local spring wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) breeding line, terminology – gyttja or sapropel, essential oil content and composition from aerial parts of wild and cultivated Glechoma hederacea L., inclusion of lactobionic acid in the diet of dairy cows, the losses of the content of essential oil for oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), development of winter wheat tan spot depending on fungicide treatment scheme, humates chemical composition and uniqueness, and influence of soil tillage on soil agrophysical properties within a decade.

All scientific institutions have worked hard in 2022, continuing to implement various scientific projects. In the articles in the Chronicle section, there is occasional echoes uncertainty about the future due to very rapidly rising resource prices, but there is also a sense of determination to find some solution to this situation caused by the war, not to give up, to continue the industry important studies. The newly formed LBTU council has been actively working since the summer, and most likely, various changes await us in the future. At the Faculty of Agriculture we have received colleagues from the Vegetable and Melon Cultivation Institute of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine. About individual Ukrainians read the results of colleagues' research and a bit about the institute in this collection.

We spent the year celebrating the State (Latvia 100) and Agriculture higher education (155) anniversaries. We reminded ourselves that life would continue. After the celebrations, and much needs to be done to convince international experts that the importance of agricultural sciences has increased, we are internationally better recognizable, large and powerful in place of many small institutions, their own the articles are submitted to scientific journals and are quoted etc., etc., etc. This year we have collecting all the work done and concluding that the reporting period has indeed been done a lot. The number of publications quoted has increased, the authors have appeared or increased Hirsch Index, foreign colleagues involved to research projects or work in an institution who together make Latvian agricultural science and also scientists more internationally recognizable. The workshop reports presents research results in crop (winter wheat, barley, oregano) cultivation, fertilizers application, plant diseases and pests identification and control. Research in forest stand biomass determination and calculation of carbon sequestration has been viewed. Fertility of Latvian Dark-Headed sheep was analysed. Technology of dehydration of sapropel in geotextile bags has been outlined. Research on influence of soil tillage on clay mineral composition and plasticity has been discussed.

The strangest year of many generations has passed, for life is a moment in the spring and all activity was interrupted by the government's March 12 decision on the announcement of a state of emergency in Latvia due to a global pandemic. However, neither agricultural education nor science workers had time to think about life, meditate, and think about what was good in the fast run and what it has caused you to lose. There was a quick need to deal with the redeployment of studies in remote mode, on obtaining the results to be achieved in the projects. These articles presented research results of the scientists of Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies on animal husbandry (beef cattle, lactating sows and dairy cows), soil science (skeletal soils), deer farming products competitiveness, plant production (caraway, winter wheat, faba beans, soybeans, cucumbers and dill), plant diseases (caraway, faba bean chocolate spot and common bunt in winter wheat) identification and control in organic and conventional farming at the scientific workshop “Harvest Festival “Vecauce – 2020”: Research in the Shadow of COVID-19”.

Šis – 2013. gads – lauksaimniecības zinātnieku saimei ir pagājis kā lielu jubileju gads: Priekuļu Laukaugu selekcijas institūts un Latvijas Augu aizsardzības pētniecības centrs atskatījās uz simtgadi, bet augstāko lauksaimniecības izglītību Latvijā ir iespējams apgūt jau 150 gadus. Visa gada garumā dažādi pasākumi veltīti nozīmīgajām gadskārtām, bet seminārs „Ražas svētki Vecauce – 2013” ir kā noslēgums augstākās lauksaimniecības izglītības Latvijā jubilejas pasākumu virknē. „Vecauce”, kas jau gadiem ilgi tiek dēvēta par „Agronomu Meku”, kur pils priekšā akmenī kalti uz visu noraugās mūsu dižgari Jānis Bergs un Jānis Apsīts, ir vispiemērotākā vieta šim notikumam. Sagadījies, ka arī lauksaimniecības izglītības un zinātnes pamatlicējiem šogad lielas jubilejas: profesoriem Jānim Bergam – 150, Arnoldam Bušmanim – 140, Pēterim Kulitānam – 135, Paulim Lejiņam un Pēterim Rizgam – 130, Jānim Bērziņam – 120, Edgaram Ozolam – 115, Paulim Freimanim – 105, Anatolijam Burmistrovam un docentam Alfrēdam Seržānam – 100. Beidzot 2013. gadā veikta studiju virzienu akreditācija, t. sk. virziens Lauksaimniecība, mežsaimniecība, zivsaimniecība, veterinārmedicīna un pārtikas higiēna ir akreditēts uz 6 gadiem līdz pat 2019. gadam. Visas zinātniskās institūcijas un arī Lauksaimniecības fakultāte 2013. gadā piedalījās plašajā pasākumā „Lauki ienāk pilsētā” (14.09.2013.), kas prasīja daudz darba, bet deva arī lielu gandarījumu, saliedētības sajūtu un parādīja gan pilsētniekiem, gan pašiem sev, ka mūsu nozarei ir ar ko lepoties. Kā katru gadu ir notikušas lauka izmēģinājumu un zinātnisko laboratoriju apskates, lauka dienas, diskusijas, pieredzes apmaiņas. Esam daudz strādājuši un lielā steigā mēģinājuši ielēkt arī „viedo tehnoloģiju vilcienā...” | This - the 2013th year - agricultural scientists family has gone to great anniversary year: Priekuļi Plant Breeding Institute and the Latvian Plant Protection Research Centre looked at the centennial, but higher education in Latvian agriculture is possible to acquire for 150 years. Throughout the year, various events involving the significant anniversaries, but a seminar on " Harvest Festival Vecauce - 2013 " is like closing higher agricultural education Latvian anniversary in a series. " Vecauce ", which has for years been known as the " Mecca of Agronomy ", where in the front of the castle in stone chisels to all look our gazing giants Jānis Bergs and Jānis Apsīts, is the most appropriate place for this event. So happens that the agricultural education and scientific founders have a big anniversaries this year: Professors Jānis Bergs - 150, Arnolds Bušmanis - 140, Peteris Kulitāns - 135, Paulis Lejiņš and Pēteris Rizga - 130, Jānis Bērziņš - 120, Edgars Ozols - 115, Pauls Freimanis - 105, Anatolijs Burmistrovs and an assistant professor Alfrēds Seržāns - 100th. At last in 2013, the study carried out in the direction of accreditation, int.al. direction Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, veterinary medicine and food hygiene is accredited for 6 years up to the 2019th year. In 2013, all scientific institutions and Faculty of Agriculture participated in a large event "Country comes to town" ( 09.14.2013 . ), which required a lot of work, but also gave great satisfaction, a sense of unity and showed both city dwellers and to ourselves that our industry has to be proud of. As every year, field experimentations and research laboratory visitation, field days, discussion, and exchange of experience have been carried out. We've worked a lot and in a hurry tried to jump in a "smart technology train ... "

