以18个杂交中稻组合为材料,在施氮与不施氮条件下,研究了施氮对杂交中稻氮、磷、钾及干物质积累与分配的影响。结果表明,肥料稻谷生产效率表现为磷素(292.47~328.04 g grain/g P)＞钾素(95.39~107.12 g grain/g K)＞氮素(57.35~70.35 g grain/g N),氮、磷、钾素的稻谷生产效率与籽粒收割指数间呈极显著正相关；施氮后植株的氮、磷、钾和干物质积累量均随之增加，且磷的增加量高于钾，但增加量均以分配到茎鞘和叶片为主。施氮植株比不施氮植株内氮、磷、钾积累量提高是生物产量和氮、磷、钾含量共同作用的结果，而且因氮、磷、钾含量提高的作用（66.30%~80.16%）大于生物量增加的作用（19.84%~33.70%）。植株氮、磷、钾含量分别与其稻谷生产效率呈极显著负相关，18个杂交中稻组合地上部植株氮、磷、钾的积累量比为1∶0.20~0.21∶0.61~0.66，其中73%~80%的氮和磷被籽粒吸收，73%~75%钾分配到茎叶。 | The experiment was conducted with 18 mid-season rice combinations grown under the conditions of nitrogen application (AN) and no nitrogen application (NN). The results indicated that the grain productive rate showed P (292.47~328.04 g grain/g P)＞K(95.39~107.12 g grain/g K)＞N(57.35~70.35 g grain/g N), highly significant positive correlations were observed between the grain productive rates of N、P、K and harvest index of grain. N、P、K and dry matter DM accumulation above ground plants were increased by AN, and the increasing amount of P was bigger than that of K, but their increasing amount were mainly distributed in stems and leaves. The accumulation of N、P、K above ground plants were increased by AN, which was the common function of DM and N、P、K content increased, the effect of increasing N、P、K content (66.30%~80.16%) was bigger than that(19.84%~33.70%) of DM. Significant or highly significant negative correlations were observed between N、P、K content above ground plants and their grain productive rate, the ratio of N、P、K uptake amount above ground plants of 18 mid-season rice combinations was 1∶0.20~0.21∶0.61~0.66, 73%~80% N、P were distributed in grain, 73%~75% K were distributed in stems and leaves.

以26个籼型杂交中稻组合为材料，设施氮量、齐穗期疏花、剪叶处理，研究了施氮水平对杂交中稻整精米率的影响与组合间库源结构的关系。结果表明，两种施氮水平下整精米率的差值（低氮-高氮）分别与低氮和高氮下各组合相应的穗粒数呈极显著负相关关系。原因在于，中小穗型组合在低氮条件下的叶粒比已经较高，籽粒灌浆速率较快，导致籽粒充实度差而整精米率不高；当施氮水平提高后，叶粒比和灌浆速率进一步提高，籽粒容重进一步下降，因而整精米率下降。大穗型组合在低氮条件下，不足以维持籽粒正常灌浆，籽粒容重和整精米率下降；当提高施氮水平后，叶粒比有一定程度提高，库源矛盾有所缓解，籽粒容重也相应提高以致整精米率增加。预测出在4.5叶左右按26.64 cm×19.98 cm规格、每穴栽双株和本田施纯氮150 kg/hm2的栽培条件下，当群体平均着粒数≥194粒的杂交组合，整精米率比低氮水平有提高趋势。 | In this paper, the relationship between the effects of nitrogen application level on head milled rice and source-sink structure at full panicle stage was investigated with 26 mid-season hybrid rice combinations. The results indicated there was a highly significant negative correlation between the head milled rice under 2 amounts of nitrogen application and in number of spikelets per panicle. The reason was that under low nitrogen application level, leaf-grain ratio, grain filling rate of the small-or middle-panicle type hybrid rice combinations was very high, so that the grain filling plumpness and the head milled rice was not high; while under the high level of nitrogen application, the leaf-grain ratio and grain filling rate was increased further, so that the grain unit weight and the head milled rice was decreased further. It suggests that the number of spikelets per panicle below 194 under seedlings were transplanted at 4.5-leaf stage, with a planting density of 19.98 cm×26.64 cm and 2 seedlings per hill. A total of 150 kg N per ha was applied during the entire growth period. This was an index for selecting variety of good quality rice in southern region of Sichuan Province, China.

