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Effect of disulphide bonds and sulphhydryl concentrations on properties of wheat flour
2020
Li Cuicui | Lu Qiyu
Disulphide bonds and sulphhydryl concentrations were evaluated to determine the effects on rheological, thermodynamic, pasting, and dynamic rheological characteristics of mixed flours. Gluten samples, first treated with sodium sulphite of different concentrations, were added into flour at a 4% level, which had a significant impact on free sulphhydryl, disulphide bonds, and the ratio of the two indices. There was no relevance between the ratio and other parameters except for free sulphhydryl. The mixed flour doughs had reduced water absorption, dough development time, dough stability time as well as degree of weakening (P < 0.05). Disulphide bonds were associated negatively with the rate of starch gelatinisation (C3-C2), peak, and setback and these characteristics were correlated strongly with dough development time, dough stability time, and progressive protein weakening (C2-C1). The stability of starch gelatinisation and cooking stability of mixed flours did not remain significantly different. The larger the concentration of sodium sulphite, the higher the peak, breakdown, final viscosity, and setback values, but there were no significant differences between samples. For all samples, storage modulus and loss modulus increased with increasing scanning frequency. For mixed doughs, the trend lines of moduli decreased with increasing levels of reduction in added gluten. There was no substantial effect on thermal properties of flours.
Show more [+] Less [-]Impact of sowing depth and seed size on the dynamics of germination and productivity of spring wheat
2020
Sułek, Alicja | Ogórkiewicz, Monika
In the years of 2013–2014, pot experiments were conducted to determine the influence of sowing depth and seed size on the dynamics of spring wheat emergence and yields. The study was carried out in Mitscherlich pots using the random block method, in four replications. The experiment included spring wheat cultivar Tybalt. The first factor of the experiment was the sowing depth of seeds (1, 3, 5, 7 cm), while the second factor was the seed size. Four levels of the second factor were taken into account: a1 – certified material (purchased), a2 – small-sized seeds (1.8 – 2.2 mm), a3 – medium seeds (2.2 – 2.5 mm), a4 – large seeds (> 2.5 mm). Adequate size of seeds for the study was ensured by sorting out of the certified material on Vogel screens. The research showed the joint impact of seed size and sowing depth on grain yield formation, number of plants and ears per pot and production tillering. The application of the sowing depth of 7 cm resulted in a significant decrease in grain yield from the pot of all seed fractions, especially the smallest fraction of seeds (1.8 – 2.2 mm). The variant of sowing large seeds (> 2.5 mm) at the depth of 3 cm turned out to be the most beneficial for grain yield.
Show more [+] Less [-]Effect of chitin and chitosan hexamers on growth and photosynthetic characteristics of wheat seedlings
2020
K.C. LI | X.Q. ZHANG | Y. YU | R.E. XING | S. LIU | P.C. LI
In this study, two homogeneous chitin and chitosan hexamers and one partially acetylated chitosan hexamer were used to investigate the degree of acetylation (DA) effects of chitooligosaccharides on the growth and photosynthesis of wheat seedlings. Both chitin and chitosan hexamers showed a significant promoting effect on the growth and photosynthesis of wheat seedlings but the positive effect depended on their DA. The homogeneous chitosan hexamers [(GlcN)6] exhibited the optimal activity compared to other samples. Seven days after (GlcN)6 treatment, the growth parameters of wheat seedlings were all significantly enhanced including fresh mass, dry mass, and length of both shoots and roots, and the contents of soluble sugar were increased by 22.8%. Additionally, (GlcN)6 could significantly promote (by 90.0%) the photosynthetic rate of wheat seedlings. Both Rubisco and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase activity of photosynthetic carbon metabolism was also found to be significantly improved by (GlcN)6 treatment.