During the workshop scientists presented the results of research in the cultivation of crops, plant breeding and disease control, improvement of soil fertility, as well as in livestock husbandry and welfare. Also had been reported (Rivža, B., Rašals, I.) on the results of Latvian Academy of Agriculture and Forest Science (LAAFS) future scientists’ competition in 2023 and the summary of the competition results (2023) of the field trials and laboratory show of scientific institutions organized by the LAAFS Agriculture Department (Alsiņa, I., Rivža, B.). This was followed by a harvest exhibition, tasting of individual exhibits and discussions.

This year Harvest Festival Vecauce is devoted to the 70th Anniversary of Latvia University of Agriculture and the reports of the master studies students and doctors presented in the workshop have been compiled in this edition. The main topics of the papers included in this edition are: crop husbandry, plant breeding, plant chemistry, soil fertilization and chemistry, animal breeding and biogas production from fuel crops.

The 34 abstracts of reports of Latvia University of Agriculture teaching staff and scientists are compiled in this issue. The history, teaching and research work of Faculty of Agriculture is described. The significance of the Training and Research Farm Vecauce in preparation the students of Latvia University of Agriculture is overviewed, farm commercial activity and research work is also described. The activities of Training and Research Station Peterlauki, Horse Breeding Training Centre Mušķi, Research Institute of Agriculture in Skriveri, Latvian State Institute of Fruit Breeding, State Priekuli Institute of field crop breeding, Pūre Horticultural Research Centre, Latvian State Plant Protection Centre, Latgale Agricultural Research Centre and State Stende Institute of Cereals Breeding are presented. Several tasks in agronomy, plant protection, plant breeding and animal husbandry are also overviewed.

In 2021, from July 4th until July 10th, four students from Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies participated in a soil research within the SYStem workshop projects. The purpose of the project was to educate students about World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) and the making of and updating the “Share Your Soils” application. During this time the students attended lectures and did a field research. This year the project was carried out in Slovenia. Students from eight countries were divided into four groups, and each group made and diagnosed a soil profile for three days. The obtained information on soil profiles was added to the SYStem mobile-application.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) is a widely grown vegetable in the entire world and Latvia as well. Tomato fruits are characterized by a good nutritional profile and can be consumed fresh or processed. One of the biggest threats of tomato growers is the diseases that significantly reduce the amount of yield. Tomato can be infected by pathogens of different genera – Pythium, Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Phytophthora, Septoria, Alternaria, Oidium, Leveillula, Colletotrichum, Verticillium, and Botrytis. No research on tomato diseases has been carried out in Latvia. The present research aimed to diagnose tomato diseases and identify their causal agents. The study was carried out on 6 farms in the central part of Latvia in 2021. The dominant diseases were different leaf spots caused by the genera Alternaria, Botrytis, and Cladosporium. Diseases of tomato fruits were caused by Alternaria spp. and Botrytis spp. The research should be continued, as many questions remain unclear.

Over the last decade, the sapropel as a mineral deposit has been increasingly mentioned in connection with various fields of economic activities. However, the term “gyttja” often appears alongside in the literature. What is similar and different between these terms? To find out this, the aim of the research is to understand the correctness and origin of the use of the terms “sapropel” and “gyttja” by analysing the scientific literature. As a result, a question whether sapropel and gyttja are synonymous arises. No unambiguous answer was found, as in Latvia the difference between the terms “sapropel” and “gyttja” is determined not by the meaning of the word, but by its application: the term “sapropel” is associated with the economic usage as a mineral resource, but the term “gyttja” is used in the academic language.