为探究实现水稻广谱持久抗性育种，以及水稻病害的有效防治，本研究利用文献中报道的与抗稻瘟病及白叶枯病相关的43个功能基因相关标记，研究了76个中国籼型(Oryza sativa ssp. indica)三系杂交水稻骨干亲本的遗传多样性。结果显示，36个标记具有多态性，多态性位点百分率(P)81.81%，共检测到87个等位基因位点；其中有效等位基因(Ne)61.96个，占71.22%，Nei's遗传多样性指数(He)变幅为0.358~0.974，平均值0.629。76份材料间的遗传相似系数(Gs)变幅为0.341~0.925，平均值0.550。采用UPGMA法进行聚类分析，在遗传相似系数0.624处分为保持系和恢复系两类。保持系和恢复系间的遗传分化系数(Fst)为0.158，呈高度遗传分化，Nei遗传距离(D)0.201。结果显示，功能基因相关标记具有较高的DNA多态性检测效率，用于类群划分和种质资源的多样性分析等方面更具准确性和可靠性；中国三系杂交稻骨干亲本在43个功能基因位点的亲缘关系较近，遗传基础狭窄，同源性较高。但保持系群和恢复群系间在这些功能基因位点的遗传差异较大，遗传分化程度较高。研究结果提示，所研究材料在DNA水平存在丰富的杂种优势利用空间，特别随着更多更细的功能基因位点的发掘，为水稻分子辅助抗性选育以及病害防治提供了有效的实现途径。 | To explore broad-spectrum and durable rice resistance in breeding, as well as effective prevention and treatment of rice diseases, 43 SSR primers of functional genes related to blast and bacterial leaf blight(BLB) resistance were used to detect genetic diversity among 76 Chinese three-line hybrid rice(Oryza sativa ssp. indica) parents. The result indicated that 36 primers showed polymorphism and 87 alleles loci were detected; While the number of effective alleles (Ne) were 61.96, account for 71.22%, and Nei's genetic diversity index (He) ranged from 0.358 to 0.974, on an average of 0.629. The genetic similarity(Gs) of 76 varieties ranged from 0.341 to 0.925, on an average of 0.550. UPGMA cluster analysis showed that the 76 accessions could be classified into two distinct classes, maintainer lines and restoring lines, at similarities coefficient 0.624. The coefficient of genetic differentiation(Fst) was 0.158, showed high variation level, and the Nei's genetic distance(D) was 0.201. The study suggested that the functional gene markers had high DNA polymorphisms detection efficiency, and could be used as useful tool for measuring genetic diversity accurately and reliably; overall, the backbone parents studied in research showed nearer genetic relationship and higher homology sort of genetic basis. However, there still showed higher genetic differentiation between maintainer lines and restoring lines, which suggesting that, with more and more functional locus going to be expiscated, there can be more value in use to rice resistance by heterosis breeding.

A study was conducted under rainfed conditions at National Agricultural Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan during the year 2007 and 2008. The objective was to evaluate the economic feasibility of maize with five fertility treatments viz. control (T1), inoculation of maize seed with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) + PK (80-60 kg/ha) (T2), 120-80-60 kg NPK/ha (T3), poultry manure @ 15 t/ha (T4) and half poultry manure (7.5 t/ha) + half PK (40-30 kg/ha) + inoculation with PGPR (T5). Statistical analysis revealed that maize plots treated with half poultry manure + half PK + PGPR (T5) gave 43 percent higher grain yield over control. Maximum water use efficiency (8.63 kg/ha/mm) was recorded in same treatment while minimum water use efficiency (5.31 kg/ha/mm) was recorded in control treatment. According to economic analysis, higher net benefit (Rs. 32362/ha) was also obtained from T5 with higher marginal rate of return (547.86 %) and residual value (21972.7) as the farmers are mostly interested economically in attaining with higher residual value. The results indicated that combined use of organic, bio-fertilizers and chemical fertilizers proved to be more productive, sustainable and remunerative and can be recommended for maize growers to improve maize productivity and elevate income of farmer's investment.

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is the fifth most important cereal crop in the world. Different types of sorghum are recognized. These are: grain sorghum, dual purpose (grain and fodder) sorghum, fodder sorghum, forage sorghum and sweet stalk sorghum. Also two types of sorghums are noted based on the season of adaptation; these are rainy (wet) season or postrainy (dry) season sorghum. There are two distinct sorghum growing seasons in India, kharif (rainy season; June–October) and rabi (postrainy season; October–January). In India, the grain productivity is about 1.2 t ha-1 in the rainy season, and about 0.8 t ha-1 in the postrainy season whereas the global grain productivity of sorghum is 1.4 t ha-1 (FAOSTAT 2011). The grain sorghum requirements for these two seasonal adaptations are quite diverse due to different agroclimatic conditions (Rana et al. 1997). There has been a significant decline in area under grain and dual purpose sorghum during the rainy season due to grain molds, but the area has remained stable in the postrainy season where mostly dual purpose sorghums are cultivated.

