The aim of current European Union waste management directives is to promote prevention of waste and the application of a waste management hierarchy: preparing for reuse, recycling, other recovery, and disposal. The Waste Framework Directive only measures the waste operations recycling, incineration, and landfill individually, not measuring the implementation of the waste hierarchy principle in Member States of the European Union. The present study proposes a waste hierarchy index (WHI) to measure the waste hierarchy within a circular economy context, applied to municipal solid waste. In developing the WHI, recycling and preparing for reuse, as defined by Eurostat, were considered as positive contributors to the circular economy, and incineration and landfill as negative contributors. The WHI was applied at different geographic scales (local and national levels) to verify its potential and limitations. The WHI is a direct and concise indicator that provides a holistic perspective on how waste is being managed. The WHI is more than a source of waste statistics; it is the beginning of a real discussion about how waste statistics should be managed to reach a circular economy through the implementation of waste hierarchy.

A large amount of construction waste is generated every year over the world. Many studies indicated that waste management fee is an effective approach that could minimize the generation of waste and maximize the diversion rate of landfills. However, there are limited number of studies conducted on determining the waste management fee for construction waste. This study proposes a method to optimize the construction waste management fee by considering life-cycle environmental impacts of construction waste and society's willingness to improving the management of construction waste. This contributes to the knowledge body of construction waste management by expand the current models from these aspects. The environmental impacts taxes are selected as the evaluation basis that avoided subjective consequences in previous models. This study provides a series of suggestions for construction waste management sector in China to determining construction waste management fee, based on the findings. It is suggested that the waste management fee for 1 ton of metal waste could be 60.42 yuan (about US$9.30), followed by wood waste 38.47 yuan (about US$5.92) and masonry waste 27.65 yuan (about US$4.25). The average waste management fee for unit comprehensive construction waste of all types of buildings could be 23.61 yuan/ton (about US$3.63/ton). The average waste management fee for unit construction area (1 m2) of all types of buildings is 0.81 yuan/m2 (about US$0.12 m2). The proposed method and suggestions could be helpful for waste policy makers as well as researchers for developing construction waste management fee schemes. It worth to mention that these proposed waste management fee would vary over time and regions, as any change of factors in the calculation models would result in a change of the final result. As the application of waste management fee would affect the attitudes and behaviors of stakeholders including the government departments, owners of landfills, collection and transportation parties, waste recycling parties, landfills parties and so on. The determination of waste management fee is a very complex issue and need to be solved via systematic approaches from different perspectives.

The topic of managing waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE or e-waste) has become important in recent years due to complexity in managing it. In the present study, various aspects of e-waste management in Malaysia were explored to identify the present challenges and opportunities toward proper e-waste management. While there was limited accessibility to data and research on e-waste management in Malaysia, various reports and publications were assessed to achieve the objectives of the study. In addition to exploring the current situation of e-waste management in Malaysia, the present study also attempted to provide referential information on e-waste management in Malaysia and for researchers and other interested parties working on developing effective e-waste management. Various aspects of the current e-waste management systems in Malaysia were highlighted and discussed. The main findings revealed that although there are regulations directly dealing with e-waste in Malaysia, proper household e-waste management is in its infancy, with various proposed regulations on e-waste generated by households still far from completion. A proper e-waste management system for households is urgently required to not only reduce the possibility of e-waste flow into the current municipal solid waste facilities but also to maximize the utilization of currently available e-waste processing infrastructures and facilities. In the meantime, there is an urgent need to raise awareness in Malaysian households of the implications of improper e-waste disposal in order to fill the knowledge gaps regarding the adverse environmental and human health impacts of improper e-waste disposal. As the quantity of e-waste being generated increases rapidly alongside healthy economic conditions, government intervention and support for fostering sustainable development of e-waste management in Malaysia were also discussed.

"This book examines new waste management technologies for the control of air, water and soil pollution. It also provides insight on various modern innovative concepts of waste-to-energy and its application in environmental safeguards"--

M-IES | This study is an analysis of current household waste management in the capital of Croatia – Zagreb, and the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina – Sarajevo. It is a comparative study which examines the differences between the waste management policies and implementation in an European Union country (Croatia) and a non-European Union country (Bosnia and Herzegovina). The analysis is done by using the framework for analysing resource-use problems, by Vatn (2005). By analysing waste-use problems in these capitals we can better understand the reasons behind the efficiency of the current waste management. The data is obtained from various policy documents, statistics and reports, but also from interviews with relevant respondents from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The findings on the current institutions/regimes affecting the waste, main agents and their choices, technologies available for the utilizaton of waste, attributes of waste and the outcomes of their interactions are presented in the framework for both Zagreb and Sarajevo. The findings suggest that both cities are in need of a more efficient waste management. Both Zagreb and Sarajevo are facing a number of problems when it comes to waste mismanagement: a degraded environment, inappropriate waste disposal as an endangerment to human health, loss of the potential financial gains, negative public’s perception on waste, desperate need for establishing selective disposal and collection, as well as the fully operational waste management facilities, insufficient funding and all waste is treated as garbage. The results also suggest that Zagreb, although it has better conditions than Sarajevo, and it has been a member of the European Union since 2013, does not have a more efficient waste management than Sarajevo. The findings also indicate that various changes need to happen in order to achieve adequate waste management in both cities, like changing the negative public's perception on waste and establishing a functional waste management center.