Wheat tan spot caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis is the most widespread winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) leaf disease in Latvia. The application of fungicides is the most common control measure. In general, one to three applications are used. The aim of the present research was to clarify the efficacy of different fungicide treatment schemes to control tan spot. Research was conducted at the Research and Study farm “Pēterlauki” (Latvia) of the Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies in 2018–2020. Four fungicide treatment schemes and an untreated control variant were used. The disease’s impact during the vegetation period was estimated by calculating the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC). Intensity of fungicide treatment was analysed by treatment frequency index. The severity of tan spot differed significantly during all vegetation seasons. The development of tan spot was influenced significantly by fungicide application schemes (p is less than 0.001), but the efficacy was different.

Today, the positive effects of humic substances on soil microbiological activity, soil structure, plant water retention, nutrient uptake, resistance to abiotic stress, etc. are widely described. As a result, the impact of humates (HM) on yield growth and product quality has been described in numerous scientific publications. The aim of the study, using the scientific literature, is to find out the properties of HM that determine their versatile use. The chemical composition of HM, mechanism of action and possibilities of use are identified in the work. The topicality of the research was determined by the current challenges of agricultural science – to find sustainable, environmentally friendly solutions in food production without reducing crop and soil productivity. The main conclusion of the study is the understanding that it is important to find the link between the chemical composition of HM and their widely described uniqueness. In addition, it is important to identify the local potential of HM thus contributing to the development of sustainable agriculture in Latvia.

The aim of the study was to evaluate grain yield components and their role in yield formation for spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varieties in the meteorological conditions of 2021 in the Northwest of Latvia. The number of plants per square m, the tillering coefficient, the harvest index, the root to shoot length ratio at growth stage 21, the grain weight, and the number of grains per square m were determined. There was a significant difference between the barley varieties in terms of all the analysed traits. The varieties ‘Jumara’ and ‘Quench’ provided the best results for grain weight per square m showing significantly (p is less than 0.01) higher values for the number of plants and grains per square m simultaneously.

The aim of the research was to determine the feeding efficiency of lactobionic acid on the pigs’ growth and pork quality. In order to achieve the goal, the following tasks were performed: the growth of pigs was controlled, the feed was prepared, the yield and quality of pork was determined. The study was organized on a production farm. Two groups (control and trial) were completed, each with 26 pigs. The animals were selected in groups based on pig´s pedigree, live weight, age and sex. The control group pigs received wet compound feed, but for the trial group lactobionic acid was included in the wet compound feed: from 7% at the beginning up to 15% at the end of the experiment. Other feedstuffs were the same. The results showed that inclusion of lactobionic acid in the diet did not increase significantly the growth rate of pigs. The pork quality indices were without significant differences, but the slaughter outcome and back fat thickness was a little higher in the trial group.

The aim of the study is to evaluate plum growing in different regions of Latvia with innovate crown pruning system (Heka espalier). This paper covers the first results obtained in the Research and Study farm “Vecauce” of LLU where the trial was established in spring 2018. Control cultivars ‘Jubileum’ and ‘Victoria’ were compared with cultivars ‘Ance’, ‘Adelyn’, ‘Sonora’, ‘Laine’ (bred in Latvia), and German cultivar ‘Tegera’. P. cerasifera rootstock was used. Only 1% of trees perished during the first four growing years. All the other trees were without cold damages. In the first years, ‘Sonora’, ‘Jubileum’ and ‘Viktoria’ had significantly stronger trees. The first year of plums’ harvest was 2021. Cultivar ‘Victoria’ had the highest yield. By choosing the right growing place and planting time, healthy growth of trees is ensured even in less favourable growing years.

Modern agriculture is facing many ambitious goals set up by European Union, international negotiations, as well as National Development Strategy. Climate Neutral Economy, Green Deal, Global Soil Partnership, etc. are some of initiatives focusing on smart, balanced and watchful use of soil resources. The adaption to climate change, reduction of greenhouse gasses emissions, and maintenance of soil quality require specific knowledge and detailed information about the soil resources. Therefore, a 3-year project (2021–2023) has been started, which is led by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Latvia in cooperation with the Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research. The main activities of the Project are three. The first activity is the development of modern, country-specific soil information database for agricultural land. It includes synergy of all possible existing soil information and new survey data into the unified data set developed according to international standards and applicable for all modern data users and technologies. The second activity is the establishment of National soil carbon monitoring system (200 polygons), where changes in soil organic matter stocks affected by natural factors and human activity will be studied. The third activity is the improvement of some parameters related to the soil conditions and used by the National Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission calculation system to better fit the local conditions. The Project is financed by the Norwegian Financial Mechanism’s pre-defined project “Enhancement of sustainable land soil resource management in agriculture” (E2SOILAGRI).

Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) is classified as one of the paramount species of aromatic and medicinal plants in Europe. The aim of this research was to analyse the content of essential oil in oregano over the years. The detection was made during different scientific projects in 2006–2015. Identic oregano accessions from the ex situ collection of aromatic and medicinal plants’ genetic resources were used as plant material for these observations. For all analysis, oregano samples had been prepared identically: the accessions were cut at the stage of full flowering and samples were dried at +26 °C temperature in a special drying cabinet with ventilation. Despite the differences in the units of measurement used in different laboratories, the results had a tendency to decrease. The factors influencing the losses of the content of essential oils were analysed, including information from field observations, as well as from scientific articles. Additional studies are still needed in Latvia.

Durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) is the second most important species of Triticum genus and consists of about 5% of the wheat market. The main growing sites are concentrated mainly in dry and warm regions. Climate changes – longer and warmer growing seasons in the Northern part of Europe, may widen utilization of wheat genetic resources and durum wheat is among them. The aim of the study was to test the first local durum wheat breeding line F-015-0128-sv (SMH87/Miradur) grain yield under different fertilization conditions and using various sowing rates: 550, 600 and 650 germinable seeds per 1square m. Field trials were conducted at the Stende Research Centre of the Institute of Agricultural Resources and Economics in 2021. Results of the experiments showed that grain yield of spring durum wheat breeding line F-015-0128-sv under extreme hot and dry weather conditions of 2021 was 3.57 t ha-1 (3.41–3.91 t haE−1). None of the investigated factors (rate of pre-sowing fertilizer, N top-dressing rate, sowing rate) affected yield significantly in 2021. A tendency was observed that little yield increase was observed only when increasing sowing rate up to 600 seeds mE−2. Study should be continued.

Within this research the amount and composition of essential oils obtained from ground-ivy (G. hederacea) samples collected in wild and harvested in organic production system of Northeast Latvia have been determined. Aerial parts of plants were harvested at different vegetation stages within two seasons – 2019 and 2020. Essential oils of the dried biomass were extracted by hydro-distillation for 3 h. The volatile constituents were determined by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The obtained product was pale yellow-green, pleasant smelling essential oil in concentration ranging from 0.32 to 2.98 mL kgE–1. Essential oil content varied among different populations and among vegetation stages of harvest. Higher essential oil content was in plants collected at the first harvest after flowering stage. Population collected in Sigulda (GH3) had the highest essential oil content in both cultivated and wild conditions. The major compounds identified in the oil were Germacrene D, Germacrene B, Eucalyptol, β-Ocimene and 1-Octen-3-ol.

Lactobionic acid (LBS) is a high value-added product derived from whey. LBS is an organic acid, which due to its various properties has great potential in the production of food and feed products. In Latvia, it is a relatively innovative product, which has not been used in animal feeding so far, therefore data on its impact on the productivity of dairy cows is not available. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of lactobionic acid on the productivity of dairy cows. The study was conducted on two groups of lactating dairy cows: control and experimental. Holstein black and white and Holstein red breed cows from different lactations were used, but they all were up to 100th day in milk. Total mixed ration containing molasses was used for the control group, but in the experimental group feed molasses was replaced with LBS (8.60 g LE−1). Milk yield, fat, total protein and energy corrected milk did not differ significantly (p is greater than 0.05) between groups. Ratio of milk fat to total protein was in optimal level for the experimental group, but in the control group the risk of acidosis was observed. The milk urea content was 18.6 mg dLE−1 in the control and 20.2 mg dLE−1 in the experimental group. The results of the study indicate the possibility of successful application of LBS in dairy cows feeding.

Minimal tillage is considered desirable and recommended in agriculture; however, there is no unequivocal justification for the advantages or disadvantages of it in the scientific literature due to several factors: bedrock, climate, crop selection and rotation, time. The physico-mechanical properties of the soil are an important factor influencing soil fertility, but the changes caused by tillage are not immediately visible and takes time for the soil to adapt the new conditions. In 2009, a long-term experiment was set up at the LLU Research and Study farm “Peterlauki” with one of the aims to find out the impact of long-term tillage on soil physico-mechanical properties and soil fertility. In the long run, ploughing has a more favourable effect on the agrophysical properties of the soil than minimal tillage technology. The proportion of organic carbon in arable land remains above 1% and is sufficient to ensure soil fertility, observations over the last 3 years show that organic carbon stocks have decreased by 0.6% over three years. The effect of crop rotation on organic carbon accumulation is still disputable; however, the organic carbon stock is more stable in traditional tillage fields, which can be explained by more even distribution of organic matter during soil ploughing. In contrast, in minimal tillage variant, soil compaction processes are likely to affect the rate of decomposition of organic matter.

