One of the main directions of increasing the economic efficiency of bee products is an increase in productivity of bee colonies with economical expenditure of material resources, primarily use of such basic means as a new design bee hive. A completely new design of a two-block bee hive is proposed, allowing two colonies of bees in one house. The two-block bee hive allows to use a simple technological partition to combine two different colonies with their queen bee and get one super-strong family. The main drawback of one-block hives has been eliminated in two-block hives – significant weight of hive body, which restrains an increase in productivity of a beekeeper and prevents a decrease in product cost price. The volume of the two-block bee hive and the parameters of a combined technological partition, which were obtained as a result of observations and long-term experiments, have been justified. Economic and mathematical model of bee colonies development when housed in two block hive with the combined technological partition is presented. Practical calculation of the economic potential of the two-block bee hive has been made. Substantiation of regularity of obtaining high results in housing and peaceful unification of the bee colonies in the two-block bee hive with the technological combined partition is given. Keeping bees in the developed two-block hives opens up great prospects in the field of beekeeping. /Одним из основных направлений повышения экономической эффективности производства продукции пчеловодства является рост продуктивности пчелиных семей при экономном расходовании материальных средств, в первую очередь использование таких основных средств, как пчелиный улей новой конструкции. Предлагается совершенно новая конструкция двухблочного пчелиного улья, позволяющая находиться двум семьям пчел в одном домике. Двухблочный пчелиный улей позволяет с помощью простой технологической перегородки объединить две разные семьи со своими матками и получить одну сверхсильную семью. В двухблочных ульях устранен основной недостаток одноблочных ульев – значительная масса корпусов улья, сдерживающая повышение производительности труда пчеловода и препятствующая снижению себестоимости продукции. В статье обоснованы объем двухблочного пчелиного улья и параметры комбинированной технологической перегородки, которые получены в результате наблюдений и многолетних опытов. Приводится экономико-математическая модель развития пчелиных семей при содержании их в двухблочном улье с комбинированной технологической перегородкой. Сделан практический расчет экономического потенциала двухблочного пчелиного улья. Дано обоснование закономерности получения высоких результатов при содержании и мирном объединении пчелиных семей в двухблочном пчелином улье с технологической комбинированной перегородкой. Переход на содержание пчел в разработанных двухблочных ульях открывает большие перспективы в области пчеловодства.

Forage availability has been suggested as one driver of the observed decline in honey bees. However, little is known about the effects of its spatiotemporal variation on colony success. We present a modeling framework for assessing honey bee colony viability in cropping systems. Based on two real farmland structures, we developed a landscape generator to design cropping systems varying in crop species identity, diversity, and relative abundance. The landscape scenarios generated were evaluated using the existing honey bee colony model BEEHAVE, which links foraging to in‐hive dynamics. We thereby explored how different cropping systems determine spatiotemporal forage availability and, in turn, honey bee colony viability (e.g., time to extinction, TTE) and resilience (indicated by, e.g., brood mortality). To assess overall colony viability, we developed metrics, PH and PP, which quantified how much nectar and pollen provided by a cropping system per year was converted into a colony's adult worker population. Both crop species identity and diversity determined the temporal continuity in nectar and pollen supply and thus colony viability. Overall farmland structure and relative crop abundance were less important, but details mattered. For monocultures and for four‐crop species systems composed of cereals, oilseed rape, maize, and sunflower, PH and PP were below the viability threshold. Such cropping systems showed frequent, badly timed, and prolonged forage gaps leading to detrimental cascading effects on life stages and in‐hive work force, which critically reduced colony resilience. Four‐crop systems composed of rye‐grass–dandelion pasture, trefoil–grass pasture, sunflower, and phacelia ensured continuous nectar and pollen supply resulting in TTE > 5 yr, and PH (269.5 kg) and PP (108 kg) being above viability thresholds for 5 yr. Overall, trefoil–grass pasture, oilseed rape, buckwheat, and phacelia improved the temporal continuity in forage supply and colony's viability. Our results are hypothetical as they are obtained from simplified landscape settings, but they nevertheless match empirical observations, in particular the viability threshold. Our framework can be used to assess the effects of cropping systems on honey bee viability and to develop land‐use strategies that help maintain pollination services by avoiding prolonged and badly timed forage gaps.

