Contents and introduction also in English

Nutrient intakes of 2893 rural free-living elderly persons aged 65 and older residing in 11 southern states were studied. Data being reported herein include food intake by a 24-hr recall, meat preparation settings and use of dietary supplements and socioeconomic variables. High percentages of monthly income were spent on food, particularly among black females and participation rates in community service programs, including senior centers and home delivered meals, were low. Caloric intakes by rural males were 1603 and 1365 kcal, respectively, for whites and blacks; 1270 and 1259 kcal for white and black females, respectively. Means for most of the nutrients equalled or exceeded the RDAs for this age group except energy and calcium. Age had little influence on nutrient intake. Race showed as a significant determinant on the nutrient intake index computed from 11 key nutrient intakes; however, the significant effect of race disappeared when either income or educational level was used as covariate. Thus, the disparities in intakes between the black and white elders were due partly to income rather than race. Of these rural elders, 46.5% consumed meals alone. Eating alone per se did not have a significant impact on nutrient consumption, but 35.2% of those eating alone indicated that they ate less, had fewer choices or ate more. Dietary supplements were used by 33.9% of rural elders, and their intakes of several nutrients were higher than by nonusers. More effort by community services to reach rural elders is needed, particularly those in the low socioeconomic spectrum.

In spite of previous investigations using algae as indicators of pollution, the development of water quality monitoring based on algae is relatively recent in France. The main trends of modern research take into account algal biomass expressed by chlorophyll pigment, productivity measurements in situ and in vitro in the aim of modelling ecosystems and the use of biotic indices mainly based on diatoms.

Total K was the main growth limiting nutrient in both reserves based on soil and foliar data. Nutrients N and P also influenced growth but relationships with basal area were only established after removing some out-lying points. Available and exchangeable soil nutrients were found to be poor indicators of growth. Physical properties such as bulk density, clay content, site gradient and available water also exerted some influence on tree growth. Soil data alone is inadequate for nutritional assessments. Foliar data is essential in order to be conclusive.

Total K was the main growth limiting nutrients in both reserves based on soil and foliar data. Nutrients N and P also influenced growth but relationships with basal area were only established after removing some out-lying points. Available and exchangeable soil nutrients were found to be poor indicators of growth. Physical properties such as bulk density, clay content, site gradient and available water also exerted some influence on tree growth. Soil data alone is inadequate for nutritional assessments. Foliar data is essential in order to be conclusive

Conventional wood supply simulation models have been found inadequate in both calculating true assessments of wood supply and in translating management strategies into on-the-ground management design. These models treat forests as aspatial entities and are unable to include economic and wildlife considerations in management design and calculation of wood supply. This paper presents and discusses the design and construction of a GIS-based (geographic information system) spatial wood supply model. The model uses geographic distribution of stand development types and stages and their change over time to control harvesting and calculate wood supply based on extraction economics ($/m(3)) and wildlife habitat values (opening size and green-up). The paper points out that: a spatial model is capable of producing harvest schedules and forest performance indicators that reflect geographic context as well as condition of stands; a GIS database is more important in spatial modelling than GIS technology; harvest blocks are the basic geographic element in spatial modelling; a spatial model provides a truer assessment of wood supply; and stand topology makes it relatively easy to integrate wildlife and timber management.

Based on the findings of the study; Nazuni ISF [Integrated Social Forestry] Project (P2) performed best among the three projects based on the four indicators of performance. The factors which significantly affected the extent of participation were income, education, age, sex, and occupation. Landsize and household size were not significantly related to the extent of participation. Survival of agroforestry crops was significantly affected by the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil. Rainfall variation partly explains variation in survival percentages. Species richness had no significant effect on survival of agroforestry crops. The factors found to have significant effect on CDA's [community development assistance] extent of participation and assistance were knowledge of the program, skills in program implementation and motivation. The increase in income of the respondents was found to be greatest in the Tiolas ISF project (P2). However, this was not brought about by the increased in income from the CSC [Certificate of Stewardship Contract] farm and by other livelihood activities of the project. Only the Nazuni ISF Project (P2) showed that the increase in income was brought about by the increase in income from the CSC farm. Ecological sustainability indicated by extent of SWC showed that P2 was more ecologically sustainable than P1 and P3. Regarding the impact on productivity, there was an increase in terms of income from agroforestry farms and P2 had the highest increase. Based on Gini ratios, equity in income distribution was found to have improved in all sites.