: In the trial with different doses of common bunt teliospores used for inoculation of wheat the number of bunted ears increased with the increasing dose of inoculum. This increase was small (statistically insignificant) in the resistant cv. Bill and high (statistically significant) in the susceptible cv. Samanta. The effect of inoculation on the vigour of inoculated plants was estimated according to the number of tillers per plot in summer in cultivars inoculated with different inoculum doses sown at the same sowing rate in autumn. The number of tillers was decreasing with the increasing inoculum dose. This was less pronounced in the resistant cv. Bill than in the susceptible cultivar Samanta. Competition between Tilletia tritici and Tilletia laevis during infection was studied by inoculation with a 1:1 mixture of teliospores of these species and scoring bunted ears. Ears bunted with T. laevis prevailed in almost all trials. The germination test of teliospores showed a higher speed of germination of Tilletia laevis teliospores. The number of teliospores per seed after inoculation was counted. No significant difference in the number of teliospores per seed after inoculation with T. tritici or T. laevis was ascertained.

The soluble proteins extracted from the first leaf tissues of cultivated tetraploid (Triticum durum Desf., genome AB) and hexaploid (T. aestivum L., genome ABD) wheat species and their diploid wild progenitors [T. monococcum L. (A), Aegilops speltoides Tausch (B), and Aegilops tauschii Cosson (D)] exposed to 100 mmol/l NaCl stress were separated by two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis. There was no newly synthesized protein in the NaCl treatment compared to the control treatment in all species. However, protein profiles showed some differences among species. Most of these proteins had acidic character; their isoelectric point (pI = pH - acidity of proteins) ranged between 5.1-6.9 and low-mol weight (LMW) between 20.3-30.6 kDa. Salt stress caused some proteins to increase or decrease. In the same MW and pI, 11 LMW and 3 intermediate-mol weight (IMW, 34.8-35.4 kDa) proteins increased and/or decreased in amounts were common between at least two species. The remarkable changes in Ae. speltoides were detected as decreases or losses in protein profiles. As a result of salt stress, all the remarkable changes in T. durum were detected as the increases in proteins. However, some proteins increased in T. aestivum, T. monococcum and Ae. tauschii. It is suggested that an increase in the amount of the proteins may lead to an increase in the tolerance mechanisms towards NaCl salinity of wheat species which has A and/or genome(s).

Leaching is one of the most practical methods for improvement of saline soils and both the quality and the quantity of leaching water play an important role in desalinization of these soils. To determine the effects of different qualities and quantities of leaching water on salinity of drainage water during the growing season of wheat, pot experiments were conducted with a silty clay loam soil, a typical salt-affected soil in an arid region of central part of Iran. The experiment comprised the treatments of three irrigation water salinities (4, 9 and 12 dS/m) and four leaching levels (3, 20, 29 and 37%), using a factorial design with seven replications for each treatment. The results showed that at the beginning of the growing season the drainage water salinity was highest for all treatments. Then it started to decrease and depending on the quality and quantity of leaching water it became nearly constant or continued to decrease until the end of the growing season. The leaching of salts from the soil profile was more efficient during the first few irrigations and thereafter became less efficient. The increase of leaching level had a significant effect on the decrease of drainage water salinity. The comparison with steady-state mass balance of soil salt, sodium and chloride showed that the simple ratio of chloride in irrigation water to chloride in drainage water can be used to estimate the leaching fraction of saline soils with high accuracy.

Residues of khat (Catha edulis Forskal) leaves in the soil showed an inhibitory effect on the dry mass, pectin and cellulose of wheat shoots and roots and cell wall-associated proteins of roots. The dry mass of shoots and roots significantly reduced and the reduction in roots was greater than in shoots. On the other hand, the contents of hemicellulose and lignin in both shoots and roots and cell wall-associated proteins of shoots were stimulated by the amount of khat leaves added to the soil. Soaking wheat caryopses in salicylic acid (SA) counteracted partially or completely the adverse effect of khat leaves residues on pectin and cellulose composition. The dry mass of wheat shoots and roots increased by SA to about 1.5-3 folds of SA-untreated plants. The content of hemicellulose and lignin of shoots and roots was antagonistically lowered by the application of SA. The application of SA was generally associated with a marked increase in the biosynthesis of cell wall-associated proteins of shoots and roots of wheat plants. Soluble proteins, proline and free amino acids increased significantly in plants growing in soil amended with khat leaves residues; however, SA inhibited this stimulatory effect. Soaking of wheat caryopses in SA had a favorable effect on the accumulation of nutritive cations; it also ameliorated the effect of more distressing ions, especially Na, accumulated in wheat plants due to mixing khat leaves residues with the soil.

In order to compatability of promising bread wheat lines released of moderate and warm ERBWYT-M, three lines from moderate zone such as: M-83-3,M-83-6 and M-83-19 and three lines from ERWYT-S as:S-82-15 , S-82-10 and S-83-3 that dominated with high yield than local varieties (Chamran and Marvdasht) , participated in experiment at 2 region of Darab and Marvdasht with complete randomized block design in three replication during 2005-2006 period. During growth season some agronomic data such as, date to planting, date to heading , date to maturity . plant height recorded and finally grain yield per area calculated. Among of these lines and varieties , S-83-3 collected (Attila 50y//Attila/BCN) was better than others and therefore this line introduced for on form fields at next cropping season.

The effect of mineral and organic fertilization on grain yield and quality of winter wheat in crop rotations and in continuous cropping was investigated. The study was conducted in Borovce (near Piešťany) on Luvi-Haplic Chernozem in the years 2002-2004. Mineral and organic fertilization of winter wheat growing in monoculture was more effective than mineral fertilization in crop rotations. In the case of winter wheat growing in monoculture, statistically higher grain yield (5.10 t/ha) was obtained in the variant with straw and green manure incorporation compared to the control variant (4.73 t/ha) and the variant with straw incorporation (4.75 t/ha). In the Solara variety, statistically higher number of plants before harvest was recorded in the variant with straw and green manure incorporation (194 plants per 1 m2) than in the variant with straw incorporation only (149 plants per 1 m2). As for the winter wheat grain in the sequence 2, based on the wet gluten content (30.3%) the Solara variety was classified in the elite class E in the variant with straw and green manure incorporation, and in the improving class A in the control variant.

Summary (En) | Gift

In this study,٧promissing bread wheat lines of terminal drought tolerant that had been selected from E.R.W.Y.T (Elite regional wheat yield trial) were evaluated long with Alvand check cultivar in farmers condition in Tehran province as on farm trial in 2007-2008 The experimental design was RCBD with three replications . Results showed that there was significant differencs amony the genotypes for grain yield The high yielding new line was C-D-85-6with 6305 kg/ha,grain yield and good bread making quality of grain.

In order to find desirable bread wheat lines for moderate region of Kermanshah province and releasing of new cultivars, an on-farm study was conducted in farmer fields during 2006-2007. Five improved lines plus Marvdasht cultivar (as check) and M-79-7 promising line were investigated using a complete randomized block design with three replications. Plots were planted by hand at 400 seed/m. density. According to data analysis results, M-83-6 and M- 83-17 lines produced highest yield and consider as candidate for more evaluation in extension researches during 2007-2008 cropping period.

To study the adaptability of grain yield of promising durum wheat genotypes in different parts of sistan area in farmer fields, 3 promising genotypes were evaluated in Firozehei and Shikhlangi villages in 2003-2004cropping seasons. The experimental design in two locations was randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Results showed that line number 4 (Sora/2*Plata 12(D-81-18) had high yield potential 4450 kg/ha with 18% were better than yield of check.