Propolis is a sticky resinous substance collected from buds, leaves, stems of wild plants and processed by bees, which has bactericidal properties and which they use to seal cracks in the hive, polish the walls of wax cells, embalm the corpses of enemies. The analysis of research and publications gives grounds to conclude that Ukraine has not yet paid sufficient attention to the conditions of propolis production. No devices or equipment to improve the process of production of safe and highquality propolis, which will meet the high requirements of regulatory acts on the quality and safety of food products and raw materials, are available today. Currently, apiaries use methods of collecting propolis, which require considerable human labor, are not economically efficient, and the resulting product does not meet the quality requirements of market operators. Therefore, there is a need to improve existing technologies for obtaining propolis, to ameliorate sanitary-hygienic conditions of production, to increase productivity and economic efficiency, mechanization, and automation of the production process. The goal of the present work was to develop a new propolis collecting device. The study was carried out as a part of the thesis research at the Department of Standardization and Certification of Agricultural Products of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine during 2020-2021. A new propolis collecting device has been designed and manufactured. The design of the device shafts and the principle of mechanical cleaning of the grids from the propolis, laid down during its development, can be used to develop highly automated lines for cleaning the grids. The use of the device in industrial apiaries in countries with tropical and subtropical climates is possible by placing the device in honeycomb storage, if available, or in a manufacturing area equipped with air conditioning. For a good cleaning of the grids with propolis using the device, it is sufficient to cool the grids at a temperature of +5°C for 60-90 minutes, depending on the type of propolis. The device can be used at apiaries in Ukraine and in other countries where the production of propolis from bee colonies is carried out using elastic grids. The use of the device ensures the production of pure propolis without mechanical impurities, which meets the requirements of current legislation. The developed device is patented, a patent No. 139736 “Propolis collecting device”

The present investigation was carried out with the purpose of evaluating the use of antiparasitic (Panacur) in the control of varroa (Varroa jacobsoni oudemans) in the apiary of Túpac Amaru - rio Shanusi - 2018. The design was completely randomized with two treatments and Four repetitions, the treatments were: Panacur 1 ml / liter of diluted sugar, 1.5 ml / liter of diluted sugar, while each repetition consisted of a population of 10 nuclei of bees by the completely random method, the repetitions were carried out with a frequency of seven days the data obtained according to the test variable were carried out by the ADEVA method. In the four controls, the treatment with a low population of varroa larvae was treatment 2, which contained Panacur with a dose of 1.5 cc / lt food, which showed greater efficacy in controlling Varroa. In the analysis of the data on the population increase of bees, it was detected that treatment 2 (Panacur with the dose of 1.5 cc / lt of food) is the most effective, increasing in the hive from 2 to 8 racks. On the other hand, treatments with doses of Panacur in food showed better responses, reducing the number of Varroa mites and increasing the number of racks and honey production with respect to the control. When evaluating the survival in the larvae of bees, it was detected that, when carrying out antiparasitic controls with Panacur, they do not influence the percentage of mortality. | La presente investigación se realizó con el propósito de evaluar el uso de antiparasitario (Panacur) en el control de varroa (Varroa jacobsoni oudemans) en el apiario de Túpac Amaru – rio Shanusi – 2018. Se utilizó el diseño completamente al azar con dos tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones, los tratamientos fueron: Panacur 1 ml/litro de azúcar diluido, 1.5 ml/litro de azúcar diluida mientras que cada repetición estaba constituida por una población de 10 núcleos de abejas por el método completamente al azar, las repeticiones se realizaron con una frecuencia de siete días los datos obtenidos según variable de ensayada se realizaron por el método de ADEVA. En los cuatro controles el tratamiento con baja población de larvas de varroa es el tratamiento 2 que contenía Panacur con dosis 1.5 cc/lt alimento, quien mostró mayor eficacia en el control de la Varroa. En el análisis de los datos sobre el incremento poblacional de abejas se detectó que tratamiento 2 (Panacur con la dosis de 1.5 cc/lt de alimento) es el de mayor efectividad, incrementando en la colmena de 2 a 8 bastidores. Por otro lado, los tratamientos con dosis de Panacur en el alimento mostraron mejores respuestas teniendo a disminuir el número de ácaros de Varroa he incrementaron la cantidad de bastidores y producción de miel con respecto al testigo. Al evaluar la sobrevivencia en las larvas de abejas, se detectó que, al realizar controles antiparasitarios con el Panacur, no influyen en el porcentaje de mortalidad.