The aim of our study was to determine to what extent cow age affects milk yield, composition and quality. For our study we used Latvian data Centre (LDC) data of 246 Holstein Black and White (HM) and 595 Latvian Brown (LB) breed cows which concluded at least 9 lactations and were culled until year 2014. We included data about cow milk productivity (milk yield, kg), composition (milk fat and protein content, %) and quality (somatic cell count, thousands mLE-1) in the data base. To analyse lactation as a significant factor, we used Bonferroni test. In our study we found that cow milk productivity has a tendency to increase until 7th lactation for HM breed cows, but analysed LB breed cows kept increasing their productivity until the 9th lactation. Milk protein and fat content was higher for LB breed cows, but they showed lower milk yield in all their productive life. Milk protein content was the lowest in the 1st lactation and it showed a significant increase until 4th lactation, however, milk protein content slowly decreased later. Milk fat content stays relatively stable until the 5th lactation, but there is a significant decrease until 9th lactation. Somatic cell count was significantly lower until the 4th lactation, and after there is a significant increase in each lactation. In 9th lactation somatic cell count exceeds quality milk requirements.

The preservation of cultural heritage has become an important component of government policies of the EU and, of course, Latvia. Along with the preservation of cultural heritage, the use of it is also important. The aim of the research is to develop scenarios for the use of cultural heritage for the development of rural tourism in Latvia. There are set the following tasks to achieve the aim: to get acquainted with the historical and theoretical aspects of cultural heritage; to analyse the international and national legal and regulatory framework of cultural heritage; to evaluate the practical use of cultural heritage in the development of rural tourism; to develop scenarios for the further use of cultural heritage in rural tourism in the regions of Latvia.

The aim of the study was to analyse an average movement correctness scores of Latvian warmblood horse breed draught type stallions’ progeny and compare with scores of the sires. The data included progeny (n=184) of 15 actual sires. The average scores varied from 6.4 to 7.6 with significant difference (p is less than 0.05) between progeny of some stallions. The average score of progeny in some cases was lower than score of the sire, but stallion Madrepors had lower score than his progeny average scores on 1.63 points. Heritability for movement correctness was 0.35.

In recent years, hull-less barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) has been included in food production in Europe due to its diverse health benefits. The main objective of this study was to evaluate hull-less barley yield and grain quality grown under different climatic conditions in Latvia and Norway. Preliminary results indicate that hull-less varieties have significantly (p is less than 0.05) lower yield potential than hulled varieties regardless cereal species and species origin. Higher content of healthy substances such as protein and β-glucan content were observed in hull-less barley genotypes in comparison to hulled ones, but these genotypes are more responsive to environmental and management changes.

Cow milk productivity and longevity is one of the most important traits in dairy farming. In our study we obtained information about Latvian brown and Holstein black and white cows located in LLU Research and Study Farm „Vecauce”. Data was obtained about 1706 culled dairy cows from which 1563 were Latvian brown and 143 were Holstein black and white cattle. Data was distributed in 7 different time groups to see the changes in productivity in different time periods. Productivity of Latvian brown cows in time period from year 2001–2015 increased. Milk protein content in Latvian brown breed group increased by 0.99% in time of 12 years. In time period from 2001–2015 selective culling and culling connected with different cow health issues was performed in „Vecauce”. Significantly longer life was in Latvian brown cow group, which was culled in average 1.3 years later than Holstein black and white cattle.

The main purpose of the current research was to investigate total content of dietary fibre and vitamin B1 and B2 in pasta made from several types’ whole grain flour. In the experiment rye ‘Kaupo’, wheat ‘Zentos’, hullless barley PR 5099 and triticale 9405-23 grain harvested in 2012 were used. The following quality parameters of pasta were evaluated using standard methods: content of total dietary fibre (ISO 5498) and vitamins B1 and B2 – by AOAC 986.27 and 970.65 respectively. In the present research significant differences in total dietary fibre content of analysed whole-grain rye, hull-less barley, triticale and wheat pasta samples were established. Higher dietary fibre content was found in whole-wheat and triticale pasta, the lowest in the control sample. Lower dietary fibre content was obtained for whole-rye and hull-less barley pasta. Vitamin B1 content in whole-grain wheat pasta samples was significantly higher than in hull-less barley, triticale, and rye pasta. The lowest content of vitamin B1, 2.7±0.14 mg kgE-1 was obtained for whole-hull-less barley pasta sample, the highest 3.19±0.12 mg kgE-1 for whole-wheat pasta. The lowest B2 vitamin content, 0.07±0.07 mg kgE-1, was obtained for whole-hull-less barley pasta, however, the highest B2, 0.81±0.09 mg kgE-1 in whole wheat pasta sample.

Soilless cultures become more and more popular. To grow plants and get yield soil is no more needed as a growing media – only for support. In Latvia we do not have such a big problem with soil sanitary state for soilless growing to become the main technology, but going on with currently used growing technologies we can be in such situation in near future. To determine soil fertility many parameters are applied. In this study soil respiration, respiration ferment DHA (dehydrogenase) activity is determined to get an overlook of soil fertility in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) – legume intercrop. Experiment was carried out at Pūre Horticultural research centre. Measurements were made in traditional and in intercropped treatments – seven in total. Broad beans (Vicia faba), peas (Pisum sativum) and clover (Trifolium hybridum) was used in intercrop. Results showed significantly higher soil activity in intercrop with beans and clover. This growing technology may be applied and researched in other growing systems to know its impact on soil and on environment.

