The presence of stress in animals is often signalled by the occurrence of abnormalities - physiological, behavioral, biochemical or morphological. Of these indicators, morphological abnormalities, and particularly cell and tissue changes, can in some instances serve as useful, quantifiable measures of pollution stress. Among the diseases and abnormalities that have been associated with estuarine/coastal pollution, chromosomal and cytologic anomalies in fish eggs and larvae and skeletal anomalies in fish offer the greatest likelihood of early application to monitoring programs. Certain categories of neoplasms in shellfish and fin rot and ulcers in fin fish, can be qualitative indicators of environmental stress. Still other abnormalities, such as liver pathologies, scale disorientation and changes in epithelial cells, may have utility in the future. When pathology is combined with indicators based on biochemistry, physiology, behavior and ecology, a program of biological effects monitoring should be feasible and productive

A preliminary analysis of parasites as biological indicators for spawning stocks of Pacific herring (Clupea harengus pallasi Valenciennes) occurring in coastal waters of British Columbia and adjacent areas of Washington and Alaska was conducted using the techniques of pattern recognition. Separation of stocks based on three parasites which best served as category separators (Thynnascaris adunca (Rudolphi, 1802) larva; Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi, 1809) larva; and bucephalid metacercariae) using multicategory linear discriminant analysis and k-nearest neighbor analysis revealed good separation for only one locality (Port Gamble, Washington). Re-analysis using three subsets of collections based on geographical area (northern, central, and southern) gave substantially improved classification. Although reliable separation of adjacent stocks of spawning herring could not be accomplished, parasites may be useful in characterizing certain stocks of herring or for separation of stocks taken from more divergent geographical areas.

Abstract: Nutrition education lessons and activities for grade levels K-6 comply with North Carolina's Competency Goals and Performance Indicators and help achieve the learning goals in state adopted textbooks. NEST provides reference for integrating nutrition education into the existing curriculum throughout the school year. Concepts and topics presented at each grade level provide a sequential process of nutrition education. Student objectives for each concept are provided for the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domain. Thirty-three lecturettes on selected nutrition topics provide summaries of the most important ideas to convey about a nutrition topic. Learning strategies based on these concepts include stories, songs, games, and other activities which may include community resources. Involvement of school food service personnel and parents is encouraged through the learning strategies. Educational media recommended for use with each concept are listed. (js).

The summary statement of the pathobiology panel is: 'Of the many diseases and disease signs that have been suggested or demonstrated to have an association with pollution, some are amenable at present for use in pollution monitoring programs. Others will require additional exploratory work and further data accumulation'. Several disease categories - ulcers, fin erosion, tumours, and skeletal anomalies -are considered available for near-term application to monitoring programs. Cytologic, cytogenetic, and embryologic anomalies and changes in immune responses have good potential but require further field testing. Lymphocystis and certain invertebrate viruses may also prove to be useful indices of pollution after further exploratory work. General conclusions from the pathobiology panel include the following: (1) The need for epidemiologic studies should be stressed, including surveys of prevalence, incidence (rate of acquisition), mortality, age effects, etc. (2) Any study must be multifactorial, and must include physical-chemical environmental data, including contaminant levels, as well as residue analyses of animals examined for pathology. (3) The need exists for pilot-level studies beginning with broadly based surveys that identify the occurrence of ulcers, fin erosion, skeletal anomalies and tumours - then move to more specific monitoring, capitalizing on insights gained. (4) There is no single disease or pathological sign that could serve as a universal indicator of pollution. There are, however, indicators which when associated with biochemical, physiological, genetic, and ecological parameters, could be effective approaches to pollution monitoring

Lorz (5) defined well-being as: 'Living in harmony with the environment and with itself, both physically and psychologically'. His description seems to be widely accepted. However, the question of the parameters to be used continues to be open. The present paper is concerned with ten methods of quantifying well-being in general and a scheme for measuring well-being by ethological methods in particular. The diagram (4.5) is based on the assumption that a (farm) animal tries to satisfy its exogenous and endogenous needs by stimuli specific to each single need. When the animal is successful with or without adaptation, the consummatory act is regarded as 'normal'. When the stimuli do not show the specificity required or are entirely unacceptable, animals will usually express themselves in conflict behaviour or vacuum activities. These two types of behaviour are regarded as indicators of lower levels of well-being. By recording and comparing frequencies of conflict behaviour and vacuum activity in various housing systems, conclusions can be drawn regarding the well-being of the animals involved. The model adopted has its restrictions. No environment immediately provides all required stimuli, and they are entirely absent in some. This conflict behaviour and these vacuum activities may be recorded in every housing or husbandry system. As (marked) qualitative differences are not observed, differences in quantity are important. This implies that usually only 24-hour observations or at least representative periods will be reliable