Show more [+] Less [-]Influence of baking on anthocyanin content in coloured-grain wheat bread
2020
Marie Eliášová | Zora Kotíková | Jaromír Lachman | Matyáš Orsák | Petr Martinek
Composition and degradation of anthocyanins in blue and purple grain wheat during bread production were investigated using the HPLC-MS/MS method. The most abundant anthocyanins were delphinidin-3-rutinoside (blue grain wheat), cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside (purple grain wheat). Peonidin-3-glucoside was also the most stable during grain treatment while delphinidin-3-glucoside had the greatest loss. Both blue and purple grain anthocyanins decreased significantly during bread production to 41.81% and 70.10% after baking, respectively, and to 24.21% and 60.00% after short-term storage, respectively. The blue grain wheat anthocyanins were lost mostly during baking, but in the purple grain wheat, the greatest decrease occurred during dough production. Despite the higher degradation, the blue grain wheat still showed higher anthocyanins content.
Show more [+] Less [-]Quality and productivity of hybrid wheat depending on the tillage practices
2020
Jan Buczek
The aim of this study was to assess the impact of soil tillage systems on technological characteristics, mineral composition and grain yield of selected hybrid wheat cultivars grown in variable climatic conditions. The following factors were studied: tillage systems, namely conventional (CT), reduced (RT) and no tillage (NT) and hybrid cultivars of winter wheat (Hyfi, Hybiza and Hystar). Cvs. Hyfi and Hybiza were characterised by good technological parameters and protein quality, and additionally by a higher Fe and Zn content and a higher grain yield than cv. Hystar. Meteorological conditions (rainfall total 414.9 mm, mean temperature 8.8 °C) during the growing season caused an increase in the yield of grain, protein, gluten and Zeleny test as well as the total gliadins and glutenins. Higher rainfall reduced grain quality and Fe and Zn content, while precipitation deficits reduced grain yield. Quality parameters and grain yield, as well as total gliadins and glutenins in CT and RT were similar, and significantly higher compared with NT. Soil tillage systems did not differentiate mineral composition, except for the higher content of Fe in CT as well as the content of albumins and globulins, α/β, ω gliadins and low molecular weight (LMW) glutenins and protein fraction ratios in grain.
Show more [+] Less [-]Effects of potassium chloride and nitric oxide on growth and physiological characteristics of winter wheat under salt stress
2020
Y.J. DONG | Q. ZHANG | X.L. DAI | M.R. HE
A hydroponic culture was conducted to evaluate the effects of KCl and sodium nitroprusside (SNP; a nitric oxide donor) in wheat seedlings under salt stress. Exposure to 100 mM NaCl for 7 d decreased biomass of wheat seedlings, root activity and H+-ATPase activity, significantly increased free proline content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and lipid peroxidation, and suppressed the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Moreover, NaCl stress significantly decreased the K+ and increased the Na+ content. Addition of KCl or SNP led to the increase in root activity and soluble protein content, stimulated the activity of SOD, and decreased free proline content, superoxide anion radical generation rate, and lipid peroxidation. The increased K+ and decreased Na+ content in the leaves of treated seedlings indicated that suitable KCl and NO addition stimulated the selective transport of K+ and Na+ to the maintain K+/Na+ homeostasis.
Show more [+] Less [-]Replication of long-term European winter wheat impact study for spring wheat in developing countries (WHEAT target geographies)
2020
CGIAR Research Program on Wheat
Evaluation of the dissemination of wheat blast resistant BARI GOM 33 and benefits to farmers
2020
CGIAR Research Program on Wheat
identification of new genomic regions conferring leaf rust résistance in durum wheat
2020
CGIAR Research Program on Wheat
New genomic regions identified conferring leaf rust resistance on chromosomes 1B, 2B,5B and 6B, QTL mapping, flanking markers identified and KASP markers need to be developed and followed up
Show more [+] Less [-]Ex-ante impact assessment of biological nitrification inhibition (BNI) in wheat, sorghum, Bracchiaria
2020
CGIAR Research Program on Wheat
