This study reports the effect of different levels of wheat/cassava composite flour on liver architecture of wistar rat. The cassava variety- TMS 98/419 and Twenty (20) male wistar rats were used for the study. The ages of the wistar rats ranged between 10-12 weeks and weighed 90-100 g. After one (1) week period of adaptation, the rats were divided randomly into five groups (A, B, C, D and E) of four (4) rats per group. Group A served as the control while groups B, C, D and E were the experimental groups. The blood glucose levels and body weight of the animals were monitored. The result showed that among the different rat groups, their body weights increased from week 2 of the study while their blood glucose levels significantly decreased (P<0.05) with increase in the quantity of cassava flour. The histo-pathological analysis showed that from 20 % cassava flour substitution, significant distortion of the liver architecture of the wistar rats were observed resulting in intra-hepatic haemorrhage as well as necrosis. The result revealed that 10 % cassava flour substitution is adequate as this has no effect on the liver architecture of the wistar rat.

The after-effects of pre-preceding crops (second year), i.e. legumes and spring wheat, and nitrogen fertilization rate (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N/ha) on the yield and chemical composition of winter wheat grain were analysed in a field experiment conducted in 2013-2015. Winter wheat was characterized by higher yield when sown after blue lupine (increase of 0.23 t/ha) and faba beans with a determinate growth habit (increase of 0.37 t/ha) than after spring wheat. Grain yield increased significantly with a rise in nitrogen fertilization rate (by 2.03, 3.47 and 4.02 t/ha, respectively). The species of pre-preceding crops had no significant effect on the phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium content of winter wheat grain. Winter wheat grown after faba beans with an indeterminate growth habit was most abundant in nitrogen. The applied nitrogen fertilizer rates did not modify the concentrations of phosphorus, magnesium and calcium in winter wheat grain. The nitrogen content of grain increased significantly with a rise in nitrogen fertilization rates. A significant increase in manganese and zinc levels was observed when spring wheat was the pre-preceding crop and the iron content of grain increased significantly when winter wheat was grown after peas and blue lupine.

Performance of agricultural entities can be observed from several different perspectives: using macroeconomic indicators, the quantity of agricultural production units, or by measuring the profitability. The paper present focuses on the relationship between profitability, return on sales (ROS) and wheat yields per hectare in agricultural entities in member states of the European Union (EU), divided into size categories by quantity standard output (SO). Due to the high proportion of subsidies in agriculture, the ROS indicator was rated in two versions: including subsidies and excluding subsidies. The aim of the paper is to confirm or refute the mutual relationship between these indicators, i.e. wheat yields per hectare, return on sales, and the size of the farm. The comparison is performed by means of indicators of descriptive statistics and tests of mathematical statistics. The results of the research show that return on sales drops with the size of the farm, while yields per hectare grow.

A field experiment on study of nitrogen management through different sources on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was conducted during rabi season of 2016-17 at Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand on loamy sand soil. Nitrogen management on wheat var. GW 496 with ten treatments comprising of 100 % RDN, 75 % RDN along with 25 % N through FYM or vermicompost or 2% urea sprays at 30 and/or 40 and/or 50 DAS and 50 % RDN along with 50 % N through FYM or vermicompost or 2% urea sprays at 30 and/or 40 and/or 50 DAS into randomized block Design with four replications. Application of 75 % RDN + 2 % urea spray at 30, 40 and 50 DAS was found superior for growth and yield attributes viz; plant height at 60 DAS, number of spikelet spike-1, length of spike, number of grains spike-1, dry matter accumulation, test weight (48.78 g) and grain yield (6662 kg ha-1). However, treatment with 75% RDN + 25% N through VC recorded significantly higher plant height at harvest, number of total tillers, effective tillers and straw yield of wheat The highest net realization (Rs. 84643 ha-1) and BCR (3.95) were secured under treatment 75% RDN + 2% Urea spray at 30, 40 and 50 DAS.