This thesis seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the effects of tourism on the host population, within the context of planning for regional development. In the Badenoch-Strathspey District of the rural Scottish Highlands, various surveys were undertaken to obtain a wide range of information on historical trends, policies and planning, use of resources, the tourist industry and the resident population. To provide a framework for assessing effects, a set of key indicators was devised. Many are subjective in nature, and a major challenge of this research has been to obtain suitable measures for each indicator. Effects could not be 'proved', given the absence of a controlled experiment, so many of the observations are suggestive rather than conclusive, or deduced rather than based on inferential statistics. The explanation of effects required a detailed assessment of the tourist industry, so that actual mechanisms of change could be isolated. It was found that the most profound changes affecting residents stemmed from development and growth in general, leading to the integration of residents in the mainstream of national economic and social trends. Tourism had some unique effects and exacerbated others. Most significant of the positive effects were the creation of new opportunities for jobs, incomes, and leisure, while a shortage of housing and some crime and social disruption were the main negative effects. The demands of large-scale developments for importing staff and using mainly unskilled and female labour had the greatest effect which could be attributed uniquely to tourism. However, the attainment of a winter season and an emphasis on sports and large facilities increased the value of tourism by providing more all-year jobs for males. Overall, it was concluded that the benefits brought by recent developments had outweighed the costs and problems to residents and the local authorities. In assessing the implications of the case study, analysis focussed on key policy-related questions. Most significant of these was the question of concentration versus dispersal of developments. It was concluded that a large-scale concentration was most appropriate for generating major changes, but that it eventually became desirable to limit the dominance of the concentration in order to disperse more widely the benefits that could be obtained from tourism.

Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 1980. | Initiated in 1975, the purpose of this study was to obtain basic ecological information needed for the conservation, management and utilization of the fauna and flora of Kaokoland, S.W.A. Accordingly the vegetation of the area was classified into veldtypes and the status, distribution and movements of the bigger mammals were determined. To assist in the description of veld types, quantitative classification of the vegetation was based on the variable quadrant plqt method for trees and shrubs and the steppoint method for herbs. Information thus gathered was used to determine species composition and to estimate density per hectare, mean height, mean crown diameter, mean stem diameter, mean number of stems and canopy cover for the different plant species. In conjunction with bioclimatic and geographical divisions the above mentioned quantitative information of the vegetation resulted in the description of homogeneous vegetation units. In this way the vegetation was separated into fourteen veld types. The location, boundaries, topography, geology, soil, treestratum, shrubstratum, herbstratum for each veldtype and the major plant communities within each are described. In addition the vegetation of the drainage lines and the plants associated with springs are described. A synopsis of previous descriptions and classifications is also presented. It was found that the vegetation of Kaokoland ranges from a subtropical savanna with a maximum density of 2 085 trees and shrubs per hectare in the east to a nearly vegetationless desert with less than one shrub per hectare in the west. This gradient from east to west coincides with the gradient for rainfall. Some of the plant species occurring in each of the bioclimatic regions are specific for that region and ecologically adapted to it. Information on the bigger mammals was obtained through ground and aerial surveys conducted on a seasonal basis. Information collected included locality, numbers, habitat, distance from open water, group size and when possible also group structure, feeding and behaviour. This information was used to quantify the distribution and status of 36 species of bigger mammals. Social structure, habitat preference, movement and seasonal changes of the separate parameters were determined for the more common and easily observed mammals. Group structure, sex ratios, reproduction and feeding of some species are briefly discussed. Of the 36 mammal types studied, 21 are regarded as common, 6 as rare but in no immediate danger of extinction, the status of 3 as unknown, and 6 are regarded as highly endangered. The endangered types are Diceros bicornis, Aepyceros melampus petersi, Sylvicapra grimmia, Hippopotamus amphibius, Panthera leo and Lycaon pictus. Of these, two seem to be already extinct, i.e. Hippopotamus amphibius and Lycaon pictus. Because the different aerial surveys differ in time and space it was impossible to determine trends in game numbers. The results of the aerial surveys range from 2 256 bigger m~mals in the dry season to 8 006 in the rainy season. Therefore information on the past and present distribution of the various ma;nmals are used as indicators of trends. With the exception of single smaller antelope and predators, all bigger mammals show a decline in their range of distribution since 1970. | Die doel van hierdie studie was om basiese inligting vir die daarstelling van 'n meestersplan vir die bewaring, bestuur en benutting van die fauna en flora in Kaokoland, S.W.A., te versamel. Hiervolge.:1s is die plantegroei kwalitatief en kwantitatief volgens veldtipes geklassifiseer en die status, verspreiding en bewegings van die grater soogdiersoorte bepaal. Om die plantegr<Jei te kon klassifiseer, is daar vir die borne en struike van die varieerbare kwadrant oerseelmetode, en vir die kruide van die stappuntmetode gcbruik gemaak. Die 374 data sodoende verkry is tot digtheid per hektaar, gemiddelde hoogte, gemiddelde kruindeursnee, gemiddelde stamdeursnee, gemiddelde aantal stamme en kroonbedekking van die verskillende plantsoorte en spesiesamestelling verwerk. Bogenoemde kwantitatiewe gegewens is verder aan die hand van bioklimatiese en geografiese gebiede as kriterium gebruik om die plantegroei van Kaokoland in homogene eenhede te verdeel. Sodoende is die plantegroei van Kaokoland in 14 veldtipes verdeel. Die veldtipes, tesame met die plantgemeenskappe wat in 'n spesifieke veldtipe herken kon word, is as volg beskryf: ligging, grense, topografie, geologie, grond, boomstratum,struikstratum, kruldstratum, en 'n oorsig van vorige werkers se plantegroei beskrywing en indeling. Verder is ook die plantegroei van die dreineringsisteme en die plante wat met fonteine geassosieerd is, beskryf. Daar is gevind dat die plantegroei van Kaokoland van 'n subtropiese savanne in die ooste, met 'n maksimum digtheid van 2 085 borne en struike per hektaar, tot 'n feitlik plantlose woestyn met minder as een struik per hektaar in die weste, wissel. Hierdie oos-wes gradient hou met die reenval verband. In elke bio-klimatiese gebied word plantsoorte wat spesifiek en ekologies by die gebied aangepas is, aangetref. Die grater soogdiersoorte is deur middel van grond- en lugsensusse, op 'n seisoenale basis bestudeer. Inligting soos lokaliteit, aantal, habitat, afstand vanaf oop water, tropgroottes en waar moontlik ook tropsamestelling, voeding en gedrag is versamel. Deur middel van die inligting is die verspreiding en status van 36 van die grater soogdiersoorte in Kaokoland bepaal. Van daardie diersoorte wat algemeen in Kaokoland voorkom en maklik waargeneem kon word, is ook die sosiale struktuur, habitatvoorkeur, bewegings en die seisoenale variasie daarvan, bepaal. Waar moontlik is die tropsamestelling, geslagsverhouding, voortplanting en voeding bespreek. Daar is gevind dat van die 36 soogdiersoorte wat bespreek word, 21 volop in Kaokoland voorkom, 6 skaars is, maar nie in onmiddellikc gevaar van uitsterwing nie, 3 diersoorte se status onbekend is en 6 met onmiddcllike uitsterwing bedrcig word of onlangs uit KaokoIand verdwyn het. Die bedreigde soorte is: Diceros bicomis, Aepyceros melampus petersi, Sylvicapra grimmia, Hippopotamus amphibius, Pantlzera leo en Lycaon pictus. Dit wil voorkom asof twee van hierdie ses bedreigde soorte, naamlik Hippopotamus amphibius en Lycao;z pictus, plaaslik reeds uitgesterf is. Aangesien die onderskeie lugsensusse in tyd en ruimte verskil, was dit onmoontlik om die tendense in die wildgetalle te bepaal. Die getalle verkry met die lugsensusse wissel van 2 256 in die warm droe seisoen tot 8 006 in die reenseisoen. Daar is dus klem gele op die huidige en vroeere verspreidingsgebiede van die wildsoorte. Afgesien van enkele kleiner antiloopsoorte en roofdiere is daar gevind dat alle ander grater soogdiersoorte se verspreidingsgebiede sedert 1970 gekrimp het of besig is om te krimp. | Centre for Wildlife Management | MSc | Unrestricted