Propolis is a resin made by honeybees from multiple plant sources surrounding the hive. Therefore, each type of propolis from different regions has intrinsic characteristics related to their chemical composition, such as antifungal, antioxidative properties, and extrinsic such as color, both specific to their botanical origin. Thus, propolis can be regarded as a functional food with preservative properties offering an alternative to the concern of the global and growing use of synthetic preservatives considerably harming human health. The aim of this work was to study three types of propolis, namely, Portuguese propolis (from Populus sp.), Brazilian red propolis (from Dalbergia ecastophyllum), and Brazilian green propolis (from Baccharis dracunculifolia) in order to evaluate the antifungal potential for its application as a preservative in food. For that, the chemical composition was characterized by LC/DAD/ESI-MSn. Also, the total phenolic content, flavonoids and antioxidant activity was evaluated through UV-Vis spectrophotometry. Concerning the antifungal properties, the values differed in relation to the types of fungi, to the inoculating concentration and mode of action. With this in mind, an analysis of their antifungal activities at two levels of concentration (0.5-1.5 g/L and 5-15 g/L) was previously evaluated in vitro, with the aim of selecting the best concentration of inhibition of the rotting diameter of two types of grapes, namely, red and white. Subsequently, different fungi were used to test the activity of the aforementioned propolis, namely, Alternaria sp., Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium sp., Penicillium sp. 2, Aspergillus carbonarius MUM04.46, and Aspergillus carbonarius MUM04.52. This last experiment made it possible to measure the rotting diameter of each grape and to evaluate the antifungal capacity of each type of propolis, with the final aim of using it to design an effective product that can extend the shelf life of food. | A própolis é uma resina produzida pelas abelhas a partir de múltiplas fontes vegetais ao redor da colmeia. Portanto, cada tipo de própolis de diferentes regiões possui características intrínsecas relacionadas à sua composição química, como antifúngica, propriedades antioxidantes, e extrínsecas como a cor, ambas específicas à sua origem botânica. Assim, a própolis pode ser considerada um alimento funcional com propriedades conservantes, oferecendo uma alternativa à preocupação mundial e crescente do uso de conservantes sintéticos que prejudicam consideravelmente a saúde humana. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar três tipos de própolis, a saber, própolis portuguesa (de Populus sp.), própolis vermelha brasileira (de Dalbergia ecastophyllum) e própolis verde brasileira (de Baccharis dracunculifolia), a fim de avaliar o potencial antifúngico para sua aplicação como um conservante em alimentos. Para isso, a composição química foi caracterizada por LC/DAD/ESI-MSn. Também os compostos fenólicos totais, flavonoide totais e atividade antioxidante foi avaliada por espectrofotometria de UV-Vis. Em relação às propriedades antifúngicas da própolis, os valores vão depender dos tipos de fungos, da concentração de inoculação e do modo de ação. Tendo isto em mente, foi efetuada uma análise in vitro da atividade antifúngica em dois níveis de concentração (0,5-1,5 g/L e 5-15 g/L), com o objetivo de selecionar a melhor concentração de inibição do diâmetro de apodrecimento de dois tipos de uvas, tintas e brancas. Posteriormente, diferentes fungos foram utilizados para testar a atividade da própolis, nomeadamente, Alternaria sp., Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium sp., Penicillium sp. 2, Aspergillus carbonarius MUM04.46 e Aspergillus carbonarius MUM04.52. Esta última experiência possibilitou medir o diâmetro de apodrecimento de cada uva e avaliar a capacidade antifúngica de cada tipo de própolis, com o objetivo final de usar essa informação para desenvolver um produto eficaz que possa prolongar a vida útil dos alimentos. | Trabalho financiado pelo Projeto DivInA (PDR2020-101-031734), no âmbito de uma iniciativa comunitária promovida pelo PDR2020 e cofinanciada pelo FEADER, Portugal 2020. Este trabalho foi também financiado pelo projeto GreenHealth, financiado pelo Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (ERDF) através do Programa Operacional Regional Norte 2020. Agradecimento à Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal) e aos fundos nacionais FCT/MCTES pelo apoio financeiro ao CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020).