This experiment was conducted to find out the effects of Trichoderma viride ongrowth and yield of wheat at Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Lamjung Campus, Sundarbazar, Lamjung during December 2016 – April 2017. The experiment consisted of seven treatments; (T1: Control; T2: Soil + NPK; T3: Soil inoculatedTrichoderma; T4: Trichoderma + FYM; T5: Trichoderma + ½ NPK; T6: Trichoderma + NPKand T7 = Trichoderma + NPK + FYM) laid out in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The results showed that Trichoderma viride increased theplant height (4.6%), root weight (1.5%), leaf length (0.3%), panicle weight (9.1%),number of grains (3.8%), grain yield (36.5%), biological yield (13.7%), and biomass yield (2.7%) over control; while root length (-17.4%), number of leaves (-8.4%), tiller number (-10.8%), panicle number (-6.7%), panicle length (-8.4%)highlighted the negative impact of T. viride on wheat plant. T. viride displayed antagonism with inorganic fertilizer. When T. viride and NPK were accompanied withfarmyard manure, most of the growth and yield parameter showed the highest value.Though Trichoderma viride decreases several growth parameters, it still can be used as biofertilizer which increases the grain yield. Using T. viride with a fulldose of NPK during sowing stage may not be efficient and economical in terms of productivity. Introducing farmyard manure to T. viride gives better yield than T. viride alone.

The aim of this study was to compare the rhizobial symbiosis and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) accumulations in soil and plants in intercropping versus sole cropping in biennial rotation of a cereal - durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.), and a N2-fixing legume - faba bean (Vicia faba L.) over a three-year period at the INRA (National Institue of Agronomic Research) experimental station in the Mauguio district, south-east of Montpellier, France. Plant growth, nodulation and efficiency in the use of rhizobial symbiosis (EURS) for the legume, nitrogen nutrition index (NNI) for the cereal, and N and C accumulation in the soil were evaluated. Shoot dry weight (SDW) and NNI were significantly higher for intercropped than for the sole cropped wheat whereas there was no significant difference on SDW between the intercropped and sole cropped faba beans. EURS was higher in intercropped than in sole cropped faba bean. Furthermore, by comparison with a weeded fallow, there was a significant increase in soil C and N content over the three-year period of intercropping and sole cropping within the biennial rotation. It is concluded that intercropping increases the N nutrition of wheat by increasing the availability of soil-N for wheat. This increase may be due to a lower interspecific competition between legume and wheat than intra-specific competition between wheat plants, thanks to the compensation that the legume can achieve by fixing the atmospheric nitrogen.

The effect of apple, pea, oat and psyllium fibre on texture and moisture content of wheat bread during storage was investigated. Dietary fibre was added in amounts of 2, 4 and 6%, respectively. Protein content, acidity, baking loss, volume and porosity were investigated in bread. The crust and crumb moisture and texture were determined after 24, 48 and 72 hours of baking. A significant effect of dietary fibre addition on the acidity and volume of wheat bread was observed. Bread containing dietary fibre showed lower porosity compared to control. Higher moisture content of the crust and crumb were also observed in bread with dietary fibre. The moisture of the crust and crumb decreased during storage. Bread enriched with dietary fibre had lower cohesiveness and higher hardness, gumminess and chewiness. No effect of dietary fibre addition on the change in resilience of the crumb was observed. Crumb hardness increased significantly, while the other texture parameters were reduced during storage.

To obtain an accurate count of wheat spikes, which is crucial for estimating yield, this paper proposes a new algorithm that uses computer vision to achieve this goal from an image. First, a home-built semi-autonomous multi-sensor field-based phenotype platform (FPP) is used to obtain orthographic images of wheat plots at the filling stage. The data acquisition system of the FPP provides high-definition RGB images and multispectral images of the corresponding quadrats. Then, the high-definition panchromatic images are obtained by fusion of three channels of RGB. The Gram–Schmidt fusion algorithm is then used to fuse these multispectral and panchromatic images, thereby improving the color identification degree of the targets. Next, the maximum entropy segmentation method is used to do the coarse-segmentation. The threshold of this method is determined by a firefly algorithm based on chaos theory (FACT), and then a morphological filter is used to de-noise the coarse-segmentation results. Finally, morphological reconstruction theory is applied to segment the adhesive part of the de-noised image and realize the fine-segmentation of the image. The computer-generated counting results for the wheat plots, using independent regional statistical function in Matlab R2017b software, are then compared with field measurements which indicate that the proposed method provides a more accurate count of wheat spikes when compared with other traditional fusion and segmentation methods mentioned in this paper.