B. V. Bado et al., 'Long Term Effects of Crop Rotations with Fallow or Groundnut on Soil Fertility and Succeeding Sorghum Yields in the Guinea Savannah of West Africa', Lessons learned from Long-term Soil Fertility Management Experiments in Africa, pp.27-40, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 2012 | The effects of crop rotations with fallow, groundnut (Arachis hypogea) and cotton (Gossypium sp) on soil and subsequent sorghum (Sorghum bicolour) yields were studied with a 14-years (1993?2007) old experiment at Farakô-Ba (4° 20? West, 11° 6? North and 405 m altitude) in the Guinean z one of Burkina Faso. A factorial design in a split plot arrangement with four rotation and eight fertilizer treatments were used. Crop rotations with groundnut or annual fallow increased succeeding sorghum yields. Mean annual yields of succeeding sorghum increased from 547 kg ha?1 in continuous sorghum to 912 and 1,021 kg ha?1 in Fallow-Sorghum and Cotton-Groundnut-Sorghum rotations, respectively. Soils of Fallow-Sorghum and Cotton-Groundnut-Sorghum rotations released more mineral Nitrogen (N) at sowing and increased fertilizer N use efficiency from 13 to 32 units, respectively, compared to continuous sorghum. Soil organic carbon increased from 0.36% in continuous sorghum to 0.39% and 0.54% in Cotton-Groundnut-Sorghum and Fallow-Sorghum rotations respectively. Except for fallow-sorghum, all rotations decreased soil organic carbon, soil pH with an increase of Aluminium ion (Al3+) saturation. Highest quantities of extractable Phosphorus (P) were observed in mono-cropping of sorghum. Manure increased soil organic carbon (SOC), total N and available P. Manure or dolomite decreased Al3+ saturation.

A rainfed field experiment was conducted during rainy season of 1988 and 1989 to study the performance of sole, mixed and intercropping systems of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and legumes on Alfisols. Inrercropping of sorghum with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.J recorded 22.09 arid 59.49%, higher sorghum-equivalent yield, 20.87 and 39% higher land-equivalent ratio, 22.12 and 59,79% higher production efficiency, 13.02 and 23.78% higher harvest index, 21.63 and 37.74% higher net profit, and 19.80 and 28.72% higher benefit : cost ratio than mixed cropping and sole cropping of sorghum respectively. The grain and straw yields of sorghum in intercropping system increased by 11.41 and 0.61 % compared witll mixed cropping system and decreased only by 22.15 and 22.52% compared with sole cropping system respectively. Mixed cropping of soybean and pigeonpea in sorghum proved superior to sole cropping of sorghum. Sorghum + soybean followed by sorghum + pigeonpea in 2 : 2 row ratio proved superior in sorgnum-equivalent yield, land-equivalent ratio, production efficiency, harvest index and net profit.

The aim of this study was to determine whether protein body-free kafirins in high digestibility, high-lysine (HDHL) sorghum flour can participate as viscoelastic proteins in sorghum-wheat composite dough and bread. Dough extensibility tests revealed that maximum resistance to extension (g) and time to dough breakage (sec) at 35 °C for HDHL sorghum-wheat composite doughs were substantially greater (p < 0.01) than for normal sorghum-wheat composite doughs at 30 and 60% substitution levels. Functional changes in HDHL kafirin occurred upon exceeding its Tg. Normal sorghum showed a clear decrease in strain hardening at 60% substitution, whereas HDHL sorghum maintained a level similar to wheat dough. Significantly higher loaf volumes resulted for HDHL sorghum-wheat composites compared to normal sorghum-wheat composites at substitution levels above 30% and up to 56%, with the largest difference at 42%. HDHL sorghum-wheat composite bread exhibited lower hardness values, lower compressibility and higher springiness than normal sorghum-wheat composite bread. Finally, HDHL sorghum flour mixed with 18% vital wheat gluten produced viscoelastic dough while normal sorghum did not. These results clearly show that kafirin in HDHL sorghum flour contributes to the formation of an improved protein network with viscoelastic properties that leads to better quality composite doughs and breads.