Waste remains a serious environmental and human health hazard in developing nations, including those in Latin America and the Caribbean (LA&C). Despite important breakthroughs in waste management in LA&C, the region still faces many challenges that require special attention, such as the existence of uncontrolled open dumpsters (33%) or the low recovery rates of waste fractions (below 4%). Moreover, the adoption of sophisticated waste management technologies, such as incineration or anaerobic digestion, is still lagging. This review paper provides environmentally-sound and relevant policy support for municipal solid waste management stakeholders through a critical review of the current situation of the waste management sector in LA&C from an environmental perspective. Thereafter, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) bibliography linked to waste management, namely collection, sorting, recycling and landfilling applications and technologies worldwide, is used in order to understand potential alternative waste management strategies in LA&C, as well as the potential environmental benefits that could be attained. Finally, based on the holistic review and analysis, the adoption of more sophisticated technologies in landfill sites (e.g. landfill gas flaring), waste-to-energy, as well as higher recycling rates, would enhance waste management in the region and mitigate environmental impacts. A holistic view to support policy formulations, including climate action, for the adoption of integrated waste management strategies in LA&C is imperative. | This work has been supported by the Cantabrian government R&D project 2018-2020 entitled “Obtaining, processing and dissemination of data on production and waste management and adaptation of the current indicators to the new waste plan of Cantabria”.

Waste management has become a critical issue across the globe, especially in the metropolitan regions. This paper is focusing on the potential for organic waste utilization and management through urban agriculture in different countries, using the Netherlands as a case study. Furthermore, the difficulties and/or risks of utilizing organic waste through urban agriculture is described. Waste management hierarchy shows the invention, such that in the conventional, there is more of disposal of waste and less of waste reduction. However, the new proposal is to have more reduction of waste and less of waste disposal. This is where urban agriculture comes in through the re-use and recycling of waste, giving room for the opportunity of better waste management though urban agriculture. The benefits or opportunities of utilizing organic waste through urban agriculture were explained with the reference from relevant literature. The results of the study done by researchers in the Hague Municipality, Netherlands have been used to provide a picture of current and potential role of urban agriculture in managing organic waste.Key words: Agriculture, management, organic, urban and waste

economic potential use of territory is one of priority for every region of Ukraine. Optimization of development model in municipal solid waste management sphere in the region aimed at balancing economic and environmental criteria has been developed. Have also been determined development directions for handling municipal solid waste in the context of realization of socio-economic and environmental strategies and recommendations regarding improvement in financial and economic support. The methodological basis of the study were the results of basic and applied research in the field of physical economy, ecological economics, of the concept of sustainable development. The development strategy of municipal solid waste sphere allows to the formation of an effective integrated waste management system that will enable achieving the following results: creating legal, scientific and technical basis for rational and safe waste management, developing economic instruments aimed at forming and developing waste market as secondary resources; improving of organizational infrastructure for sustainable waste management; introduction a single system of accounting, control and management of municipal solid waste streams and establishing a system for monitoring ecological condition for the disposal places of solid waste; providing environmentally safe disposal of solid waste and creating trends for reducing “end wastes”, which are transported to the landfill; reducing unauthorized removal of solid waste and economic loss for the solid waste pollution; minimization of municipal solid waste formation; increasing waste utilization coefficient and investments in this given sphere, introducing separate collection system of solid waste; construction of waste sorting station for development of second resources market; providing population with services for collecting waste and with technical means of removal of solid waste; creation of capacities for utilization of organic waste at composting plants. The results of research allowed to form conceptual principles of providing of municipal solid waste management sphere in the regions of Ukraine, oriented to the increase of efficiency of territory naturally-economic potential use on the basis of solid wastes capitalization and minimization of their negative influence.

economic potential use of territory is one of priority for every region of Ukraine. Optimization of development model in municipal solid waste management sphere in the region aimed at balancing economic and environmental criteria has been developed. Have also been determined development directions for handling municipal solid waste in the context of realization of socio-economic and environmental strategies and recommendations regarding improvement in financial and economic support. The methodological basis of the study were the results of basic and applied research in the field of physical economy, ecological economics, of the concept of sustainable development. The development strategy of municipal solid waste sphere allows to the formation of an effective integrated waste management system that will enable achieving the following results: creating legal, scientific and technical basis for rational and safe waste management, developing economic instruments aimed at forming and developing waste market as secondary resources; improving of organizational infrastructure for sustainable waste management; introduction a single system of accounting, control and management of municipal solid waste streams and establishing a system for monitoring ecological condition for the disposal places of solid waste; providing environmentally safe disposal of solid waste and creating trends for reducing “end wastes”, which are transported to the landfill; reducing unauthorized removal of solid waste and economic loss for the solid waste pollution; minimization of municipal solid waste formation; increasing waste utilization coefficient and investments in this given sphere, introducing separate collection system of solid waste; construction of waste sorting station for development of second resources market; providing population with services for collecting waste and with technical means of removal of solid waste; creation of capacities for utilization of organic waste at composting plants. The results of research allowed to form conceptual principles of providing of municipal solid waste management sphere in the regions of Ukraine, oriented to the increase of efficiency of territory naturally-economic potential use on the basis of solid wastes capitalization and minimization of their negative influence.

The massive generation of electronic waste (e-waste) and the informal recycling of e-waste are serious concerns in China. As a hazardous waste stream, e-waste calls for sustainable management practices to avoid adverse effects on environment and health. However, consumers’ awareness and active participation are needed to make e-waste management successful. Therefore, this study is an exploratory attempt to investigate young consumer awareness, knowledge, and participation in sustainable e-waste management practices. Meanwhile, the study reviews the current situation of e-waste recycling, its related legislative framework, and practices in China. The survey revealed that the respondents have keen environmental consciousness, while they have low awareness about e-waste-related rules and regulations, recycling programs, and the formal and informal recycling sector. The findings provide valuable insights for practitioners in order to promote environmental awareness and sustainable e-waste management practices among young consumers in China.