Legumes are important crop all over the world due to their protein content, possibility to fix atmosphere nitrogen and provide sustainable soil quality. Experiments were carried out to assess the role of symbiotic relationships on some plant characteristics (chlorophylls content, plant biomass, nodule weight, dehydrogenases activity, yield, protein content in plants and seeds). Results showed that the use of rhizobia may contribute to protein accumulation in seed, but certain strains effectiveness depends on soil properties and plant varieties. Plant and rhizobia interaction efficiency can be described with dehydrogenase activity. In order to obtain a more stable symbiotic nitrogen fixation effect, it is necessary to combine different rhizobia strains.

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) is an important horticultural crop. To contribute melon growth in Latvia, it is necessary to provide proper planting material. Valuable genetic material of Latvia’s melons has been obtained from Pure Horticultural Research Centre. The obtained genetic material was propagated from seeds of two seasons from 2014 to 2015 in Botanical Garden of Latvia University on opened field. Latgale`s melon lines 4(3), 5(2), 8, 14 were introduced from seeds in Murashige and Skoog medium and cloned two times. The main objective was to observe the morphological evolution and characteristics of Latgale`s melon clones in vitro. This method is particularly important for genetically homogenous clones reproducing for breeding needs. Line 4(3) of Latgale’s melon seeds showed the best results of all the other lines, and 2 of 10 seeds germinated. The seeds of Latgale`s melon lines 8 and 5(2) in vitro did not germinate. The more productive clone was the line 14 by releasing the 31 clone from one seed. The Latgale’s melon clones reproduce the roots without auxins and cytokinins added to the culture medium.

The main purpose of current experiments was to investigate extrusion temperature in whole-grain pasta production. Conventional rye (Secale cereale, cultivar ‘Kaupo’), triticale (×Triticosecale line 9405-23), organic hull-less barley (Hordeum vulgare line PR 3808.21) cultivated at Institute of Agro resources and Economics (Latvia) in 2014, and conventional winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cultivar ‘Zentos’) grain cultivated at LLU Research and Study farm „Peterlauki” (Latvia) in 2014 were used in the experiments. Wheat flour type 405 from JSC „Dobeles dzirnavnieks” (Latvia) was used for the flour blend obtaining. Wheat, rye, hull-less barley and triticale grain was grounded in the laboratory mill PLM3100/B (Perten, Sweden) obtaining fine whole-grain flour. In pasta production wheat flour type 405 was replaced with: (1) 30% of whole-triticale flour; (2) 20% of whole-rye flour; (3) 20% whole-hull-less barley flour; (4) 50% of whole-wheat flour. Pasta structure-mechanical properties showed that the extrusion temperature has a major influence on starch grain gelatinization process. Since the extruder temperature zones are divided into three parts, it is important to determine its proper distribution.

The influence of sous vide treatment (80 °C; 15 min) and high pressure processing (700 MPa; 10 min; 20 °C) on the sensory quality of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ‘Fradel’) and maple pea (Pisum sativum var. arvense L. ‘Bruno’) spreads during 62-day storage at 5 °C was investigated in the research. Pulse spreads were filled in PA/PE and PET/ALU/PA/PP film pouches, packaged in vacuum and hermetically sealed. Four different pulse spreads were made of ground re-hydrated cooked pulse seeds to which salt, citric acid, oil and seasoning was added. Sensory quality (overall appearance, aroma, mouthfeel and taste) of pulse spreads during storage was evaluated by 6 experts using 5 point scale for each attribute; quality number was calculated for each sample. High pressure processing is able to ensure better sensory quality of cowpea and maple pea spreads during 62-day storage compared to sous vide treatment.

The use of different soil covers is well-known agricultural practice. All around the world people are using mulch to increase vegetable growth and yield. The use of plastic film helps to get cleaner fruits and to limit weed growth. There have been conducted studies in Latvia on the use of various synthetic mulch materials in strawberry cultivation, but there is not enough information about the effects of coloured plastic film soil cowers’ impact on cucumbers. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of coloured polyethylene mulch’s on yield of cucumbers cultivars ‘Pioneer’ F1 and ‘Madita’ F1. The research was conducted during the vegetation period of years 2014, 2015 and 2016. The experiments were established in gardening cooperative „Atpūta” owned summer cottage area in Svēte parish, Jelgava Municipality. In all experimental years, cucumbers were planted on 18 June, when the first true leave developed (BBCH 11). Six different coloured polyethylene films were used: yellow, red, blue, black and white film. A field without polyethylene coverage was a control group. The test was conducted in two replicates, including four plants. The largest harvest was obtained from the yellow mulched plots. White polyethylene film is not recommended for soil mulching due to decrease of cucumber yield in all experimental years. The effect of films’ colour depended on climatic conditions in growing season.

