SynopsisGrowing season precipitation and available stored soil moisture at seeding affected spring wheat and barley yield responses to N fertilizer on nonfallowed soils. Magnitude of response to N fertilizer as well as the rate required for maximum yield increased as either precipitation or stored moisture increased. As the amount of stored moisture increased, less precipitation was required to produce responses to N. Growing season precipitation plus stored moisture accounted for 40.3% of the yield response.

SynopsisMultiple regression equations, including date of harvest, accumulated rainfall, solar radiation, and temperature as independent variables and forage yields of oats, rye, and wheat as dependent variables, were computed, using data from an 8-year period. The best-fitting equations gave R² values of .96, .91, and .93 for oats, rye, and wheat, respectively. From these equations and long-term weather data, we developed frequency distributions of total yield and yield during the winter months.

SynopsisYield of dry matter was affected very little by applications of phosphate fertilizers when soil temperatures were maintained at 50° F. regardless of available phosphorus in the soil. At 65° and 80° F. soil temperatures, applications of phosphate doubled the yield of dry matter on a low phosphorus soil and had a variable effect on the high phosphorus soil. Phosphorus percentage of the top growth was not affected by soil temperature but was increased considerably by the application of phosphate to the soil.

The interrelations of wheat straw, fertility levels, and three soil temperatures on the growth and nutrient status of winter wheat were investigated. When only N and P were added, the decomposition of straw incorporated with the soil immobilized a portion of the available S and caused a reduction in yield. When S was added with the N and P, the incorporation of straw had no effect on yield. Ratios of total N to total S and protein N to protein S were determined on the wheat tissue. Indications are that a total N/S ratio of these elements can be used as a very good criterion in assessing the S status of plants. A total N/total-S ratio of about 17:1 or less suggests that S is not limiting, while a greater ratio points out that S is limiting the formation of protein. The N-S relation in soil organic matter is also discussed in relation to its abilities and limitations in supplying S for plant growth.

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Neither complete chemical fallow (no tillage) nor combinations of chemical and mechanically tilled fallow methods resulted in more moisture conserved than conventional stubble-mulch fallow. Grain yields (Triticum aestivum L., ‘Lee’ ‘Rescue’, or ‘Centana’) were highest on stubble-mulch fallow, or other tillage plots receiving no spray at any time. Lowest moisture conservation and grain yields resulted from complete chemical fallow. Yields were lower even in the absence of visual residual effects of chemical treatments. Wind erodibility of the surface of complete chemical fallow soils was considerably lower than stubble-mulch fallow. Complete chemical fallow methods increased surface residue cover at least 10% and significantly decreased the erodible fraction of the 0- to 2-inch soil layer in comparison with stubble-mulch fallow.

SynopsisExtent of root growth of cereal plants was highly correlated with the soil moisture level. With oats, wheat, or barley, little penetration of soils at or below the permanent wilting point occurred, but penetration by side-oats grama and sand lovegrass under the same conditions was fairly extensive. Leaf growth continued after root extension ceased on the most drought-susceptible oat and wheat varieties.