When it comes to researching food waste at household level through theories of economics as a field of science, more emphasis is drawn to actual wastage amounts and what an impact such a food wasting behaviour can leave on the household budget and on local and world’s environment. But to determine how food wasting at household level affects agrarian sector, it is important to research food wasting through the context of food security. Currently in the world food is already produced enough to feed the whole world’s population, but globally there are a lot of people whose income are insufficient to buy or grow enough food to survive, in the meantime a lot of food products get simply wasted. The main goal of this article is to research the factors that are closely connected with food availability that influence food wasting on household level. The main results show that food prices, lack of infrastructure and government support of the food producers, normative regulation regardless food donation and unsuitable packaging are the main reasons why globally food gets wasted on household level.

The choice of apple (Malus domestica) cultivars depends on the climatic conditions in Latvia that are characterized by short vegetation period and incidence of very low winter temperatures, as well as resistance to various diseases. Apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) is the most economically important apple disease world-wide in apple-growing regions, especially in territories with moist and cool climate in spring and frequent rains in summer. Since 2003 Latvian Plant Protection Research Centre has adapted the RIMpro model for apple scab control in Latvian climatic conditions. The main objective of the present investigation was to determine the incidence and severity of apple scab in 27 apple orchards in various regions in Latvia, and to obtain information from farmers on fungicide applications in the season of the year 2015. Apple scab was present in all orchards. Fungicide applications ranged from two to eight, in most cases targeting only the primary infection period of the apple scab. The most heavily affected cultivars were ‘Belorusskoje Maļinovoje’ and ‘Lobo’. For these cultivars more intense application of fungicides are recommended also during the secondary scab infection period.

Since 2013 unemployment (including youth unemployment) in some regions of Latvia has decreased; but still, there has been a high level of unemployment in Latgale region and in other rural areas forcing population to leave the country in search of work abroad. The real situation of employment is not reflected in Latvian statistics because not all people who are out of work are registered at the State Employment Agency and therefore the figures are not absolutely accurate. This situation has a negative impact on Latvian economy as a whole, as there is no increase in the economically active population who is paying taxes and who increase government revenue. The fall in Latvian national population in rural areas and small cities negatively affects the number of customers who are able to purchase products or services in sufficient quantity; that is the main reason why the entrepreneurship situation in many Latvian rural regions is critical and their future development is unclear. It is important to encourage young people’s interest in entrepreneurship development, which is export oriented.

Sown area with peas (Pisum sativum L.) has increased during last years, because it is good source of protein for feeding. Diseases of peas’ seeds could be harmful, especially if seeds are infected with fungi that can produce mycotoxins. Pea diseases have not been investigated in Latvia yet. The aim of the present study is determination of seeds’ infection and identification of causal agents. Pea seeds’ infection was assessed using average samples taken at SIA Latvi Dan Agro laboratory and prepared by Latvian standard LVS270:2000. Samples were taken six times between 29 th of July and 7th of September 2014. Pure cultures of pathogens were obtained from seeds and infection rate was calculated. Pathogens were identified by morphological features of fungal colonies. Results showed that harvest time and rainfall affects pea seeds’ infection with pathogen the most. On 27th July infection level was only 9.5%, but on 7th of September it was 76.5%. Alternaria spp. and Fusarium spp. were determined as main causal agents of infection. It means that risk of contamination with mycotoxins exists.

Maximal allowed nitrogen fertiliser rates for field crops in Latvia are limited by legislative acts and set up for different yield levels. The main objective for such limitation is to reduce the excess of mineral nitrogen left after crop harvesting. To monitor plant nutrient nitrogen requirements and to assess the possible nitrogen surpluses balance method was used. In field experiments with winter and spring wheat, rye, spring barley, winter and spring rapeseed and potatoes carried out in different places in Latvia in 2009–2012 nitrogen removal by crops’ yield was compared with N application rates. Additionally predicted nitrogen removal was compared with maximal allowed N rates fixed in legislative documents. Calculations showed that maximal allowed nitrogen rates generally are consistent with predicted yield goal and are not the risk factor for N surpluses. To the contrary, some deficit of nitrogen was found for potatoes and also for spring rape. Some adjustment for several crops and yield levels might be necessary. At the same time it should be pointed out that this parameter is not eligible for single use, e.g. as the exclusive indicator but only in combination with other ones, for example with potential soil nitrogen supply. Authors are proposing the method to evaluate the intended nitrogen rates for fertilisation planning.

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major field crop in Latvia. Gluten quantity and quality are important indices for technological processing of wheat. The research was carried out at Latvia University of Agriculture Study and Research farm „Peterlauki” in 2009/2010, 2010/2011 and 2011/2012. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nitrogen fertilizer (N60–N150) on two winter wheat cultivars ‘Bussard’ and ‘Zentos’ on wet gluten and gluten quality on fully ripe and stored winter wheat grains. The grain of cultivar ‘Bussard’ had significantly higher wet gluten content and quality, if compared to ‘Zentos’(t-test). For the grain stored for 60 – 360 days, the content of wet gluten declined and the quality of gluten improved. Data averaged over three years show strong negative correlation between gluten index and wet gluten content for both cultivars (r= -0.644 for ‘Zentos’ and r= -0.444 for ‘Bussard’; p is less than 0.01).

The experiment was carried out in the Rhododendron breeding and testing nursery „Babīte” of the University of Latvia. The aim of the experiment was to evaluate how rooting of white flower deciduous rhododendron cuttings differed depending on propagation time. Cuttings for rooting were selected at three propagation times in 2014 and 2015. Rooting quality should be taken into account to obtain and develop good and viable planting material. Four white flower deciduous azalea varieties were used: ‘Babītes Astra’, ‘Pērlīte’, ‘Polārzvaigzne’ and ‘Rīta Zvaigzne’ (control). The rooting of cuttings showed similar results in both years. The lowest total growing rate results showed cultivar ‘Polārzvaigzne’ that can be set as the most difficult rooting variety. Winter hardiness was a problem and small amount of cuttings overwintered.

Pear (Pyrus communis) is one of the most common fruit crop in Latvia and pear orchards occupy approximately 200 hectares. Although European pear rust caused by Gymnosporangium sabinae (Dicks.) G. winter is not considered as the key problem in commercial pear orchards, severe damages have occurred during the last decade. Severe damages were mainly observed in home gardens or organic orchards. In recent years, the disease occurred also in some commercial orchards where applications of fungicides according to standard schemes appeared not to be sufficient for European pear rust control. The aim of this study was to evaluate current fungicide treatment schemes and their optimization for European pear rust control based on the pathogen life cycle. Data analysis showed statistically significant differences in disease severity among the years and it correlated with the time of first fungicide application and release of basidiospores.

Kappa-casein is milk protein in milk composition. Cows with AB and BB genotypes are more suitable for highest milk crude protein and fat content than cows with AE genotype. The aim of research was to analyse the influence of κ-casein genotype on Latvian brown cow’s milk productivity traits. Data was collected from 84 Latvian brown cows from different dairy farms. Blood samples were collected and analysed in Scientific Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Microbiology of Latvia University of Agriculture for genotyping, but data on milk productivity was collected from Agriculture data centre. We did not find significant influence on milk quantity and quality traits. Highest milk yield was observed for cows with AB (5733.6±474.46 kg in 1st lactation) and BB genotypes (6427.5±142.36 kg in 3rd lactation). Highest fat content was observed for cows with AA genotype, but highest crude protein content and yield for cows with AB and BB genotypes. Lower values of milk productivity traits were observed for cows with AE genotype.

Perennial grasses can be used as an alternative source for bioenergy production as they are able to grow in less cultivated areas and might be used as a dual purpose crop – for bioenergy and for forage production. The aim of this study was to investigate the biomass yield of reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) and festulolium (×Festulolium pabulare) depending on the used fertilisers, and to evaluate the yield structure using two harvest variations – two-cut and one-cut per season. The field experiment was conducted in the central part of Latvia (56°42' N and 25°08' E) from 2013 to 2015. More productive grass sward formation was ensured by using ash and mineral fertilisers. Comparatively higher proportion of stem yield was obtained from reed canary grass swards, especially mowing once per season. The second mowing contained the lowest proportion of stems for both reed canary grass and festulolium. Key words: festulolium, reed canary grass, fertilisation, yield.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) leaf diseases are important risk factors in wheat cropping system. Growing of resistant cultivars is one of the basic methods in the Integrated Pest Management System. The aim of this study is to evaluate development of wheat diseases depending on genotypes. Investigations were carried out at the Study and Research farm „Peterlauki” of the Latvia University of Agriculture. Development of diseases was evaluated in 16 different genotypes, 6 of them were created at the Stende Research Centre of the Institute of Agricultural Resources and Economics, but others came from Bulgaria. Severity of diseases was evaluated weekly and AUDPC (area under diseases progress curve) was calculated to characteristic impact of diseases during the whole period of vegetation. Development of mildew mostly depended on genotype. Observed differences were significant; in general genotypes created in Latvia have higher resistance. Severity of tan spot and Septoria leaf blotch varied less; however, differences among genotypes were essential. Yellow rust was observed only in several genotypes. Latvian genotypes were more resistant against Blumeria graminis and Zymoseptoria tritici, but more susceptible against Pyrenophora tritici-repentis.

One of the most important crops in Latvia is winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Winter wheat yield and grain quality depends on the used nitrogen fertilizer which is one of the most dynamic plant nutrients in the soil. The study aims to justify the maximum allowable nitrogen fertilizer rates of winter wheat economically. Field trials were carried out at the LLU Research and Study farm „Pēterlauki” in 2014/2015. Eight different nitrogen topdressing rates were used (N0, N60, N90, N120, N150 (90+60), N180 (90+60+30), N210 (90+70+50), N240 (120+60+60)) in two soil tillage treatments (traditional where the mould-board ploughing was performed and reduced tillage). Field trial results showed that carrying out the mould-board (20–22 cm depth) ploughing the winter wheat yields were slightly higher if compared with reduced tillage (10-13 cm depth) variant, but the difference was not significant at the 95% probability level. After increasing nitrogen fertilizer rate grain yield increased and grain quality indicators improved.